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<document id="9763570815CCCAEB901E4D432F0D42DA" ID-DOI="10.26107/RBZ-2020-0059" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4577343" ID-ZooBank="740F69A9-B092-48CA-BA48-4A7BC8637467" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614785172528" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Nguyen, Hung Manh, Nguyen, Ha Van &amp; Tatonova, Yulia V." docDate="2020" docId="03F087D27360860417D0FB5A826CF9E9" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.68.434-440.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26.5:RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="AF09A0581917EACD12E7F0991C3E7C26" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Karavolicotyla ruber Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova 2020, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="C89321FD-F1C8-4EBC-932C-9EE88AECA64A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="438" masterDocId="FFC9FFAA736486001724FFB4870CFFDC" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Karavolicotyla (Unnithan, 1957) (Monogenea: Heteraxinidae): parasites of two sciaenid fishes (Perciformes) from Vietnam" masterLastPageNumber="440" masterPageNumber="434" pageNumber="438" updateTime="1698878733070" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="F731CC682AA0F67A85E92E1C81192817" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="ED1D0C257BA75F1780FF4EC909346200">
<mods:title id="9D24F3456E9E2D53BE01D68526F1C5DF">Two new species of Karavolicotyla (Unnithan, 1957) (Monogenea: Heteraxinidae): parasites of two sciaenid fishes (Perciformes) from Vietnam</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E10CF450A149300B50CC7CD3006D3526" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E5CE20E894DCFC5AFBD3E24952C722D0">
<mods:roleTerm id="DAB556D0EB22BDE048158ED9AEFD1F55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="00CFFD1AD003E6F64ACDCC8B8D6AC1EC">Nguyen, Hung Manh</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F065D487233190974155CFB3EF56AA04" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1989FC57D732C2140EDEE01CFB620027">
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<mods:namePart id="126C08DFDD0CC130027FE5A0C240DF66">Nguyen, Ha Van</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1250EFF153192FC14A3C63079066F9C2" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F500D46FACA016A500A7E0929D00D507">
<mods:roleTerm id="70B5AD314787BDA65DFAC8AE7E7E4FA9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AB9B439A091C80387FBF5C328C7E84E8">Tatonova, Yulia V.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3824C7B33A07D2B4BAFBCD9E054BA818">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D9CCA3C7AD6258F0E27B0954D0FF91F8" type="host">
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<mods:title id="E87E9CD28862092E03B7AE0F99D1ED45">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D2AFA5186D8F46A58BB5D1588F7CF95D">
<mods:date id="9ACA0F541353EE0BA23BA85A17FC4C96">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F54B7562BED2433C449A86AA64EDB2E0" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C080508ADEB810F6917D8483E105B17F">2020-06-03</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FA43A1D2DFEC57E4BBD9658707F708B7" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DB6474E8B3404898D44E688FCECF2A02">68</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="CC1E9A47E3779C000680557EC97F33B2">434</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="DBDE62BAAB49010EBA837F7128866A53">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="022708B74A29C15862784578F85C3FC2" type="DOI">10.26107/RBZ-2020-0059</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B7B5110EBA5ACF23AFED3DB697B36B09" type="ISSN">2345-7600</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F087D27360860417D0FB5A826CF9E9" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C89321FD-F1C8-4EBC-932C-9EE88AECA64A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087D27360860417D0FB5A826CF9E9" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<subSubSection id="C343654F7360860417D0FB5A8562FADA" box="[244,622,1262,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE636C47360860417D0FB5A8562FADA" blockId="4.[244,622,1262,1318]" box="[244,622,1262,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<heading id="D0AE81A87360860417D0FB5A8562FADA" bold="true" box="[244,622,1262,1286]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860417D0FB5A8562FADA" bold="true" box="[244,622,1262,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860417D0FB5A86D5FADA" authority="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova, 2020" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[244,473,1262,1286]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruber" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860417D0FB5A86D5FADA" bold="true" box="[244,473,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Karavolicotyla ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E57AD7360860416CDFB5A8562FADA" box="[489,622,1262,1286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C343654F7360860416ACFABA862AF8BA" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE636C47360860416ACFABA86D6FAFA" blockId="4.[244,622,1262,1318]" box="[392,474,1294,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
(
<figureCitation id="13622A417360860416B4FABA86DDFAFA" box="[400,465,1294,1318]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[136,171,2035,2057]" captionTargetBox="[160,1459,176,2012]" captionTargetId="figure-7@5.[160,1492,175,2012]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Karavolicotyla ruber, new species, from Otolithes ruber. A, holotype, whole body (ventral view); B, detail of the anatomy of reproductive organs in the region of ovary (Abbreviations: Va.d., vas deferens; Vit., vitellarium; T.vd., transverse vitelline duct; V.r., vitelline reservoir; Ov., oviduct; U., uterus; O., ovary; I., intestine; T., testes); C, cirrus; D, genital atrium; E, clamp (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4577349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4577349/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755FAFA8512FA5A" blockId="4.[113,754,1358,1414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755FAFA87EBFABA" bold="true" box="[113,231,1358,1382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Type-host.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860417CFFAFA856CFABA" authority="(Bloch &amp; Schneider)" baseAuthorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[235,608,1358,1382]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Otolithes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860417CFFAFA8684FABA" box="[235,392,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Otolithes ruber</emphasis>
(Bloch &amp; Schneider)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C594D4773608604154FFAFA85E2FABA" box="[619,750,1358,1382]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Perciformes</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041755FADA87E5FA5A" box="[113,233,1390,1414]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sciaenidae</taxonomicName>
), tigertooth croaker (
<figureCitation id="13622A417360860416EAFADA851DFA5A" box="[462,529,1390,1414]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,422,444]" captionTargetBox="[113,751,189,406]" captionTargetId="figure-271@6.[113,751,189,406]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4. Otolithes ruber. Scale bar = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4577351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4577351/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755FA1A857FFA3A" blockId="4.[113,752,1454,1510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755FA1A8602FA1A" bold="true" box="[113,270,1454,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Type-locality.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B313C99736086041631FA1A8563FA3A" country="Vietnam" latitude="17.483055" location="Off Nhat Le" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="106.62444" municipality="Dong Hoi district" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quang Binh">
<location id="8E86601F736086041631FA1A8696FA1A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F087D27360860417D0FB5A826CF9E9:8E86601F736086041631FA1A8696FA1A" box="[277,410,1454,1478]" country="Vietnam" latitude="17.483055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="106.62444" municipality="Dong Hoi district" name="Off Nhat Le" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" stateProvince="Quang Binh">Off Nhat Le</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B82ACBE736086041681FA1B856FFA1A" box="[421,611,1454,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Dong Hoi district</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="499DF82673608604154AFA1A87DDFA3A" country="Vietnam" name="Quang Binh" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Quang Binh province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34E76547360860417FAFA7A8636FA3A" box="[222,314,1486,1510]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE6D500373608604166EFA7986C0FA3A" box="[330,460,1485,1510]" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" precision="15" seconds="59" value="17.483055">17°28′59″N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6D50037360860416FEFA79856BFA3A" box="[474,615,1485,1510]" degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" precision="15" seconds="28" value="106.62444">106°37′28″E</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755F9BA8648F9FA" blockId="4.[113,324,1550,1574]" box="[113,324,1550,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755F9BA860CF9FA" bold="true" box="[113,256,1550,1574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Site on host.</emphasis>
Gills.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755F9FA8649F95A" blockId="4.[113,752,1614,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755F9FA8681F9BA" bold="true" box="[113,397,1614,1638]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Prevalence and intensity.</emphasis>
11.8% (2 of 17 examined fishes); 1 monogenean/fish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755F91A862AF8BA" blockId="4.[113,753,1710,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755F91A865BF91A" bold="true" box="[113,343,1710,1734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Type-specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B313C99736086041643F91B862AF8BA" country="Vietnam" county="National Museum of Nature" location="Department of Parasitology" municipality="Institute of Ecology" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Ha Noi" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54E28866736086041643F91B86D2F91A" box="[359,478,1710,1735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
is deposited in the collections of the
<location id="8E86601F736086041661F97B8589F93A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F087D27360860417D0FB5A826CF9E9:8E86601F736086041661F97B8589F93A" box="[325,645,1742,1766]" country="Vietnam" county="National Museum of Nature" municipality="Institute of Ecology" name="Department of Parasitology" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" stateProvince="Ha Noi">Department of Parasitology</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B82ACBE7360860415B0F97A87FDF8DA" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Institute of Ecology</collectingMunicipality>
and Biological Resources,
<collectingRegion id="499DF82673608604151DF95A858CF8DA" box="[569,640,1774,1798]" country="Vietnam" name="Ha Noi" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Hanoi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34E76547360860415B4F95A85FCF8DA" box="[656,752,1774,1798]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(Heteraxinid–20140625–1) and the
<typeStatus id="54E288667360860416D6F8BB8542F8FB" box="[498,590,1807,1831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is deposited in the collections of the
<collectingCountry id="F34E765473608604167DF89A86B9F89A" box="[345,437,1838,1862]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
<collectingCounty id="62874E48736086041698F89A85E0F89A" box="[444,748,1838,1862]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">National Museum of Nature</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="499DF826736086041756F8FA87BAF8BA" box="[114,182,1870,1894]" country="Vietnam" name="Ha Noi" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Hanoi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34E76547360860417E6F8FA862DF8BA" box="[194,289,1870,1894]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C343654F736086041755F83A869DF81A" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755F83A869DF81A" blockId="4.[113,753,1934,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755F83A87FFF87A" bold="true" box="[113,243,1934,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name refers to specific name of the type-host,
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860417C0F81A8685F81A" baseAuthorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[228,393,1966,1990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Otolithes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860417C0F81A8685F81A" box="[228,393,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Otolithes ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C343654F736086041755F85A83B2FBA9" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041755F85A85FEF7FA" blockId="4.[113,754,2030,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041755F85A8601F7DA" bold="true" box="[113,269,2030,2054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Description.</emphasis>
[Based on two specimens, see
<figureCitation id="13622A417360860415BAF85A85E6F7DA" box="[670,746,2030,2054]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[113,148,449,471]" captionTargetBox="[113,752,189,434]" captionTargetId="figure-10@4.[113,752,189,434]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Nibea albiflora. Scale bar = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4577347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4577347/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; measurements in
<tableCitation id="C6DB037F73608604160DF7BA867BF7FA" box="[297,375,2062,2086]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[136,191,189,211]" captionText="Table 1. Comparative morphometric data for Karavolicotyla spp. Dimensions are in µm unless otherwise stated. n.d.: not determined, measurement unavailable or feature uncountable." pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Table 1</tableCitation>
] Body elongate, tapering anteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041409FEC982A7FE49" blockId="4.[813,1453,388,789]" box="[813,1451,381,405]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Pair of prohaptoral suckers oval, muscular, aseptate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041409FE2983BDFCC9" blockId="4.[813,1453,388,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
Prepharynx absent; pharynx subglobular. Oesophagus slender, bifurcating at middle level between genital atrium and pharynx. Intestine with numerous diverticula, not confluent, extending posteriorly into haptor; right caecum longer. Testes 8 or
<quantity id="4CA19B21736086041325FDA98327FDE9" box="[1025,1067,541,565]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
number, post-ovarian, occurring in two longitudinal rows, intercaecal, in posterior half of body proper. Vas deferens conspicuous, runs along body midline to genital atrium, ventral to uterus. Cirrus pine nut-shaped and highly muscular, dorsal to the atrium, armed with a circle of 14 small spines on its distal edge. Genital atrium is a spherical depression, with a muscular edge armed with circle of 33 or 34 long, thin spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041409FC8983B2FBA9" blockId="4.[811,1454,829,1142]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Ovary pretesticular, U-shaped, intercaecal. Proximal ovary a spherical mass; oviduct joined by vitelline reservoir in midline. Vaginal canal difficult to observe, the part connecting with vaginal pore extending along body midline. Vaginal pore unarmed, posterior to genital atrium. Vitellarium extends in most part of body from genital atrium to haptor zone but not entering it. Vitelline ducts pair, united as Y, at level of ovary. Uterus wide, arising from oötype and extending along body midline. Uterus opening at level of intestine bifurcating. Eggs were not observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C343654F736086041409FB29826CF9E9" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE636C4736086041409FB29826CF9E9" blockId="4.[813,1454,1181,1589]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041409FB298497FB69" bold="true" box="[813,923,1181,1205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041480FB298384FB69" authority="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova, 2020" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[932,1160,1181,1205]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruber" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041480FB298384FB69" box="[932,1160,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Karavolicotyla ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E57AD7360860413B3FB2A8211FB69" box="[1175,1309,1181,1205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, differs from its congeners
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860414EFFB0A8345FB09" baseAuthorityName="Unnithan" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[971,1097,1213,1237]" class="Monogenea" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Heteraxine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="karavoli">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860414EFFB0A8345FB09" box="[971,1097,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. karavoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860413A2FB0A83EAFB09" authority="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova, 2020" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[1158,1254,1214,1237]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tuyeti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860413A2FB0A83EAFB09" box="[1158,1254,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. tuyeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21E57AD7360860413DCFB0A828EFB09" box="[1272,1410,1213,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, by the greater number of clamps present. The cirrus shape and armature also differ among
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041347FB49820FFAC9" authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1962" box="[1123,1283,1277,1301]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041347FB49820FFAC9" box="[1123,1283,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">Karavolicotyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (i.e., pine nut-shaped and armed with a circle of 14 short strong curve spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860414B1FA8A84FCFA89" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[917,1008,1341,1365]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860414B1FA8A84FCFA89" box="[917,1008,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; spherical and armed with a single spine in
<taxonomicName id="4C594D4773608604146EFAEA84A9FAA9" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[842,933,1374,1397]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tuyeti">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD673608604146EFAEA84A9FAA9" box="[842,933,1374,1397]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. tuyeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; trilobed and armed with several minute spines and three long and stout hook-like converging spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860412B1FACA848AFA69" baseAuthorityName="Unnithan" baseAuthorityYear="1957" class="Monogenea" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Heteraxine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="karavoli">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860412B1FACA848AFA69" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. karavoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Both
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860414F8FA2A8334FA69" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[988,1080,1437,1461]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860414F8FA2A8334FA69" box="[988,1080,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041356FA2A83E1FA69" baseAuthorityName="Unnithan" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1138,1261,1437,1461]" class="Monogenea" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Heteraxine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="karavoli">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041356FA2A83E1FA69" box="[1138,1261,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. karavoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have oral organs with aseptate lumina while
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041376FA0A83A0FA09" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[1106,1196,1470,1493]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tuyeti">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041376FA0A83A0FA09" box="[1106,1196,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. tuyeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has septate oral organs. Moreover, the three species differ widely in the number of atrial spines:
<quantity id="4CA19B217360860414E5FA4984F6F9C9" box="[961,1018,1533,1557]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C594D47736086041325FA4A8377F9C9" baseAuthorityName="Unnithan" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1025,1147,1533,1557]" class="Monogenea" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Heteraxine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="karavoli">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD6736086041325FA4A8377F9C9" box="[1025,1147,1533,1557]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. karavoli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<quantity id="4CA19B217360860413AFFA4983C8F9C9" box="[1163,1220,1533,1557]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3208" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" unit="in" value="52.0">52 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C594D477360860413E8FA4A8225F9C9" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[1228,1321,1534,1557]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tuyeti">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD67360860413E8FA4A8225F9C9" box="[1228,1321,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. tuyeti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<quantity id="4CA19B2173608604124DFA49844EF9E9" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.509" metricValueMax="8.636" metricValueMin="8.382" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" unit="in" value="33.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="33.0">33–34 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C594D4773608604146EF9AA84AAF9E9" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Nguyen &amp; Tatonova" authorityYear="2020" box="[842,934,1565,1589]" class="Trematoda" family="Heteraxinidae" genus="Karavolicotyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mazocraeidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="438" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B92DEAD673608604146EF9AA84AAF9E9" box="[842,934,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="438">K. ruber</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, the fish hosts are different.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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