231 lines
28 KiB
XML
231 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C8AF666426F25DDC0957760FCFAA504B">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="54CCE2F79631FD99D27923011F120AB9">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CB6247C65D87DF81EBBF29E68C58541D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B90D3488E0682ABAE8BBF85F092189BE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="412C8132943F0708095C60462DA3D4DB">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="81731900059382E7F73F17E3D6DDC6D0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F507139927FF9D0648FBE4FDD0F8D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636942" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139927FF9D0648FBE4FDD0F8D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139927FF9D0648FBE4FDD0F8D9" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C0648FBE4FA43FB15" box="[1374,1454,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C0648FBE4FA43FB15" blockId="108.[1369,2238,1126,1253]" box="[1374,1454,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="D0AB01699927FF9C0648FBE4FA43FB15" box="[1374,1454,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809927FF9C0648FBE4FA43FB15" box="[1374,1454,1126,1172]" captionStart="Plate 45: Bovidae" captionStartId="104.[93,123,3393,3414]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,13,3635]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="178. Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus), 179. Markhor (Capra falconeri), 180. Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 181. Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana), 182. Walia Ibex (Capra wale), 183. Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex), 184. Siberian Ibex (Capra sibirica), 185. Kuban Tur (Capra caucasica), 186. Daghestan Tur (Capra cylindricornis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512955/files/figure.png" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">184.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C06A9FBE4F939FB15" box="[1471,1748,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C06A9FBE4F939FB15" blockId="108.[1369,2238,1126,1253]" box="[1471,1748,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="D0AB01699927FF9C06A9FBE4F939FB15" box="[1471,1748,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C06A9FBE4F939FB15" box="[1471,1748,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Siberian Ibex</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C041DFBE4F7E0FB15" box="[1803,2061,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C041DFBE4F7E0FB15" blockId="108.[1369,2238,1126,1253]" box="[1803,2061,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="D0AB01699927FF9C041DFBE4F7E0FB15" box="[1803,2061,1126,1172]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C041DFBE4F7E0FB15" ID-CoL="QS6D" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[1803,2061,1126,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibirica">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C041DFBE4F7E0FB15" box="[1803,2061,1126,1172]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Capra sibirica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C064DFB25F89EFB62" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064DFB25F750FB3D" blockId="108.[1369,2238,1126,1253]" box="[1371,2237,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="D0AB01699927FF9C064DFB25F750FB3D" box="[1371,2237,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C064DFB25FA4AFB3D" bold="true" box="[1371,1447,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C06A7FB25F96CFB3D" box="[1457,1665,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Bouguetin de Sibérie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C0580FB25F91CFB3D" bold="true" box="[1686,1777,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C05ECFB25F840FB3D" box="[1786,1965,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Sibirien-Steinbock</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C04D7FB25F7F0FB3D" bold="true" box="[1985,2077,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C0B31FB25F750FB3D" box="[2087,2237,1191,1212]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">ibice de Siberia</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064CFB4CF89EFB62" blockId="108.[1369,2238,1126,1253]" box="[1370,1907,1230,1251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="D0AB01699927FF9C064CFB4CF89EFB62" box="[1370,1907,1230,1251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C064CFB4CF9BCFB62" bold="true" box="[1370,1617,1230,1251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C054FFB4CF920FB62" box="[1625,1741,1230,1251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Asiatic Ibex</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9927FF9C05CDFB4CF89EFB62" box="[1755,1907,1230,1251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Himalayan Ibex</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C04D7FA94F673FAB2" box="[1985,2462,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C04D7FA94F673FAB2" blockId="108.[1985,2573,1302,1724]" box="[1985,2462,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C04D7FA94F7BBFAB2" bold="true" box="[1985,2134,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C0B76FA94F674FAB2" authority="Pallas, 1776" box="[2144,2457,1302,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ibex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">I bex sibiricus Pallas, 1776</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C0AB0FA94F5E5FAB2" box="[2470,2568,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C0AB0FA94F5E5FAB2" blockId="108.[1985,2573,1302,1724]" box="[2470,2568,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589927FF9C0AB0FA94F5E5FAB2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198434" box="[2470,2568,1302,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Siberia.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C04D4FAC3F6C2F915" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C04D4FAC3F6C2F915" blockId="108.[1985,2573,1302,1724]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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Formerly, it was sometimes classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C0BBBFAE2F6EAFA00" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2221,2311,1376,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="722" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">C. ibex</taxonomicName>
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, butit is strongly distinct. It occurs over a wider area than any other ibex and is the most primitive ibex. Numerous subspecies have been described, resulting in a confusing array of names. There is a need for a taxonomic revision of this species. Four subspecies are tentatively recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C04D7F919F824F8FE" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9927FF9C04D7F919F824F8FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512722/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" targetBox="[1368,1961,1304,1720]" targetPageId="108">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C04D7F919F6BDF93D" blockId="108.[1985,2573,1302,1724]" box="[1985,2384,1691,1724]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C04D7F919F6BDF93D" bold="true" box="[1985,2384,1691,1724]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064AF947F601F963" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" box="[1372,2540,1733,1762]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C064AF947F601F963" authority="Pallas, 1776" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1776" box="[1372,2540,1733,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibirica" subSpecies="sibirica">C.s.sibiricaPallas,1776—Russia(Siberia),NWChina,WMongolia,NEKazakhstan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064AF973F99EF8B1" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C064AF973F99EF8B1" authority="Noack, 1902" authorityName="Noack" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibirica" subSpecies="alaiana">C.s.alaianaNoack,1902—Kyrgyzstan,SEKazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,NAfghanistan,WChina.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064AF8BDF789F8D9" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" box="[1372,2148,1855,1880]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C064AF8BDF789F8D9" authority="Noack, 1903" authorityName="Noack" authorityYear="1903" box="[1372,2148,1855,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibirica" subSpecies="hagenbecki">C.s.hagenbeckiNoack,1903—C&SMongolia,NChina.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064AF8E4F824F8FE" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" box="[1372,1993,1894,1919]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C064AF8E4F962F8FE" authority="Blyth, 1842" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1842" box="[1372,1679,1894,1919]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibirica" subSpecies="sakeen">C. s. sakeen Blyth, 1842</taxonomicName>
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— N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959927FF9C05C5F8E4F8A5F8FE" box="[1747,1864,1894,1919]" name="Pakistan" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959927FF9C046CF8E4F828F8FE" box="[1914,1989,1894,1919]" name="India" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C064EF808F980F64D" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C064EF808F980F64D" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C064EF808F9B4F826" bold="true" box="[1368,1625,1930,1959]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 103-132 cm (males) and 85-101 cm (females), tail 18-20 cm (males) and 13-22 cm (females), shoulder height 65-105 cm; weight 60-130 kg (males) and 30-56 kg (females). Horn length 91-148 cm (males) and 19-39 cm (females), basal horn girth 20-31 cm (males) and 9-14 cm (females). Male horns diverge and curve backward; the tips in older males curve forward or downward and eitherslightly inward or outward. Anterior surfaces of horns are flattened, with transverse ridges or bosses. Beard is long (up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09927FF9C0BB1F7F0F6EDF712" box="[2215,2304,2162,2195]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
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), bushy, and thick. Tail is flat and hairless underneath. Coloration is highly variable regionally. General winter coat in males, including the tail, beard, legs, and belly, is a shade of brown, ranging from pale to chocolate. A prominent whitish saddle patch is divided by the dark dorsal stripe. An additional whitish area can develop at the base of the back of the neck. In specimens from southern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959927FF9C0482F6B4F7F0F6D6" box="[1940,2077,2358,2391]" name="Mongolia" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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, the whitish areas may be absent. Females lack whitish coloration. In the wild, males rarely live more than twelve years; they live up to 15 years in captivity and females live up to 22 years. Diploid chromosome number is 60.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C0641F656F8B7F3C0" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059927FF9C0641F656F8B7F3C0" blockId="108.[1365,2571,1733,3452]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">
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||
<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C0641F656FA2BF674" bold="true" box="[1367,1478,2516,2549]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Siberian
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C058FF656F93BF674" box="[1689,1750,2516,2549]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
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||
occurs at
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09927FF9C0478F656F829F674" box="[1902,1988,2516,2549]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
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||
above sea level in low, rocky hills in the Gobi Desert and up to ¢.
