258 lines
30 KiB
XML
258 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="BF60F450384C25290030210FCEA40FCC" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139923FF980375FE1CF8C1F877" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Capra aegagrus Erxleben 1777" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="675" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="675" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="3B1447FC6057C6419A2648B2F7F01C09" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0C854EABEAE50DF7694D20684BE5972A">
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<mods:title id="C428F56B9119172952E2D9EB4A19C760">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A4CB61D1189F377591BB82C2D0E5FE4A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0A469B7E37B3DB6E6BC8E8F2102DBAC1">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="D93484CC2787C3948B0E3128EA595A75" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="86AEF60BA57AA2D05445457A26291F52">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6ECCF655803706E7EB4F8ED887461E90">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B08DACBF9C17B32A3D26FEA4A7620FDA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="495C0D3D151681BE44AEFDD3B5BA0D1B">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="ED41FF7C35DF81E05BA27F67E8B416F2" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="EFA00E47376F657EFF42A3CCAA076BBC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="18F3B9F87CC84B1DF72FF1735C564AB2">
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<mods:placeTerm id="B7E78E6DB07368F0D9B0B8BBCB3B855B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="82777B3E7DFB1E156124D329E3867664">
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<mods:title id="33EE190089191CEA61CDE022AFD389FA">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="CD475FD2D8F27B3EDB9E2F19A2F3C94D">
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<mods:classification id="164A8999A7F96ACDF74FE64A73BF9170">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="83304070CAE9C4F0B8312999094A22B5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3CE6449608237B1F28B0CBF191A49535" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139923FF980375FE1CF8C1F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636930" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659292" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139923FF980375FE1CF8C1F877" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139923FF980375FE1CF8C1F877" lastPageNumber="675" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980375FE1CFF5FFE51" box="[99,178,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980375FE1CFF5FFE51" blockId="104.[94,814,414,543]" box="[99,178,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<heading id="D0AB01699923FF980375FE1CFF5FFE51" box="[99,178,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809923FF980375FE1CFF5FFE51" box="[99,178,414,464]" captionStart="Plate 45: Bovidae" captionStartId="104.[93,123,3393,3414]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,13,3635]" captionTargetPageId="103" captionText="178. Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus), 179. Markhor (Capra falconeri), 180. Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 181. Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana), 182. Walia Ibex (Capra wale), 183. Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex), 184. Siberian Ibex (Capra sibirica), 185. Kuban Tur (Capra caucasica), 186. Daghestan Tur (Capra cylindricornis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512955/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">178.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF9803D7FE1CFE7AFE51" box="[193,407,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF9803D7FE1CFE7AFE51" blockId="104.[94,814,414,543]" box="[193,407,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<heading id="D0AB01699923FF9803D7FE1CFE7AFE51" box="[193,407,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9923FF9803D7FE1CFE7AFE51" box="[193,407,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Wild Goat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF9802DBFE1CFD1CFE51" box="[461,753,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF9802DBFE1CFD1CFE51" blockId="104.[94,814,414,543]" box="[461,753,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<heading id="D0AB01699923FF9802DBFE1CFD1CFE51" box="[461,753,414,464]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF9802DBFE1CFD1CFE51" ID-CoL="QS64" authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[461,753,414,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegagrus">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF9802DBFE1CFD1CFE51" box="[461,753,414,464]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Capra aegagrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980349FE60FD53FD9E" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980349FE60FCC0FE76" blockId="104.[94,814,414,543]" box="[95,813,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<heading id="D0AB01699923FF980349FE60FCC0FE76" box="[95,813,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980349FE60FF41FE76" bold="true" box="[95,172,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9923FF9803A0FE60FEADFE76" box="[182,320,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Bouc sauvage</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980240FE60FE5CFE76" bold="true" box="[342,433,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9923FF9802ADFE60FDDEFE76" box="[443,563,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Bezoarziege</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980151FE60FD4FFE76" bold="true" box="[583,674,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9923FF9801BDFE60FD0EFE76" box="[683,739,482,503]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Cabra</vernacularName>
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bezoar
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980349FD88FD53FD9E" blockId="104.[94,814,414,543]" box="[95,702,522,543]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<heading id="D0AB01699923FF980349FD88FD53FD9E" box="[95,702,522,543]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980349FD88FEB8FD9E" bold="true" box="[95,341,522,543]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9923FF980249FD88FD53FD9E" box="[351,702,522,543]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Bezoar; Chiltan Goat (chialtanensis)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF9801D1FDCEFCFDFD15" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF9801D1FDCEFCFDFD15" blockId="104.[709,1296,588,1014]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF9801D1FDCEFC8CFDEC" bold="true" box="[711,865,588,621]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF98009EFDCEFCE1FD15" ID-CoL="QS64" authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegagrus">Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980034FDF5FCC9FD3D" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980034FDF5FCC9FD3D" blockId="104.[709,1296,588,1014]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589923FF980034FDF5FCC9FD3D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198487" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79923FF980034FDF5FBC1FD15" box="[802,1068,631,660]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="104" pageNumber="719">Daghestan District</collectingRegion>
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of Caucasus, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9801D1FD1DFCCDFD3D" box="[711,800,671,700]" name="Russia" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF9801D1FD40FDF4FAB1" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF9801D1FD40FDF4FAB1" blockId="104.[709,1296,588,1014]" lastBlockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF980072FD40FC1AFD62" authority="Erxleben, 1777" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[868,1015,706,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegagrus">C. aegagrus</taxonomicName>
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is used here for the wild species. Populations on Mediterranean islands are derived from domestic forms and classified as feral domestic goats (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF980031FCE1FC49FC01" box="[807,932,867,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hircus">C. hircus</taxonomicName>
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). The subspecies blythi (S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9801D1FC09FCD1FC29" box="[711,828,907,936]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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) and turemenica (S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98076AFC09FD12FC4E" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
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) are not valid because these populations cannot be differentiated from populations inhabiting areas in other regions. The “Chiltan Goat” population (chialtanensis), of which the only viable population now occurs in the Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park in NW
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980277FBC9FE3AFBED" box="[353,471,1099,1132]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, has been classified as a subspecies of either a Wild Goat or a Markhor (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF980211FBF0FE72FB12" box="[263,415,1138,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falconeri">C. falconeri</taxonomicName>
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), or it may be a hybrid population between them. Chiltan Goat populations were formerly sympatric with both Wild Goat and Markhor populations, and share anatomical characters of both species. The Wild Goat was the progenitor of the domestic goat, but domestic goats have probably been hybridized with other wild goat species in Asia. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF98034BFAB5FB20FA4F" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9923FF98034BFAB5FB20FA4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512710" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512710/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" targetBox="[92,687,593,1009]" targetPageId="104">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF98034BFAB5FB20FA4F" blockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF98034BFAB5FEE0FAD9" bold="true" box="[93,269,1335,1368]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98020CFAB5FE94FAD9" box="[282,377,1335,1368]" name="Turkey" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9802B3FAB5FE11FAD9" box="[421,508,1335,1368]" name="Russia" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79923FF980105FAB5FD4AFAD9" box="[531,679,1335,1368]" country="Russia" name="Dagestan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Daghestan</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79923FF9801E5FAB5FC69FAD9" box="[755,900,1335,1368]" country="Russia" name="Chechnya" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Chechnya</collectingRegion>
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), NE
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9800C0FAB5FBAAFAD9" box="[982,1095,1335,1368]" name="Georgia" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980741FAB5FB39FAD9" box="[1111,1236,1335,1368]" name="Armenia" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Armenia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9807F5FAB5FF3FFA01" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98021EFAE5FEAFFA01" box="[264,322,1383,1408]" name="Iraq" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980243FAE5FE7CFA01" box="[341,401,1383,1408]" name="Iran" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Iran</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9802B5FAE5FD84FA01" box="[419,617,1383,1408]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98016FFAE5FCC9FA01" box="[633,804,1383,1408]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, and SW
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9800A7FAE5FBCAFA01" box="[945,1063,1383,1408]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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. A free-roaming population introduced in
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF9802CEFA0CFDD0FA26" box="[472,573,1422,1447]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0038" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="in" value="1970.0">1970 in</quantity>
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SC
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79923FF98016BFA0CFCC3FA26" box="[637,814,1422,1447]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980057FA0CFC6CFA26" box="[833,897,1422,1447]" name="United States of America" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">USA</collectingCountry>
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, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF98034BFA5BFAE5F760" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF98034BFA5BFAE5F760" blockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF98034BFA5BFEB5FA77" bold="true" box="[93,344,1497,1526]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 129-152 cm (males), tail 11-13 cm (males), shoulder height 73-90 cm (males) and 55-60 cm (females), hindfoot 30-31cm (males); weight 45-90 kg (males) and 25-55 kg (females). Newborn kids weigh 2:5.3-3 kg (males) and 2-3 kg (females). The longest recorded horn is
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF980001F9CDFC90F9ED" box="[791,893,1615,1644]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="cm" value="152.0">152 cm</quantity>
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, with a basal circumference of
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF980392F9F0FF34F912" box="[132,217,1650,1683]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
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, but horns rarely exceed
|
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF980150F9F0FD47F912" box="[582,682,1650,1683]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="cm" value="127.0">127 cm</quantity>
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. Basal horn girth of males 4-11 years old is 16.5-25 cm. Horns of males curve upward and backward and are laterally compressed and frontally keeled, with knobs, which form at the borders of annual segments, projecting from the keel.
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79923FF980285F96AFE22F888" box="[403,463,1768,1801]" country="Algeria" name="Tipaza" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Tips</collectingRegion>
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of horns grow parallel or diverge, or infrequently the horn tips converge, sometimes crossing. The lateral sides of horns are convex and inner sides are flat. Horns of females rarely exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF9801E8F8B9FCB8F8D9" box="[766,853,1851,1880]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="cm" value="33.0">33 cm</quantity>
|
||
and lack frontal knobs. Adult males have a prominent dark beard growing from the middle of the chin. Subadult males are brownish-gray to reddish-brown; adult males in the winter coat have a distinctive cinereous to whitish body color that contrasts sharply with the blackish-brown color of the face, front of neck, breast, area between the front legs, and front of the legs (except for the knees, where callosities develop). A callosity can also develop on the breast plate. There is a dark dorsal stripe extending from the nape to the black tail, an equally dark broad streak encircling the shoulder and connecting with the dark back stripe and neck front, and a dark flank stripe connected with dark breast and stripes on the hindlegs separating the belly. Males rarely live more than eleven years. The record for longevity in captivity was 14 years. Diploid chromosome number is 60.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF98034AF765FCE5F4AE" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF98034AF765FCE5F4AE" blockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF98034AF765FF26F689" bold="true" box="[92,203,2279,2312]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Wild Goats occur in rocky, precipitous habitats associated with cliffs from sea level to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF9803DCF68DFEDFF6B1" box="[202,306,2319,2352]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
|
||
, but usually occur below
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF98018EF68DFCEDF6B1" box="[664,768,2319,2352]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
|
||
. In Daghestan, they inhabit montane forests, principally of pine and birch, at elevations of 1000-2700 m, but avoid areas with tall, dense vegetation stands on gentle slopes. Females inhabit the steep lowerriver valleys, including areas with interspersed human habitations and farmlands. Males remain in the upper forest zones, but will occasionally enter alpine areas inhabited by Daghestan Tur (C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF980278F651FDF0F675" box="[366,541,2515,2548]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindricornis">cylindricornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Females and young remain in the lower valley sides within a forested zone only 300-500 m in width. In areas other than Daghestan, most Wild Goat populations inhabit deserts and semi-arid areas. In the central Kopet Dagh Mountains of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9802A0F5CBFD91F5EB" box="[438,636,2633,2666]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the percentage of time spent in five habitat types was 5-3% on small hills, 7-2% on plateaus, 15-3% on grass-covered slopes, 42-1% on rocky slopes, and 30-1% on ledges. They have been recorded in shallow, accessible valleys and semi-desert foothills, but only in areas undisturbed by humans. Natural predators such as Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) and Leopards (Panthera pardus) have been extirpated in most areas occupied by Wild Goats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF98034AF4B8FD39F425" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF98034AF4B8FD39F425" blockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF98034AF4B8FE89F4D6" bold="true" box="[92,356,2874,2903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
They are grazers, but feed on high percentages of browse in arid regions. In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980290F4DEFE16F4FC" box="[390,507,2908,2941]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Wild Goat diets consisted of grasses when available but diets shifted to browse during the dry season.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF98034AF429F613FD17" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF98034AF429F613FD17" blockId="104.[87,1298,1020,3295]" lastBlockId="104.[1364,2570,275,2041]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF98034AF429FF0FF44D" bold="true" box="[92,226,2987,3020]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females become sexually mature at 2-3 years. Although males are sexually mature at two years, they do not participate in mating until they are four. In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98034AF380FECFF39A" box="[92,290,3074,3099]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating occurs in November and kids are born in late April and early May. In arid southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98028CF3ABFDFDF3C3" box="[410,528,3113,3138]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, most mating occurs in mid-October to November, although mating can commence as early as August. Most births are in February and March, but births can extend into April. In the Caucasus, the principal mating period is from November to January but the mating period can extend into February, and births can occur as late as mid-July. Gestation is 150-160 days. Twinning is common but triplets are uncommon. In Daghestan, 52% of females (n = 19) with young had twins. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980697FEB8FA0DFEDA" box="[1409,1504,314,347]" name="Turkey" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 30% of females had singletons, 66% had twins, and 4% had triplets. Kids are occasionally preyed upon by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and bearded vultures (Gypaetus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869923FF9806F0FE0BF9BAFE2B" box="[1510,1623,393,426]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="barbatus">barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Reproductive success of females is probably most influenced by annual rainfall variation of the current and previous year. During years of low rainfall, females fail to conceive or give birth to weak offspring. In arid southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980A9DFE5AF5EDFE78" box="[2443,2560,472,505]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, vegetative growth resulting from rainfall as early as August can induce physiological female recovery, enabling females to reproduce. Wild Goats are serially polygynous; dominant males do most of the mating. Males remain within a female herd during the mating season instead of wandering from herd to herd searching for estrous females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980643FD1EF98DFC8A" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980643FD1EF98DFC8A" blockId="104.[1364,2570,275,2041]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980643FD1EF9AEFD3C" bold="true" box="[1365,1603,668,701]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Wild Goats are diurnal and feed in the early morning and late afternoon during warm weather. During the dry season, large congregations can occur near watering sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980640FC90F939FB14" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980640FC90F939FB14" blockId="104.[1364,2570,275,2041]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980640FC90F7C1FCB2" bold="true" box="[1366,2092,786,819]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed movements and home range studies have not been conducted. Migrational movements have not been recorded. Seasonal movements involve elevation shifts to lower areas to avoid deep snows. Herds show a high degree of fidelity to specific areas. In October, at the initiation of the mating season, adult males join female herds and males and females remain in mixed herds during winter and spring. During the breeding season, most adult males form male herds that separate from the female herds. Males associate with other males of equal age or social status. During the rut, younger males do not associate with older, larger, dominant males. In areas with large populations, herds of 100-200 animals can occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980640FB1EF872F8B3" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980640FB1EF872F8B3" blockId="104.[1364,2570,275,2041]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980640FB1EF954FB3C" bold="true" box="[1366,1721,1180,1213]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Wild Goats occur in disjunct populations throughout their range. The Wild Goat was extirpated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9806B5FB6CF9E4FA8A" box="[1443,1545,1262,1291]" name="Jordan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980508FB6CF973FA8A" box="[1566,1694,1262,1291]" name="Lebanon" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9805E3FB6CF8D7FA8A" box="[1781,1850,1262,1291]" name="Syria" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Its present status in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980B6EFB6CF75DFA8A" box="[2168,2224,1262,1291]" name="Iraq" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF980A16FB6CF645FA8A" box="[2304,2472,1262,1291]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
is unknown. Wild Goats have been reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF9804F7FA90F7D6FAB2" box="[2017,2107,1298,1331]" name="Oman" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the possibility remains that they are feral populations of domestic goats. There are few population estimates. In Daghestan, there were an estimated
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09923FF980474FAEBF82AFA03" box="[1890,1991,1385,1410]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" unit="in" value="1500.0">1500 in</quantity>
|
||
the early 1990s. In the Kirthar National Park, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98052FFA0AF943FA28" box="[1593,1710,1416,1449]" name="Pakistan" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the goat population increased from about 400-500 (3-3— 4-1 ind/km?®) in the early 1970s to 700-1000 (11:8-16-3 ind/km?) in the mid-1980s after the area was protected in a national park. Prior to 1980, Wild Goats were numerous in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959923FF98066BFA7CFA55F99E" box="[1405,1464,1534,1567]" name="Iran" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, occurring in most mountain ranges. Populations have decreased since then, but census figures are not available. They have been extirpated over large areas of their former distribution range due to livestock usurpation of rangelands, resulting in habitat deterioration. Other contributing factors have been illegal hunting, destruction of woodlands, human disturbance, and feral and domestic dogs, which can be significant predators. Roads can also isolate populations, causing population fragmentation and increasing vulnerability to extirpation. Over most of their distribution, viable populations rarely occur outside protected areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9923FF980640F8C3F8C1F877" pageId="104" pageNumber="675" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059923FF980640F8C3F8C1F877" blockId="104.[1364,2570,275,2041]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179923FF980640F8C3FA1DF8DB" bold="true" box="[1366,1520,1857,1882]" pageId="104" pageNumber="675">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baskin & Danell (2003), Edge & Olson-Edge (1990), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1966), Frisina et al. (2006), Gasperetti (1978), Gippoliti & Giovanni (2006), Gundogdu & Ogurlu (2009), Harris (2007), Harrison (1968a, 1968b), Harrison & Bates (1991), Heptner et al. (1988), Manceau, Després et al. (1999), Masseti (1998), Roberts (1997), Schaller (1977), Shafique & Barkati (2002), Valdez (1985), Valdez et al. (1977), Weinberg (2001), Weinberg et al. (2008), Ziaie (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |