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<document id="8946232B9B2A227797039E45C0E8BB08" ID-DOI="10.26879/1230" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063361" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1714015011272" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Drumheller, Stephanie K., Maddox, Hannah, Stocker, Michelle R. &amp; Noto, Christopher R." docDate="2023" docId="03F087BDFFAC610D8042FACCFBE63F3A" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.26.2.a15.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 15) 26 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1230" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Trachemys scripta" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFC9FFC5FFA66100830AFFC7FF973849" masterDocTitle="Differentiating convergent pathologies in turtle shells using computed tomographic scanning of modern and fossil bone" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1714765425678" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="267E36FE8C1445A68E8525F6A7C3A91B">Differentiating convergent pathologies in turtle shells using computed tomographic scanning of modern and fossil bone</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B27ED13D78A8FC799F7D5ECFD78CEFC2">Drumheller, Stephanie K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69BE74D0EE17331768D6F84BE6BFB0C4">Maddox, Hannah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B61D28B46E2341317AB5F0565BD4BA5D">Stocker, Michelle R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6D0C7BF9FD18A13EDB2ECAC1D14410D7">Noto, Christopher R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6270E896E134AC9DACB80F2D01930ACB">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AB904B657D4D7A66B7069D82E7410A40">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="7077073B5F1910BA99ACA803A05EB663">a 15</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F087BDFFAC610D8042FACCFBE63F3A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F087BDFFAC610D8042FACCFBE63F3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087BDFFAC610D8042FACCFBE63F3A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAC610A8042FACCFB143D6D" bold="true" box="[840,1155,1291,1317]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
SAAF
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAC610A8092FACCFB143D6D" ID-CoL="57P8N" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg In Schoepff" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[920,1155,1291,1316]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scripta">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAC610A8092FACCFB143D6D" bold="true" box="[920,1155,1291,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Trachemys scripta</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAC610B8088FAFCFD5A3F0C" blockId="10.[840,1441,1339,1908]" lastBlockId="11.[192,793,1484,1861]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The modern bite marked specimen (
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAC610A8639FAFCFA0D3D1D" box="[1331,1434,1339,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[193,284,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[190,1435,168,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[190,1439,168,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Modern Trachemys scripta shell (SAAF) with bite marks attributed to Mecistops cataphractus. Orthographic models of the shell, based on µCT data shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Frames on the models highlight specific bite marks, shown on the right as both direct µCT data (C, E, G) and heatmapped slices illustrating bone density changes (D, F, H). In the heatmapped cross sections, colors range from purple (lowest density), to orange (medium density), to white (highest density). Specific bite marks are indicated with purple arrows. Scale bars in A and B equal 5 cm. Scale bars in C, E, and G equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063363/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 1</figureCitation>
: SAAF
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAC610A809FFA9CFB803D3D" authorityName=", DMNH" authorityYear="2013" box="[917,1047,1371,1396]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAC610A809FFA9CFB803D3D" box="[917,1047,1371,1396]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Trachemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is
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long and
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAC610A8619FA9CFACC3D3D" box="[1299,1371,1371,1396]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="19.0">19 cm</quantity>
wide. Some of the keratinous scutes are still in place, especially on the carapace, which obscures some of the underlying individual tooth marks in the bone (
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAC610A8044FA1CFC5B3DBD" box="[846,972,1499,1524]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[193,284,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[190,1435,168,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[190,1439,168,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Modern Trachemys scripta shell (SAAF) with bite marks attributed to Mecistops cataphractus. Orthographic models of the shell, based on µCT data shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Frames on the models highlight specific bite marks, shown on the right as both direct µCT data (C, E, G) and heatmapped slices illustrating bone density changes (D, F, H). In the heatmapped cross sections, colors range from purple (lowest density), to orange (medium density), to white (highest density). Specific bite marks are indicated with purple arrows. Scale bars in A and B equal 5 cm. Scale bars in C, E, and G equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063363/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
). A line of serial bite marks is associated with a radiating fracture that extends from midline on the posterior margin of the carapace anteriorly roughly two-thirds the length of the shell, angling to the right and terminating roughly halfway between the shell’s midline and its right lateral margin. Smaller, associated fractures radiate from this main break, one propagating posterolaterally towards the right margin of the shell and others forming a concentric, depressed region along the right margin of the longest fracture. A
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by
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D-shaped fragment of the carapace was displaced and lost some time prior to collection. Four individual tooth marks (widths of
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,
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,
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,
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) are visible along the margin of this break, but the fracture, the ventral displacement of the right margin along that break, and the missing fragment of bone make reliable measurements of each tooth mark problematic. A single, bisected puncture (
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long by
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wide) is present roughly
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from the shell’s right margin and
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posterior to the anteriormost edge. This rounded, slightly fusiform puncture is approximately aligned with the others,
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anterior to the termination of the break.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B83B6FF60FEBE38F7" bold="true" box="[188,297,167,190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Previous field numbers, current specimen identification numbers, element and taxonomic identification of each element. * = taxonomic revisions based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B5AFFAD610B81CAFF03FC113892" author="Adrian, B. &amp; Smith, H. F. &amp; Noto, C. R. &amp; Grossman, A." box="[704,902,196,219]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Electronica" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref9785" refString="Adrian, B., Smith, H. F., Noto, C. R., and Grossman, A. 2019. A new baenid, &quot; Trinitichelys &quot; maini sp. nov., and other fossil turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Arlington Archosaur Site (Woodbine Formation, Cenomanian), Texas, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica, 22.3. 81. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 1001" title="A new baenid, &quot; Trinitichelys &quot; maini sp. nov., and other fossil turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Arlington Archosaur Site (Woodbine Formation, Cenomanian), Texas, USA" type="book" year="2019">Adrian et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAD610B8296FF36FB2B3C71" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFF36FDC73969" box="[375,592,241,288]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8296FF36FDAB3969" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Field Number (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B5AFFAD610B829BFECBFDA13969" author="Noto, C. R. &amp; Main, D. J. &amp; Drumheller, S. K." box="[401,566,268,288]" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="105 - 115" part="27" refId="ref12699" refString="Noto, C. R., Main, D. J., and Drumheller, S. K. 2012. Feeding traces and paleobiology of a Cretaceous (Cenomanian) crocodyliform: example from the Woodbine Formation of Texas. Palaios, 27: 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2110 / palo. 2011. p 11 - 052 r" title="Feeding traces and paleobiology of a Cretaceous (Cenomanian) crocodyliform: example from the Woodbine Formation of Texas" type="journal article" year="2012">Noto et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFF36FCB83969" box="[628,815,241,288]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B81BBFF36FCB83969" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DMNH Specimen Number</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFF36FB963969" box="[838,1025,241,288]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8074FECBFC463969" bold="true" box="[894,977,268,288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Element</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFF36FB793969" box="[1047,1262,241,288]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8726FECBFB4B3969" bold="true" box="[1068,1244,268,288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Taxonomic Notes</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFEF3FB793901" box="[375,1262,308,328]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFEF3FDC73901" box="[375,592,308,328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASO-125</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFEF3FCB83901" box="[628,815,308,328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0358</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFEF3FB963901" box="[838,1025,308,328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Femur</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFEF3FB793901" box="[1047,1262,308,328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFEF3FB283901" authorityName="Head" authorityYear="1998" box="[1047,1215,308,328]" class="Reptilia" genus="Protohadros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="byrdi">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFEF3FB283901" box="[1047,1215,308,328]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Protohadros byrdi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFE9EFB7939EA" box="[375,1262,345,419]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFE9EFDC739EA" box="[375,592,345,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASO-201</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFE9EFCB839EA" box="[628,815,345,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0521</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFE9EFB9639EA" box="[838,1025,345,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Femur</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFE9EFB7939EA" box="[1047,1262,345,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFE9EFB203924" box="[1047,1207,345,365]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFE9EFB063924" box="[1047,1169,345,365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
*; previously identified as ornithopod
</td>
</tr>
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<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFE73FDC73981" box="[375,592,436,456]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-001</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFE73FCB83981" box="[628,815,436,456]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0783</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFE73FB963981" box="[838,1025,436,456]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Right bridge</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFE73FB793981" box="[1047,1262,436,456]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFE73FB413981" box="[1047,1238,436,456]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FE73FB583981" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,436,456]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFE1EFB7939A4" box="[375,1262,473,493]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFE1EFDC739A4" box="[375,592,473,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-002</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFE1EFCB839A4" box="[628,815,473,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0704</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFE1EFB9639A4" box="[838,1025,473,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Right bridge</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFE1EFB7939A4" box="[1047,1262,473,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFE1EFB4139A4" box="[1047,1238,473,493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FE1EFB5839A4" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,473,493]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFE39FB793A5A" box="[375,1262,510,531]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFE39FDC73A5A" box="[375,592,510,531]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-003</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFE39FCB83A5A" box="[628,815,510,531]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0696</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFE39FB963A5A" box="[838,1025,510,531]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Right bridge</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFE39FB793A5A" box="[1047,1262,510,531]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFE38FB413A5A" box="[1047,1238,511,531]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FE38FB583A5A" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,511,531]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFDE3FB793A71" box="[375,1262,548,568]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFDE3FDC73A71" box="[375,592,548,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-008</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFDE3FCB83A71" box="[628,815,548,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0560</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFDE3FB963A71" box="[838,1025,548,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anterior peripherals</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFDE3FB793A71" box="[1047,1262,548,568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFDE3FB413A71" box="[1047,1238,548,568]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FDE3FB583A71" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,548,568]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFD8EFB793A14" box="[375,1262,585,605]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFD8EFDC73A14" box="[375,592,585,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-012</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFD8EFCB83A14" box="[628,815,585,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0710</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFD8EFB963A14" box="[838,1025,585,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bridge</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFD8EFB793A14" box="[1047,1262,585,605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFD8EFB413A14" box="[1047,1238,585,605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FD8EFB583A14" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,585,605]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFDA9FB793ACA" box="[375,1262,622,643]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFDA9FDC73ACA" box="[375,592,622,643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-013</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFDA9FCB83ACA" box="[628,815,622,643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0690</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFDA9FB963ACA" box="[838,1025,622,643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xiphiplastron</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFDA9FB793ACA" box="[1047,1262,622,643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFDA8FB413ACA" box="[1047,1238,623,643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FDA8FB583ACA" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,623,643]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFD53FB793AE1" box="[375,1262,660,680]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFD53FDC73AE1" box="[375,592,660,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-014</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFD53FCB83AE1" box="[628,815,660,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0675</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFD53FB963AE1" box="[838,1025,660,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carapace</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFD53FB793AE1" box="[1047,1262,660,680]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFD53FB413AE1" box="[1047,1238,660,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FD53FB583AE1" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,660,680]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFD7EFB793A84" box="[375,1262,697,717]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFD7EFDC73A84" box="[375,592,697,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-015</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFD7EFCB83A84" box="[628,815,697,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0687</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFD7EFB963A84" box="[838,1025,697,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carapace</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFD7EFB793A84" box="[1047,1262,697,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
cf.
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8739FD7EFB2E3A84" box="[1075,1209,697,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8733FD7EFB3B3A84" authorityName="Gaffney" authorityYear="1972" box="[1081,1196,697,717]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trinitichelys</taxonomicName>
”*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFD19FB793ABA" box="[375,1262,734,755]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFD19FDC73ABA" box="[375,592,734,755]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-016</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFD19FCB83ABA" box="[628,815,734,755]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0685</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFD19FB963ABA" box="[838,1025,734,755]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Shell fragment</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFD19FB793ABA" box="[1047,1262,734,755]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
cf. “
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8730FD18FB2E3ABA" box="[1082,1209,735,755]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8730FD18FB3B3ABA" authorityName="Gaffney" authorityYear="1972" box="[1082,1196,735,755]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Trinitichelys</taxonomicName>
”*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFCC3FB793B51" box="[375,1262,772,792]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFCC3FDC73B51" box="[375,592,772,792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-020</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFCC3FCB83B51" box="[628,815,772,792]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0686</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFCC3FB963B51" box="[838,1025,772,792]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Costal</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFCC3FB793B51" box="[1047,1262,772,792]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFCC3FB223B51" box="[1047,1205,772,792]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFCC3FB063B51" box="[1047,1169,772,792]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFCEEFB793B74" box="[375,1262,809,829]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFCEEFDC73B74" box="[375,592,809,829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-025</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFCEEFCB83B74" box="[628,815,809,829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0568</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFCEEFB963B74" box="[838,1025,809,829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carapace</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFCEEFB793B74" box="[1047,1262,809,829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFCEEFB413B74" box="[1047,1238,809,829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FCEEFB583B74" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,809,829]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFC89FB793B34" box="[375,1262,846,893]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFC89FDC73B34" box="[375,592,846,893]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">no number (associated with 012)</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFC89FCB83B34" box="[628,815,846,893]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0710</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFC89FB963B34" box="[838,1025,846,893]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Shell fragment</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFC89FB793B34" box="[1047,1262,846,893]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFC88FB413B2A" box="[1047,1238,847,867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B8717FC88FB583B2A" authorityName="Drumheller &amp; Maddox &amp; Stocker &amp; Noto" authorityYear="2023" box="[1053,1231,847,867]" family="Baenidae" genus="Trinitichelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maini">Trinitichelys” maini</taxonomicName>
*
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFC49FB793BEA" box="[375,1262,910,931]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFC49FDC73BEA" box="[375,592,910,931]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-007</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFC49FCB83BEA" box="[628,815,910,931]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0711</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFC49FB963BEA" box="[838,1025,910,931]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hyoplastron</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFC49FB793BEA" box="[1047,1262,910,931]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFC48FB233BEA" box="[1047,1204,911,931]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFC48FB233BEA" box="[1047,1204,911,931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFC73FB793B81" box="[375,1262,948,968]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFC73FDC73B81" box="[375,592,948,968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-009</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFC73FCB83B81" box="[628,815,948,968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0561</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFC73FB963B81" box="[838,1025,948,968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carapace</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFC1EFB793BA4" box="[375,1262,985,1005]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFC1EFDC73BA4" box="[375,592,985,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-005</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFC1EFCB83BA4" box="[628,815,985,1005]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0558</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFC1EFB963BA4" box="[838,1025,985,1005]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Posterior peripheral</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFC1EFB793BA4" box="[1047,1262,985,1005]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFC1EFB223BA4" box="[1047,1205,985,1005]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFC1EFB063BA4" box="[1047,1169,985,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFC39FB793C5A" box="[375,1262,1022,1043]" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFC39FDC73C5A" box="[375,592,1022,1043]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-006</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFC39FCB83C5A" box="[628,815,1022,1043]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0559</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFC39FB963C5A" box="[838,1025,1022,1043]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Left costal 7</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFC39FB793C5A" box="[1047,1262,1022,1043]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFC38FB223C5A" box="[1047,1205,1023,1043]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFC38FB063C5A" box="[1047,1169,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF827DFBE3FB793C71" box="[375,1262,1060,1080]" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF827DFBE3FDC73C71" box="[375,592,1060,1080]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTA-AASTL-024</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF817EFBE3FCB83C71" box="[628,815,1060,1080]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2013-07-0567</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF804CFBE3FB963C71" box="[838,1025,1060,1080]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Shell fragment</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF871DFBE3FB793C71" box="[1047,1262,1060,1080]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAD610B871DFBE3FB223C71" box="[1047,1205,1060,1080]" family="Pleurosternidae" genus="Naomichelys" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B871DFBE3FB063C71" box="[1047,1169,1060,1080]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Naomichelys</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
*
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF266623FFAD610B83B6FBB6FC513CC1" box="[188,966,1137,1160]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[188,268,1137,1160]" targetBox="[258,1341,1182,1429]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAD610B83B6FBB6FC513CC1" blockId="11.[188,966,1137,1160]" box="[188,966,1137,1160]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B83B6FBB6FEB23CC1" bold="true" box="[188,293,1137,1160]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
µCT scanning parameters for specimens included in this study.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAD610B823FFB59FAAA3DDC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F959C40BFFAD9EFF8208FB59FAAA3DDC" box="[258,1341,1182,1429]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FB59FAAA3CFA" box="[258,1341,1182,1203]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FB59FE5B3CFA" box="[258,460,1182,1203]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B823FFB59FE0E3CFB" bold="true" box="[309,409,1182,1202]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Specimen</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FB59FDA43CFA" box="[527,563,1182,1203]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B811EFB58FDB93CFA" bold="true" box="[532,558,1183,1203]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">kV</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FB59FD263CFA" box="[653,689,1182,1203]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B819BFB58FD3A3CFA" bold="true" box="[657,685,1183,1203]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">µA</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFB59FC123CFA" box="[788,901,1182,1203]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B8039FB58FCF03CFA" bold="true" box="[819,871,1183,1203]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Filter</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FB59FBE63CFA" box="[985,1137,1182,1203]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B80D3FB58FBE63CFA" bold="true" box="[985,1137,1183,1203]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Exposure Time</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFB59FAAA3CFA" box="[1223,1341,1182,1203]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAD610B87DAFB58FAA23CFA" bold="true" box="[1232,1333,1183,1203]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Voxel size</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FB00FAAA3C92" box="[258,1341,1223,1243]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FB00FE5B3C92" box="[258,460,1223,1243]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DMNH 2013-07-0563</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FB00FDA43C92" box="[527,563,1223,1243]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">205</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FB00FD263C92" box="[653,689,1223,1243]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">322</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFB00FC123C92" box="[788,901,1223,1243]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.75 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FB00FBE63C92" box="[985,1137,1223,1243]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFB00FAAA3C92" box="[1223,1341,1223,1243]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.06622 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FB2BFAAA3D49" box="[258,1341,1260,1280]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FB2BFE5B3D49" box="[258,460,1260,1280]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DMNH 2013-07-0567</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FB2BFDA43D49" box="[527,563,1260,1280]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">210</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FB2BFD263D49" box="[653,689,1260,1280]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">288</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFB2BFC123D49" box="[788,901,1260,1280]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.75 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FB2BFBE63D49" box="[985,1137,1260,1280]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFB2BFAAA3D49" box="[1223,1341,1260,1280]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.06126 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FAD6FAAA3D6C" box="[258,1341,1297,1317]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FAD6FE5B3D6C" box="[258,460,1297,1317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DMNH 2013-07-1319</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FAD6FDA43D6C" box="[527,563,1297,1317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">210</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FAD6FD263D6C" box="[653,689,1297,1317]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">278</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFAD6FC123D6C" box="[788,901,1297,1317]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.75 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FAD6FBE63D6C" box="[985,1137,1297,1317]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFAD6FAAA3D6C" box="[1223,1341,1297,1317]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.05895 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FAF0FAAA3D02" box="[258,1341,1335,1355]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FAF0FE5B3D02" box="[258,460,1335,1355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTK 2317</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FAF0FDA43D02" box="[527,563,1335,1355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">150</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FAF0FD263D02" box="[653,689,1335,1355]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">567</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFAF0FC123D02" box="[788,901,1335,1355]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.25 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FAF0FBE63D02" box="[985,1137,1335,1355]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFAF0FAAA3D02" box="[1223,1341,1335,1355]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.09242 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FA9BFAAA3D39" box="[258,1341,1372,1392]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FA9BFE5B3D39" box="[258,460,1372,1392]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">UTK 1844</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FA9BFDA43D39" box="[527,563,1372,1392]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">145</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FA9BFD263D39" box="[653,689,1372,1392]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">684</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFA9BFC123D39" box="[788,901,1372,1392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.25 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FA9BFBE63D39" box="[985,1137,1372,1392]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFA9BFAAA3D39" box="[1223,1341,1372,1392]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.09980 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAD9EFF8208FA46FAAA3DDC" box="[258,1341,1409,1429]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8208FA46FE5B3DDC" box="[258,460,1409,1429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SAAF unnumbered</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8105FA46FDA43DDC" box="[527,563,1409,1429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">150</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF8187FA46FD263DDC" box="[653,689,1409,1429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">688</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF801EFA46FC123DDC" box="[788,901,1409,1429]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.25 copper</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF80D3FA46FBE63DDC" box="[985,1137,1409,1429]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">267 ms</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAD9EFF87CDFA46FAAA3DDC" box="[1223,1341,1409,1429]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">0.10399 mm</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAD610C8088FA0BFDF63DEC" blockId="11.[840,1441,1484,1893]" lastBlockId="12.[192,793,1292,1893]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
On the plastron, four additional punctures occur
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8099FA2BFC593E4C" box="[915,974,1516,1541]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
medial to the right bridge (
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAD610B861DFA2BFA053E4C" box="[1303,1426,1516,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[193,284,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[190,1435,168,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[190,1439,168,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Modern Trachemys scripta shell (SAAF) with bite marks attributed to Mecistops cataphractus. Orthographic models of the shell, based on µCT data shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Frames on the models highlight specific bite marks, shown on the right as both direct µCT data (C, E, G) and heatmapped slices illustrating bone density changes (D, F, H). In the heatmapped cross sections, colors range from purple (lowest density), to orange (medium density), to white (highest density). Specific bite marks are indicated with purple arrows. Scale bars in A and B equal 5 cm. Scale bars in C, E, and G equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063363/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
). The anteriormost and posteriormost of these serial marks are shallow pits, and the two centrally situated marks are deeper bisected punctures, measuring from anterior to posterior 4.33 mmby
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8666F9ABFCE33EEC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.07" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="3.07">3.07 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B80B0F94BFBB03EEC" box="[954,1063,1676,1701]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.63" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="4.63">4.63 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8751F94BFB503EEC" box="[1115,1223,1676,1701]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="3.16">3.16 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAD610B87D0F94BFACC3EEC" box="[1242,1371,1676,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[194,285,1436,1459]" captionTargetBox="[192,1439,165,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-168@13.[192,1440,164,1411]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Characteristic examples of shell disease and bite marks in modern and fossil turtle shells. Modern shell disease on the plastron of Trachemys scripta, specimen UTK 2317 (A). Modern bite marks (bisected punctures) on the plastron of Trachemys scripta, specimen SAAF unnumbered (B). Fossil shell disease on a fragment of turtle shell, specimen DMNH 2013-07-0563 (C). Fossil bite marks (four scores and one pit) on a fragment of turtle shell, specimen DMNH 2013-07-1319 (D). Scale bars equal 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
). The spacing between these four marks, again progressing anterior to posterior and measured from the center of each depression, are:
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8610F92BFA0B3F4C" box="[1306,1436,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.753" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="17.53">17.53 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8042F8CBFC523F6C" box="[840,965,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.918" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="19.18">19.18 mm</quantity>
, and
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAD610B8703F8CBFB123F6C" box="[1033,1157,1804,1829]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="18.7">18.70 mm</quantity>
. The positions of these serial marks suggest they were formed concurrently with the serial marks on the carapace because they are aligned with one another on opposing sides of the shell. The size and spacing of these serial marks are consistent with the dentition of the crocodylian that had shared the turtle’s enclosure:
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAA610C8248FA4BFDCE3DEC" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[322,601,1420,1445]" class="Crocodylia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Mecistops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eusuchia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cataphractus">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C8248FA4BFDCE3DEC" box="[322,601,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mecistops cataphractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF266623FFAA610C83B4FF64FE5E39ED" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[190,268,163,186]" targetBox="[337,1268,442,1239]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAA610C83B4FF64FE5E39ED" blockId="12.[190,1442,162,420]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C83B4FF64FEBF38F3" bold="true" box="[190,296,163,186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Measurements of unmodified and modified shell regions. Cortical bone thickness = average of unmodified region of bone immediately to the left and right of the modified region, taken from µCT slices representing the region of maximum mark penetration into the cortical bone. Pathology thickness = thickness of the observed cortical bone at the point of maximum mark penetration. Note, measurements of 0 are recorded when trabecular bone is exposed in the bottom of the mark, measurements of 0* represent specimens in which the affected bone has fractured, leaving a gap in the bottom of the mark. Maximum depth = measured relative to the projected curvature of the surface of the shell, as suggested by the unmodified bone to the immediate to the left and right of the modified region, taken from CT slices representing the region of maximum mark penetration into the cortical bone. Maximum width = the widest diameter of the modified shell region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAA610C8253FE7DFB7D3C9E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<table id="F959C40BFFAA9EFF825BFE7DFB633C9E" box="[337,1268,442,1239]" gridcols="5" gridrows="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFE7DFB6339A0" box="[337,1268,442,489]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFE7DFE5139A0" box="[337,454,442,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C8253FE7DFE2339A0" bold="true" box="[345,445,442,489]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Specimen Number</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FE7DFD0239A0" box="[505,661,442,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C8108FE7DFD0239A0" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cortical Bone Thickness (μm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FE7DFCF039A0" box="[715,871,442,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C81EFFE7CFCF039A0" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pathology Thickness (μm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FE7DFBB439A0" box="[947,1059,442,489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C80B0FE7CFBB439A0" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maximum Depth (μm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFE7DFB6339A0" box="[1158,1268,442,489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAA610C8786FE7CFB6339A0" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maximum Width (μm)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFE3AFB633A58" box="[337,1268,509,529]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFE3AFE513A58" box="[337,454,509,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">SAAF</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FE3AFD023A58" box="[505,661,509,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">45288.06</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FE3AFCF03A58" box="[715,871,509,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">56951.04</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FE3AFBB43A58" box="[947,1059,509,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">172647.04</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFE3AFB633A58" box="[1158,1268,509,529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">243635.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFDE4FB633A7E" box="[337,1268,547,567]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FDE4FD023A7E" box="[505,661,547,567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">29130.635</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FDE4FCF03A7E" box="[715,871,547,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">62399.93</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FDE4FBB43A7E" box="[947,1059,547,567]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">111264.2</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFDE4FB633A7E" box="[1158,1268,547,567]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">382252.95</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFD8FFB633A15" box="[337,1268,584,604]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FD8FFD023A15" box="[505,661,584,604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">32896.835</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FD8FFCF03A15" box="[715,871,584,604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">54984.73</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FD8FFBB43A15" box="[947,1059,584,604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">268506.27</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFD8FFB633A15" box="[1158,1268,584,604]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">391349.41</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFDAAFB633AC8" box="[337,1268,621,641]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FDAAFD023AC8" box="[505,661,621,641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">51405.835</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FDAAFCF03AC8" box="[715,871,621,641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0*</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FDAAFBB43AC8" box="[947,1059,621,641]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0*</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFDAAFB633AC8" box="[1158,1268,621,641]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">178124.16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFD54FB633AEE" box="[337,1268,659,679]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFD54FE513AEE" box="[337,454,659,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UTK 1844</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FD54FD023AEE" box="[505,661,659,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">24245.115</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FD54FCF03AEE" box="[715,871,659,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FD54FBB43AEE" box="[947,1059,659,679]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">30261.9</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFD54FB633AEE" box="[1158,1268,659,679]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">109062.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFD7FFB633A85" box="[337,1268,696,716]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FD7FFD023A85" box="[505,661,696,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">25331.58</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FD7FFCF03A85" box="[715,871,696,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FD7FFBB43A85" box="[947,1059,696,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">43635.5</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFD7FFB633A85" box="[1158,1268,696,716]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">157751.88</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFD1AFB633AB8" box="[337,1268,733,753]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FD1AFD023AB8" box="[505,661,733,753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">25386.99</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FD1AFCF03AB8" box="[715,871,733,753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FD1AFBB43AB8" box="[947,1059,733,753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">52452.4</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFD1AFB633AB8" box="[1158,1268,733,753]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">184845.27</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFCC4FB633B5E" box="[337,1268,771,791]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFCC4FE513B5E" box="[337,454,771,791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UTK 2317</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FCC4FD023B5E" box="[505,661,771,791]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">45288.21</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FCC4FCF03B5E" box="[715,871,771,791]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FCC4FBB43B5E" box="[947,1059,771,791]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">104220.47</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFCC4FB633B5E" box="[1158,1268,771,791]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">431636.55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFCEFFB633B75" box="[337,1268,808,828]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FCEFFD023B75" box="[505,661,808,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">41977.59</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FCEFFCF03B75" box="[715,871,808,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FCEFFBB43B75" box="[947,1059,808,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">116430.76</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFCEFFB633B75" box="[1158,1268,808,828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">339495.79</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFC8AFB633B28" box="[337,1268,845,865]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FC8AFD023B28" box="[505,661,845,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">42773.075</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FC8AFCF03B28" box="[715,871,845,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FC8AFBB43B28" box="[947,1059,845,865]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">120013.43</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFC8AFB633B28" box="[1158,1268,845,865]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">283238.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFCB4FB633BCE" box="[337,1268,883,903]" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FCB4FD023BCE" box="[505,661,883,903]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">42092.27</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FCB4FCF03BCE" box="[715,871,883,903]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FCB4FBB43BCE" box="[947,1059,883,903]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">158822.71</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFCB4FB633BCE" box="[1158,1268,883,903]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">377231.37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFC5FFB633BE5" box="[337,1268,920,940]" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFC5FFE513BE5" box="[337,454,920,940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">DMNH 0563</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FC5FFD023BE5" box="[505,661,920,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">97228.65</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FC5FFCF03BE5" box="[715,871,920,940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FC5FFBB43BE5" box="[947,1059,920,940]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">18505.9</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFC5FFB633BE5" box="[1158,1268,920,940]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">64807.59</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFC7AFB633B98" box="[337,1268,957,977]" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FC7AFD023B98" box="[505,661,957,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">121232.02</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FC7AFCF03B98" box="[715,871,957,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FC7AFBB43B98" box="[947,1059,957,977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">32351.63</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFC7AFB633B98" box="[1158,1268,957,977]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">76673.77</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFC24FB633BBE" box="[337,1268,995,1015]" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FC24FD023BBE" box="[505,661,995,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">112778.42</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FC24FCF03BBE" box="[715,871,995,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">0</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FC24FBB43BBE" box="[947,1059,995,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">30624.77</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFC24FB633BBE" box="[1158,1268,995,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">125514.26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFBCFFB633C55" box="[337,1268,1032,1052]" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFBCFFE513C55" box="[337,454,1032,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">DMNH 0567</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FBCFFD023C55" box="[505,661,1032,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">81907.24</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FBCFFCF03C55" box="[715,871,1032,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">84583.98</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FBCFFBB43C55" box="[947,1059,1032,1052]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">84583.98</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFBCFFB633C55" box="[1158,1268,1032,1052]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">257895.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFBEAFB633C08" box="[337,1268,1069,1089]" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FBEAFD023C08" box="[505,661,1069,1089]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">83234.265</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FBEAFCF03C08" box="[715,871,1069,1089]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">84774.67</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FBEAFBB43C08" box="[947,1059,1069,1089]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">36879.82</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFBEAFB633C08" box="[1158,1268,1069,1089]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">84774.67</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFB94FB633C2E" box="[337,1268,1107,1127]" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FB94FD023C2E" box="[505,661,1107,1127]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">88745.795</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FB94FCF03C2E" box="[715,871,1107,1127]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">83148.73</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FB94FBB43C2E" box="[947,1059,1107,1127]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">28367.22</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFB94FB633C2E" box="[1158,1268,1107,1127]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">86037.54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFBBFFB633CC5" box="[337,1268,1144,1164]" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF825BFBBFFE513CC5" box="[337,454,1144,1164]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">DMNH 1319</th>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FBBFFD023CC5" box="[505,661,1144,1164]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">139768.74</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FBBFFCF03CC5" box="[715,871,1144,1164]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">77083.42</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FBBFFBB43CC5" box="[947,1059,1144,1164]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">80875.33</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFBBFFB633CC5" box="[1158,1268,1144,1164]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">201561.55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFB5AFB633CF8" box="[337,1268,1181,1201]" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FB5AFD023CF8" box="[505,661,1181,1201]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">107567.655</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FB5AFCF03CF8" box="[715,871,1181,1201]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">37105.23</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FB5AFBB43CF8" box="[947,1059,1181,1201]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">123479.95</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFB5AFB633CF8" box="[1158,1268,1181,1201]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">463813.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356934E9FFAA9EFF825BFB04FB633C9E" box="[337,1268,1219,1239]" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF82F3FB04FD023C9E" box="[505,661,1219,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">120727.92</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF81C1FB04FCF03C9E" box="[715,871,1219,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">45855.25</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF80B9FB04FBB43C9E" box="[947,1059,1219,1239]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">77271.17</td>
<td id="76B85D95FFAA9EFF878CFB04FB633C9E" box="[1158,1268,1219,1239]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">468758.1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAA610C83F0FA6BFBE43DEC" blockId="12.[192,793,1292,1893]" lastBlockId="12.[840,1441,1292,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
An additional bisected pit (
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by
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C81EEFA6BFF793DAC" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.48">2.48 mm</quantity>
) is present along the plastron’s midline roughly
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C83CAFA2BFE943E4C" box="[192,259,1516,1541]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
to the right of the suture. At least three additional marks, two punctures and one pit, are present near the posterior edge of the plastron. The pit, measuring
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C824DF98BFE253E2C" box="[327,434,1612,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.70 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C82EEF98BFDD93E2C" box="[484,590,1612,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.97">1.97 mm</quantity>
with no obvious bisection, is located just posterior to the right bridge of the shell and may be associated with the serial bite marks described above. The two punctures are situated on the left side of the plastron. The larger of these is broadly oval shaped with an apparent drag-out mark. Taken together, the total maximum length of that mark is
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C8140F8EBFD253F0C" box="[586,690,1836,1861]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.84" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="7.84">7.84 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C81EEF8EBFF7B3F2C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.32" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="4.32">4.32 mm</quantity>
wide. The second puncture is positioned roughly
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C80A6FACBFC693D6C" box="[940,1022,1292,1317]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
lateral to the first and measures
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C8042FAEBFC273D0C" box="[840,944,1324,1349]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.90 mm</quantity>
by
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C80D4FAEBFBD13D0C" box="[990,1094,1324,1349]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.41" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="3.41">3.41 mm</quantity>
with an incomplete bisection in the form of a single notch associated with the impacting tooth’s carina on the anterior margin of the long axis of the trace.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAA610C8088FA6BFC033F0C" blockId="12.[840,1441,1292,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
There are regions of this plastron that may also preserve shell disease (
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAA610C87A8FA0BFA8A3DAC" box="[1186,1309,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[193,284,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[190,1435,168,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[190,1439,168,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Modern Trachemys scripta shell (SAAF) with bite marks attributed to Mecistops cataphractus. Orthographic models of the shell, based on µCT data shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Frames on the models highlight specific bite marks, shown on the right as both direct µCT data (C, E, G) and heatmapped slices illustrating bone density changes (D, F, H). In the heatmapped cross sections, colors range from purple (lowest density), to orange (medium density), to white (highest density). Specific bite marks are indicated with purple arrows. Scale bars in A and B equal 5 cm. Scale bars in C, E, and G equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063363/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
), one sub-rounded area roughly
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C8752FA2BFB3A3E4C" box="[1112,1197,1516,1541]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="29.0">29 mm</quantity>
medial to the anteriormost of the serial marks, one
<quantity id="4CA19B4EFFAA610C87D1F9CBFAB93E6C" box="[1243,1326,1548,1573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
posterior to the set of two punctures, and a clustering of circular depressions along the right side of the midline, from the center of the plastron towards the posterior margin of the shell. All affected areas are sub-rounded and lack obvious crushing or impact trauma. As such, we tentatively identify these as shell disease, which does commonly affect this taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B5AFFAA610C8092F8CCFB173F6C" author="Garner, M. M. &amp; Herrington, R. &amp; Howerth, E. W. &amp; Homer, B. L. &amp; Nettles, V. F. &amp; Isaza, R. &amp; Shotts, Jr., E. B. &amp; Jacobson, E. R." box="[920,1152,1803,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Wildlife Diseases" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="78 - 86" part="33" refId="ref11511" refString="Garner, M. M., Herrington, R., Howerth, E. W., Homer, B. L., Nettles, V. F., Isaza, R., Shotts, Jr., E. B., and Jacobson, E. R. 1997. Shell disease in river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) and yellow - bellied turtles (Trachemys scripta) in a Georgia (USA) lake. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 33: 78 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 33.1.78" title="Shell disease in river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) and yellow - bellied turtles (Trachemys scripta) in a Georgia (USA) lake" type="journal article" year="1997">Garner et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC84B5AFFAA610C8786F8CBFC1D3F0C" author="Zonneveld, J. P. &amp; Bartels, W. S." journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="499 - 519" part="37" refId="ref13547" refString="Zonneveld, J. P. and Bartels, W. S. 2022. The occurrence of bone modification features in the carapace and plastron of the extant red-eared slides Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied- Neuwied, 1839): Implications for paleoecological analyses of fossil turtle assemblages. Palaios, 37: 499 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.2110 / palo. 2022.018" title="The occurrence of bone modification features in the carapace and plastron of the extant red-eared slides Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied- Neuwied, 1839): Implications for paleoecological analyses of fossil turtle assemblages" type="journal article" year="2022">Zonneveld and Bartels, 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF266623FFAB610D83C8FA5BFD723E60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063377" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063377" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063377/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[194,285,1436,1459]" targetBox="[192,1439,165,1411]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAB610D83C8FA5BFD723E60" blockId="13.[194,1439,1436,1577]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAB610D83C8FA5BFEAE3DFD" bold="true" box="[194,313,1436,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Characteristic examples of shell disease and bite marks in modern and fossil turtle shells. Modern shell disease on the plastron of
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAB610D82D2FA7DFD0E3D98" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg In Schoepff" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[472,665,1466,1489]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scripta">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAB610D82D2FA7DFD0E3D98" box="[472,665,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trachemys scripta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimen UTK 2317 (A). Modern bite marks (bisected punctures) on the plastron of
<taxonomicName id="4C594D28FFAB610D8234FA10FD953DA7" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg In Schoepff" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[318,514,1495,1518]" class="Testudines" family="Emydidae" genus="Trachemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cryptodira" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scripta">
<emphasis id="B92DEAB9FFAB610D8234FA10FD953DA7" box="[318,514,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Trachemys scripta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimen SAAF unnumbered (B). Fossil shell disease on a fragment of turtle shell, specimen DMNH 2013-07-0563 (C). Fossil bite marks (four scores and one pit) on a fragment of turtle shell, specimen DMNH 2013-07-1319 (D). Scale bars equal 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE636ABFFAB610D83F0F99DFBE63F3A" blockId="13.[192,793,1626,1907]" lastBlockId="13.[840,1441,1626,1907]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Internal morphologies show that marks appear V- or U-shaped in cross section, tapering to a rough point. A thick band of compressed cortical bone underlies all punctures (
<figureCitation id="13622A2EFFAB610D815CF97DFD523E9D" box="[598,709,1722,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[193,284,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[190,1435,168,1599]" captionTargetId="figure-24@3.[190,1439,168,1599]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Modern Trachemys scripta shell (SAAF) with bite marks attributed to Mecistops cataphractus. Orthographic models of the shell, based on µCT data shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Frames on the models highlight specific bite marks, shown on the right as both direct µCT data (C, E, G) and heatmapped slices illustrating bone density changes (D, F, H). In the heatmapped cross sections, colors range from purple (lowest density), to orange (medium density), to white (highest density). Specific bite marks are indicated with purple arrows. Scale bars in A and B equal 5 cm. Scale bars in C, E, and G equal 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063363/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 1</figureCitation>
C-1H). These bands are visible in plain CT data, and variation in bone density is further highlighted in the LUT heatmap, where compressed regions are consistently expressed as a lighter color than the rest of the surrounding bone tissue (
<tableCitation id="C6DB0310FFAB610D813FF89DFD063F3A" box="[565,657,1882,1907]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="12.[190,268,163,186]" captionTargetId="graphics-484@12.[314,1319,438,1247]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements of unmodified and modified shell regions. Cortical bone thickness = average of unmodified region of bone immediately to the left and right of the modified region, taken from µCT slices representing the region of maximum mark penetration into the cortical bone. Pathology thickness = thickness of the observed cortical bone at the point of maximum mark penetration. Note, measurements of 0 are recorded when trabecular bone is exposed in the bottom of the mark, measurements of 0* represent specimens in which the affected bone has fractured, leaving a gap in the bottom of the mark. Maximum depth = measured relative to the projected curvature of the surface of the shell, as suggested by the unmodified bone to the immediate to the left and right of the modified region, taken from CT slices representing the region of maximum mark penetration into the cortical bone. Maximum width = the widest diameter of the modified shell region." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Breakage and fracture points also show signs of bone compression, but not to the extent found with individual V-shaped marks. An extreme case in SAAF shows a large, U-shaped puncture located on the carapace exhibiting significant bone compression, enough so that the internal arch of the carapace is bowing inwards. This puncture is surrounded by a thick line of white and bright orange when viewed in LUT heatmap settings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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