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||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09927FF9C05D5F67DF8DFF59D" box="[1731,1842,2559,2588]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" unit="m" value="6700.0">6700 m</quantity>
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in the Himalayas in rocky, precipitous terrain interspersed with cliffs, deep valleys, scree, and rocky outcrops. They forage in alpine meadows, gentle slopes, and even wet meadows of mountain streams, usually staying close to precipitous escape terrain. They avoid areas with deep snow and tall vegetation, but will occasionally enter forests during heavy snow. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959927FF9C0A2EF51AF66FF538" box="[2360,2434,2712,2745]" name="India" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Siberian Ibexes were predominantly observed within
|
||
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|
||
of rugged,steep terrain. Larger feeding groups were significantly farther from cliffs than smaller groups, and were within 100-200 m of escape terrain a minimum of 90% of the time. Ibexes usually occur at higher elevations than other wild ungulates.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C04D9F4B7F7CCF4D7" box="[1999,2081,2869,2902]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
|
||
predators include Snow Leopards (Panthera uncia), Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), and Eurasian Lynxes (Lynx lynx). Up to 78% of lynx feces and 19% of wolf feces contain remains of Siberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C0A46F406F662F424" box="[2384,2447,2948,2981]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of 104 successful wolf predations, 74 ibexes were males and 30 were females. Die-offs due to disease, such as pleuropneumonia, can occur. About 25-35% of kids survive their first year, but survival can be lower during harsh winters. Of 87 male skulls found in the Tianshan, 53% were of 6-8year-olds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9927FF9C0640F3CAF8D1F2FD" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" type="food_feeding">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179927FF9C0640F3CAF9B7F3E8" bold="true" box="[1366,1626,3144,3177]" pageId="108" pageNumber="679">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
On an annual basis, the diet of the Siberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C0BD8F3CAF6E7F3E8" box="[2254,2314,3144,3177]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists primarily of graminoids in summer and browse in winter, but diets can vary depending on plant species’ availability. They feed in timberline sedge and herb meadows and in steppe and alpine meadows. Up to 85% ofthe diet can be browse seasonally. Males can eat up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09927FF9C066BF364FA29F286" box="[1405,1476,3302,3335]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.6" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" unit="kg" value="16.0">16 kg</quantity>
|
||
and females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09927FF9C05D9F364F8FBF286" box="[1743,1814,3302,3335]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" unit="kg" value="10.0">10 kg</quantity>
|
||
of green forage per day. They frequentsalt licks when available. In the Himalayas, ibexes, domestic goats and sheep, and free-ranging horses had similar diets, preferring grasses. Siberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869927FF9C04FCF2BAF7CAF2D4" box="[2026,2087,3384,3413]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="108" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ibex">Ibex</taxonomicName>
|
||
diet differed most from those of domestic Yaks, donkeys, and cattle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03D0FE93FEDDFD3F" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03D0FE93FEDDFD3F" blockId="109.[197,1404,273,1882]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03D0FE93FEA1FEB3" bold="true" box="[198,332,273,306]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs in October—January, with regional differences during rut. In healthy populations with abundant, nutritious forage, females become pregnant when 2-5 years old, but most females first become pregnant at age 3-5 years. Estrus lasts 20 days, and females can cycle again if not impregnated. In one population, only 25% of two-year-old females were pregnant, but 98% of females older than three were pregnant. Females reproduce until 9-15 years of age. In northern areas, births occur in April-early May; in the Himalayas and central Tianshan mountains, births occur in late May—early June; and in the Pamirs in June. Gestation is 170-180 days. Singletons are most common but twinning can be 4-25%. Triplets have been recorded. Newborns usually weigh 3.4-5 kg. Malesfive years old and older do most of the courting and mating.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03D0FD40FC27FCB3" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03D0FD40FC27FCB3" blockId="109.[197,1404,273,1882]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03D0FD40FE42FD62" bold="true" box="[198,431,706,739]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
During winter, ibexes are most active before and after sunrise and are inactive at midday. During periods of heavy snows, they are most active at midday. In winter and summer, they preferred south-facing slopes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03D1FCBAFEF9FAB0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03D1FCBAFEF9FAB0" blockId="109.[197,1404,273,1882]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03D1FCBAFC4CFCD8" bold="true" box="[199,929,824,857]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movements in the Himalaya were less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D02F4FCDDFDD7FC01" box="[482,570,863,896]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
and the longest movements seen were
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0769FCDDFB06FC01" box="[1151,1259,863,896]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3—4 km</quantity>
|
||
. Seasonal movements and migrations vary from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D01E7FC04FCA4FC26" box="[753,841,902,935]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09926FF9D0094FC04FC01FC26" box="[898,1004,902,935]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
, with an altitudinal shift of 700-2000 m. Movements in autumn commence after heavy snow. Movements can also be influenced by livestock intrusions, hunting, and bothersome insects. They usually remain within a seasonal home range, but home rangesize has not been determined. Heavy snows can cause shifts in home ranges. During winter, they descend to steep, grassy, south-facing slopes. Herd size depends on population size, with means ranging from 5-4 animals to 29 animals. Mixed-group herds have as many as 100-200 animals. During autumn, 80-96% of Siberian Ibexes are in mixed herds; this decreases to 17-8% in summer. Males form separate herds from females in May-July and rejoin female herds in autumn. Both males and females probably form linear social hierarchies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03DEFAB4FD66F9ED" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DEFAB4FD66F9ED" blockId="109.[197,1404,273,1882]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DEFAB4FDCAFAD6" bold="true" box="[200,551,1334,1367]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The largest numbers of Siberian Ibexes occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D0008FAE0FC9EFAFE" box="[798,883,1378,1407]" name="China" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE68D0C29926FF9D009BFAE0FC1CFAFE" box="[909,1009,1378,1407]" degrees="40,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" precision="55" value="40.0">40,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-50,000), the former Soviet republics of Central Asia (105,000), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D001FFA07FC62FA27" box="[777,911,1413,1446]" name="Mongolia" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(over 50,000). There are probably no more than 20,000 individuals in all other countries combined. These estimates are based on unsubstantiated data. Siberian Ibexes have been extirpated over large areas, especially in war-devastated
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959926FF9D01B6FA79FCA1F99D" box="[672,844,1531,1564]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869926FF9D004CFA79FC40F99D" box="[858,941,1531,1564]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
|
||
threats include competition with livestock and associated human disturbance,illegal subsistence hunting, and habitat degradation and fragmentation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9926FF9D03DCF9FBFDD0F8D9" pageId="109" pageNumber="680" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059926FF9D03DCF9FBFDD0F8D9" blockId="109.[197,1404,273,1882]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179926FF9D03DCF9FBFE8DF913" bold="true" box="[202,352,1657,1682]" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Bibliography</emphasis>
|
||
: Bagchi, Mishra & Bhatnagar (2004), Byers (1977, 1980), Egorov (1955), Fedosenko & Blank (2001), Fedosenko & Savinov (1983), Fox & Johnsingh (1997), Fox et al. (1992), Habibi (1997a), Heptner et al. (1988), Hess (1990b), Kuzanskaya et al. (2007), Lydekker (1913), MacKinnon (2008), Mahon (1996), Mallon et al. (1997),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79926FF9D0248F96DFE59F889" box="[350,436,1775,1800]" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Shank (2008),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79926FF9D016FF96DFD22F889" box="[633,719,1775,1800]" country="United Kingdom" name="Reading" pageId="109" pageNumber="680">Reading</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (1999), Roberts (1997), Savinov (1962), Schaller (1977), Schaller et al. (1994), Sobansky (1992), Sokolov (1959), Wang Sung et al. (1997), Weinberg et al. (1997), Wilson & Reeder (2005), Zavatsky (1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |