196 lines
21 KiB
XML
196 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="A53FC449C2A3BB622F1B42397A775B2B" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F50713992DFF96064EFE1EFA52F3BE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pseudois schaeferi Haltenorth 1963" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="673" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="673" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="3E0C667767936170A53B43BC17967390" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9091F77B3EDD0986AECB1536A8E7C3D8">
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<mods:title id="09BDA91F3C678A8EBA9B5D895A5DEC77">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A5C6ABE967315589F34562C6B75B7819" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FD6552E4640E49387AFF1B3F6F8CD29E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9CD044590B005358313CD59F3A6F7B35" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="05D6900569D0A954799114BC3C9B9D42">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6ED901ABB79444555D3005FF9D40C230">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="C14210947074C04FA2B794DD12EF80C2" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="D189D1EF7A2B88CE628937073CD603B2">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="64539A1129FD42E5A99A2051221734C5">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C379069EB88280EBA57FBEFB8894AFE8">
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<mods:title id="CC63C901CDAE52CE79D961EF15D48023">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="289E5D246473120EF509E9F2E2122A34">
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<treatment id="03F50713992DFF96064EFE1EFA52F3BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F50713992DFF96064EFE1EFA52F3BE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F50713992DFF96064EFE1EFA52F3BE" lastPageNumber="673" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF96064EFE1EFA45FE4F" blockId="102.[1364,2221,412,544]" box="[1368,1448,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992DFF96064EFE1EFA45FE4F" box="[1368,1448,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA80992DFF96064EFE1EFA45FE4F" box="[1368,1448,412,462]" captionStart="Plate 44: Bovidae" captionStartId="96.[94,124,3392,3417]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,13,3636]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="167. Chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii), 168. Rocky Mountain Goat (Oreamnos americanus), 169. Mishmi Takin (Budorcas taxicolor), 170. Bhutan Takin (Budorcas whitei), 171. Sichuan Takin (Budorcas tibetana), 172. Golden Takin (Budorcas bedfordi), 173. Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), 174. Arabian Tahr (Avabitragus jayakari), 175. Himalayan Tahr (Hemutragus jemlahicus), 176. Greater Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayawr), 177. Dwarf Blue Sheep (Pseudois schaeferi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512953/files/figure.png" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">177.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF9606AFFE1EF8C2FE4F" box="[1465,1839,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF9606AFFE1EF8C2FE4F" blockId="102.[1364,2221,412,544]" box="[1465,1839,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992DFF9606AFFE1EF8C2FE4F" box="[1465,1839,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF9606AFFE1EF8C2FE4F" box="[1465,1839,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Dwarf Blue Sheep</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960462FE1EF741FE4F" box="[1908,2220,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960462FE1EF741FE4F" blockId="102.[1364,2221,412,544]" box="[1908,2220,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992DFF960462FE1EF741FE4F" box="[1908,2220,412,462]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992DFF960462FE1EF741FE4F" ID-CoL="4NYLH" authority="Haltenorth, 1963" authorityName="Haltenorth" authorityYear="1963" box="[1908,2220,412,462]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schaeferi">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960462FE1EF741FE4F" box="[1908,2220,412,462]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Pseudois schaeferi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643FE62F841FD9C" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643FE62F7BDFE74" blockId="102.[1364,2221,412,544]" box="[1365,2128,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992DFF960643FE62F7BDFE74" box="[1365,2128,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643FE62FA4FFE74" bold="true" box="[1365,1442,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF9606BAFE62F9FAFE74" box="[1452,1559,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Bharal nain</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF96053BFE62F965FE74" bold="true" box="[1581,1672,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF960587FE62F8DDFE74" box="[1681,1840,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Zwergblauschaf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960452FE62F872FE74" bold="true" box="[1860,1951,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF9604BEFE62F832FE74" box="[1960,2015,480,501]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Cabra</vernacularName>
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azul enana
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643FD8AF841FD9C" blockId="102.[1364,2221,412,544]" box="[1365,1964,520,541]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<heading id="D0AB0169992DFF960643FD8AF841FD9C" box="[1365,1964,520,541]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643FD8AF9A6FD9C" bold="true" box="[1365,1611,520,541]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF960543FD8AF93AFD9C" box="[1621,1751,520,541]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Dwarf Bharal</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B992DFF9605F3FD8AF841FD9C" box="[1765,1964,520,541]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992DFF9605F3FD8AF8DCFD9C" box="[1765,1841,520,541]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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Blue Sheep
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF9604AAFDC8F7EBFD12" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF9604AAFDC8F7EBFD12" blockId="102.[1980,2568,586,1012]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF9604AAFDC8F7BAFDEA" bold="true" box="[1980,2135,586,619]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992DFF960B7CFDC8F7ECFD12" authority="Haltenorth, 1963" authorityName="Haltenorth" authorityYear="1963" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schaefer">Pseudois schaefer: Haltenorth, 1963</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960B31FDF0F6B5FD3B" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960B31FDF0F6B5FD3B" blockId="102.[1980,2568,586,1012]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC58992DFF960B31FDF0F6B5FD3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198425" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992DFF960B31FDF0F796FD12" box="[2087,2171,626,659]" name="China" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">China</collectingCountry>
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(upper Yangtze Gorge, Drupalong, south of Batang).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF9604AAFD46F989FBEB" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF9604AAFD46F989FBEB" blockId="102.[1980,2568,586,1012]" lastBlockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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The Dwarf Blue Sheep is smaller in body size, horn and skull measurements than the Greater Blue Sheep (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992DFF960A23FC8DF656FCB1" box="[2357,2491,783,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nayaur">P. nayaur</taxonomicName>
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) but not significantly different genetically. The two species are separated by a forest zone that extends
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF960B68FC07F70BFC27" box="[2174,2278,901,934]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
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between the lowerelevation habitat inhabited by Dwarf Blue Sheep and the higher-elevation habitat of the Greater Blue Sheep. It is speculated that Dwarf Blue Sheep may be an isolated population in the process of speciation or its small body size is due to lower-quality habitat. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643FBF2F819FB38" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D992DFF960643FBF2F819FB38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512708/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" targetBox="[1363,1957,595,1011]" targetPageId="102">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643FBF2F819FB38" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643FBF2F9E8FB10" bold="true" box="[1365,1541,1136,1169]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SC
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992DFF960557FBF2F978FB10" box="[1601,1685,1136,1169]" name="China" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">China</collectingCountry>
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(Upper Yangtze River Gorge in Batang County of W
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992DFF960A91FBF2F615FB10" box="[2439,2552,1136,1169]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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) and adjacent area of Mukang County in
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<collectingRegion id="499878E7992DFF96049AFB1EF81DFB38" box="[1932,2032,1180,1209]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643FB3DF685FAFC" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643FB3DF685FAFC" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643FB3DF9A1FB61" bold="true" box="[1365,1612,1215,1248]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Few measurements available. Shoulder height 70-80 cm; weight
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF960AC3FB3DFA4CFA86" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="kg" value="31.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="28.0">28— 35 kg</quantity>
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(males) and c.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF960566FB68F952FA86" box="[1648,1727,1258,1287]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="kg" value="25.0">25 kg</quantity>
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(females). Horn length 28-55 cm (males), horn basal girth 14-23 cm (males). Horns are more upturned and lack the inward curve characteristic of the horns of Greater Blue Sheep. Winter coat is drab, with a silvery sheen; dark markings develop only in older males. Diploid chromosome numberis 54.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643FA01F898F9E8" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643FA01F898F9E8" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643FA01FA29FA25" bold="true" box="[1365,1476,1411,1444]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Presently occurs at an elevation of 2700-2900 m on rocky, steep terrain with 70-80° slopes. Annual precipitation is about
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<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF9604DCFA29F7D6FA4D" box="[1994,2107,1451,1484]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="mm" value="650.0">650 mm</quantity>
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with most occurring in summer. The vegetation consists principally of low shrubs (Berberis spp., Rosa spp., Cotoneaster spp., Cladrastris spp., Ephedra spp., Rhododendron spp.). Principal mammalian predators are Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), Dholes (Cuon
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD86992DFF9604DFF9A7F7C0F9C3" box="[1993,2093,1573,1602]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="alpinus">alpinus</taxonomicName>
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), and Leopards (Panthera pardus), but predation has not been quantified.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643F9EDFA38F939" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643F9EDFA38F939" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643F9EDF98DF911" bold="true" box="[1365,1632,1647,1680]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Probably feed principally on graminoids in summer and browse in winter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643F93CF903F886" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643F93CF903F886" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643F93CFA31F95E" bold="true" box="[1365,1500,1726,1759]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Based on local informants, mating occurs in November—December and offspring are born in May-June.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960642F88FF962F84A" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960642F88FF962F84A" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960642F88FF9D0F8AF" bold="true" box="[1364,1597,1805,1838]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Feeding peaks in summer occur at 06:00-09:00 h, 10:00-11:00 h, and 16:00-20:00 h, and a bedding peak at 11:00-15:00 h. Adult males spend more time feeding and standing than other individuals, juveniles spend more time moving and in other activities, and females spend more time bedding. The population is characterized as timid and wary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960643F853F9B4F6AC" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960643F853F9B4F6AC" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
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<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960643F853F7D9F873" bold="true" box="[1365,2100,2001,2034]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Movement studies are lacking. Group sizes are 2-15 with an average herd size of 6-2. Of 142 Dwarf Blue Sheep observed, 21 (14-8%) were males, 31 (21-8%) were females, and eleven (7-7%) were young; 79 (55:6%) were of undetermined gender. The sex ratio was 67-7 males: 100 females and the ratio of young to combined adult and yearling females was 35-5-100:
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF960AD9F7EDFA9DF736" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
winter. In another study, population density was 0-71 ind/km?, and group sizes were 2-10 animals. Of those whose sex and age were determined, 17 (31%) were young, 39 (29-8%) were subadults, and 75 (57-2%) were adults, and the adult sex ratio was 70-4 males:100 females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960640F6B1F6FCF4FB" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960640F6B1F6FCF4FB" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960640F6B1F95BF6D5" bold="true" box="[1366,1718,2355,2388]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The entire population consists of about 200 individuals, with 140 Dwarf Blue Sheep in Batang County. It has undergone a population decline estimated to be greater than 50% in the last 21 years. It has a small distribution, principally between the villages of Suwalong and Zhubalong,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE0992DFF9605A1F652F8E3F670" box="[1719,1806,2512,2545]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
south-west of the town of Batang, and concentrated in an area of 200-295 km?*The area is subjected to extensive livestock grazing and farming. Its small distribution renders it especially vulnerable to continued habitat degradation by unmanaged domestic livestock grazing and disturbance by pastoralists. Poaching also occurs and game laws are not enforced even within a protected area. Despite the small population and declining status,it is not formally on the national list of protected species of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF695992DFF9605B3F53EF916F55C" box="[1701,1787,2748,2781]" name="China" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Creation of a community-based conservation hunting program that economically benefits the rural population and caters to foreign hunters is a possibility, but only if a detailed management plan is developed that provides for trained personnel to monitor and enforce hunting regulations and a multispecies grazing program that provides for the sustainable use of rangelands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E992DFF960641F40BFA52F3BE" pageId="102" pageNumber="673" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B605992DFF960641F40BFA52F3BE" blockId="102.[1364,2570,1019,3135]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A17992DFF960641F40BFA1DF423" bold="true" box="[1367,1520,2953,2978]" pageId="102" pageNumber="673">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1940), Bunch, Wang Shiqguan, Zhang Yaping et al. (2000), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Feng Jiang et al. (2001), Groves (1978), Groves & Grubb (2011), Grubb (2005), Harris (2007, 2008), Liu Yande et al. (2007), Long et al. (2009), MacKinnon (2008), Schaller (1998), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Wang Xiaoming & Hoffmann (1987), Wang Xiaoming et al. (2000), Wang Yu & Wang Xiaoming (2003), Zeng Bo et al. (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |