254 lines
34 KiB
XML
254 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8166F805081DF40773E963786FEFEBA1">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B845B264286B6526B56A63AD423A069B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8957413442BEAB43EDF9A8CCC94A43D2">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="87879F533CB8C471FBEF126EEA3EB941">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="11BD122A92BF5D55EFE2EF9D130264D7">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA02069085B1CFD0D92F714" box="[1388,1445,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFA02069085B1CFD0D92F714" box="[1388,1445,2209,2255]" captionStart="Plate 10: Cricetidae" captionStartId="2.[121,151,3210,3235]" captionTargetBox="[13,2742,14,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Roborovski’s Desert Hamster (Phodopus roborouskii), 2. Campbell's Desert Hamster (Phodopus campbelli), 3. Striped Desert Hamster (Phodopus sungorus), 4. Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 5. Ciscaucasian Hamster (Mesocricetus radder), 6. Brandt's Hamster (Mesocricetus brandii), 7. Romanian Hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni), 8. Gray Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), 9. Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 10. Striped Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), 11. Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus sokolouvi), 12. Ladakh Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus alticola), 13. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus kamensis), 14. Gansu Hamster (Cansumys canus), 15. Greater Long-tailed Hamster (Tscherskia triton), 16. Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), 17. Eversmann’s Hamster (Allocricetulus eversmanni), 18. Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus), 19. Long-clawed Mole Vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi), 20. Round-tailed Muskrat (Neofiber alleni), 21. Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 22. Western Heather Vole (Phenacomys intermedius), 23. Eastern Heather Vole (Phenacomys ungava), 24. White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes), 25. Red Tree Vole (Arborvmus longicaudus), 26. Sonoma Tree Vole (Arborimus pomo), 27. Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis), 28. Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), 29. Wood Lemming (Myopus schisticolor), 30. Amur Brown Lemming (Lemmus amurensis), 31. Norway Brown Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), 32. Siberian Brown Lemming (Lemmus sibiricus), 33. Nearctic Brown Lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708369/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">32.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA0206908811CFD0FE5F714" box="[1462,2002,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA0206908811CFD0FE5F714" blockId="14.[1385,2393,2209,2339]" box="[1462,2002,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA0206908811CFD0FE5F714" box="[1462,2002,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA0206908811CFD0FE5F714" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1462,2002,2209,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Siberian Brown Lemming</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA02069052B1CFD017DF714" box="[2076,2378,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069052B1CFD017DF714" blockId="14.[1385,2393,2209,2339]" box="[2076,2378,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA02069052B1CFD017DF714" box="[2076,2378,2209,2255]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069052B1CFD017DF714" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2076,2378,2209,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA02069052B1CFD017DF714" box="[2076,2378,2209,2255]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Lemmus sibiricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA02069085C1CBD0160F6C6" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085C1CBD0139F72D" blockId="14.[1385,2393,2209,2339]" box="[1387,2318,2273,2294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA02069085C1CBD0139F72D" box="[1387,2318,2273,2294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA02069085C1CBD0D81F72D" bold="true" box="[1387,1462,2273,2294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA0206908F71CBD0EBFF72D" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1472,1672,2273,2294]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Lemming de Sibérie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA020690BA91CBD0ECFF72D" bold="true" box="[1694,1784,2273,2294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA020690A361CBD0FFAF72D" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1793,1997,2273,2294]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Sibirischer Lemming</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA020690AD51CBD0009F72D" bold="true" box="[2018,2110,2273,2294]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA0206905701CBD0139F72D" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2119,2318,2273,2294]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Lemming de Siberia</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085C1D540160F6C6" blockId="14.[1385,2393,2209,2339]" box="[1387,2391,2312,2333]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFA02069085C1D540160F6C6" box="[1387,2391,2312,2333]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA02069085C1D540E56F6C6" bold="true" box="[1387,1633,2312,2333]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA020690B5B1D540F79F6C6" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1644,1870,2312,2333]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Black-footed Lemming</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA020690A6B1D540033F6C6" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1884,2052,2312,2333]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Brown Lemming</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA0206905251D5400A1F6C6" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2066,2198,2312,2333]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Ob Lemming</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFA0206905941D540160F6C6" ID-CoL="3T4R9" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2211,2391,2312,2333]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Siberian Lemming</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA020690AF91D1300FDF638" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA020690AF91D1300FDF638" blockId="14.[1998,2592,2383,2806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA020690AF91D13005EF6B7" bold="true" box="[1998,2153,2383,2412]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206905431D13022FF6B7" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1752" box="[2164,2584,2383,2412]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemmus">Mus lemmus sibiricus Kerr, 1792</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFA020690AF81D2E00FDF638" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818815034" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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between Polar Ural Mountains and lower course of Ob River, Yamalo-Nenetskaya Nats. Okr.,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFA02069055A1D9600F1F638" box="[2157,2246,2506,2531]" name="Russia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA020690AE71DB401E8F461" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA020690AE71DB401E8F461" blockId="14.[1998,2592,2383,2806]" lastBlockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA020690AE71DB4009DF5D2" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2000,2218,2536,2569]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Lemmus sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to L. lemmus and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206905561E4C0125F5EA" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1924" box="[2145,2322,2576,2609]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amurensis">L. amurensis</taxonomicName>
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, and in captivity, they hybridize freely. Nevertheless,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206904EE1E6B0015F55B" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">L. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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consists of several deeply divergent evolutionary lineages. Genetic distances between the most divergent lineages (particularly between west-Siberian and eastSiberian) exceed divergence between west-Siberian lineage of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206905D61EA0017FF4C6" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2273,2376,2812,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206904A51EA0022FF4C6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2450,2584,2812,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemmus">L. lemmus</taxonomicName>
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. The idea that all these species are actually conspecific has a long history. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206904EE1F7F0DE8F4B7" form="portenkoi" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" rank="form">form portenkoi</taxonomicName>
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was classified as a separate species until very recently. Molecular assessments placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA0206908FA1F2E0E74F448" authorityName="Tchernyavsky" authorityYear="1967" box="[1485,1603,2930,2963]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portenkoi">portenkoi</taxonomicName>
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and novosibiricus in the east-Siberian lineage, close to subspecies bungei.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069085C1FC10E72F461" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1387,1605,2973,3002]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">Lemmus sibiricus</taxonomicName>
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was reported as
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA020690A191FC10F9DF461" authorityName="Brants" authorityYear="1827" box="[1838,1962,2973,3002]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obensis">L. obensis</taxonomicName>
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in the past. Four subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA02069085D1F9C0096F37D" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFA02069085D1F9C0096F37D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760295" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760295" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760295/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" startId="14.[1386,1540,3008,3041]" targetBox="[1384,1975,2389,2803]" targetPageId="14">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA02069085D1F9C0ECDF43A" bold="true" box="[1386,1786,3008,3041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085C1FB40E42F3EB" blockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069085C1FB40E42F3EB" authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibiricus" subSpecies="sibiricus">L.s.sibiricusKerr,1792—NEEuropeanRussia,NovayaZemlya,andW&CSiberiaasfarEasLenaRiver.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085D18670143F383" blockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" box="[1386,2420,3131,3160]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069085D18670143F383" authority=": Vinogradov, 1925" authorityName=": Vinogradov" authorityYear="1925" box="[1386,2420,3131,3160]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibiricus" subSpecies="bunge">L.s.bunge:Vinogradov,1925—ESiberiabetweenLenaandKolymarivers.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085D18020137F3A4" blockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" box="[1386,2304,3166,3199]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069085D18020137F3A4" authority="Vinogradov, 1925" authorityName="Vinogradov" authorityYear="1925" box="[1386,2304,3166,3199]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibiricus" subSpecies="novosibiricus">L.s.novosibiricusVinogradov,1925—NewSiberianIs(NERussia).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02069085D18D90096F37D" blockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" box="[1386,2209,3205,3238]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA02069085D18D90F0AF37D" authority="Tschernyavsky, 1967" authorityName="Tschernyavsky" authorityYear="1967" box="[1386,1853,3205,3238]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sibiricus" subSpecies="portenkoi">L. s. portenkoi Tschernyavsky, 1967</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Wrangel I (NE Russia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA02068085E18F109A6FEB7" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="294" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA02068085E18F109A6FEB7" blockId="14.[1384,2592,2812,3474]" lastBlockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="294" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA02069085E18F10E5FF315" bold="true" box="[1385,1640,3245,3278]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 99-160 mm, tail 8-17-6 mm; weight 49-120 g. Size is highly variable among and within populations of Siberian Brown Lemmings. They tend to be larger at high latitudes and smaller in taiga. They are very similar to Norway Brown Lemmings (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA020690BF7197F0F7CF29F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1728,1867,3363,3396]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemmus">L. lemmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in external morphology and craniodental architecture, but their pelage is monochromatic. Back of the Siberian Brown Lemming is yellowish brown or rusty brown, and belly is whitish gray, with variable amount of buff tint. Black spinal stripe extends from neck to mid-back but is frequently interrupted or faint.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D81152E0C65FD14" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D81152E0C65FD14" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D81152E0912FE48" bold="true" box="[182,293,370,403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Flat moist Arctic tundra, with mires and bogs in lowlands and uplands up to elevations of ¢.800 m. Summer habitats of Siberian Brown Lemmings are frequently in river valleys, along creeks, and around lakes. Habitat is small-scale mosaics of wet spots, with fresh plants and drier patches (peat heaps and bogs) for burrowing. Winter is spent under deep snow cover (1-5-2 m in Yakutia [= Sakha Republic], Russian Far East) in mossy areas with dwarf birch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680E2A16600BF7FD82" box="[797,960,572,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nana">Betula nana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680EE216600C43FD82" box="[981,1140,572,601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Siberian Brown Lemmings frequently congregate under thick snow accumulated by wind. In spring, melting snow forces them to summer habitats. In lowlands along the Kolyma River (Russian Far East), they live in coniferous forests of the taiga type.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8016890B9EFA4F" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8016890B9EFA4F" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D801689098AFD2D" bold="true" box="[183,445,725,758]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fifty-three species of plants were identified in the diet of the Siberian Brown Lemming on Wrangel Island, and 20 were preferred: two species of mosses (Tomentypnum
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680CB4177409FAFC9E" box="[387,461,808,837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Polygonum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">nitens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Philonotisfontana); common horsetail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA12068091017740C99FC9E" box="[1063,1198,808,837]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" genus="Equisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Equisetum</taxonomicName>
|
||
arvense,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA12068081417740905FCB6" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Equisetaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); alpine meadow-foxtail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680FA117100BA5FCB6" box="[662,914,844,877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alpinus">Alopecurus alpinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), hairgrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA12068090B17100CD6FCB6" box="[1084,1249,844,877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Deschampsia</taxonomicName>
|
||
cespitosa), spike trisetum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680CAD172B0A31FC4F" box="[410,518,887,916]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Trisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trisetum</taxonomicName>
|
||
spicatum), two species of bluegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680930172B0C0DFC4F" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[1031,1082,887,916]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
|
||
arctica and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA1206809D7172B0D6CFC4F" box="[1248,1371,887,916]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">P. glauca</taxonomicName>
|
||
), tundragrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680C4217C209C6FC60" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityYear="1908" box="[373,497,926,955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dupontia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dupontia</taxonomicName>
|
||
fischeri), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680F9217C20B2EFC60" box="[677,793,926,955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; three species of cottongrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA1206809E417C20D5BFC60" box="[1235,1388,926,955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Eriophorum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eriophorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
angustifolium, E. triste, and E. vaginatum), three species of sedge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA12068097217960CA6FC38" box="[1093,1169,970,995]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carex</taxonomicName>
|
||
lugents, C. saxatilis, and C. stans), all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680CD117B40ABEFBD2" box="[486,649,1000,1033]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; mountain sorrel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680EA517B40BDCFBD2" box="[914,1003,1000,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Oxyria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Oxyria</taxonomicName>
|
||
digyna,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA12068096B17B40D15FBD2" box="[1116,1314,1000,1033]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Polygonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); two rockfoils (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680C7E104C09F2FBEA" box="[329,453,1040,1073]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Saxifraga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Saxifraga</taxonomicName>
|
||
hirculus and S. flagellaris, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680EB0104C0C7AFBEA" box="[903,1101,1040,1073]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Saxifragaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); capitate lousewort (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680DF4106009F3FB82" box="[195,452,1084,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Pedicularis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitata">Pedicularis capitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680CE110600AE7FB82" box="[470,720,1084,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Scrophulariaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and ragwort (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA120680E8710600C4EFB82" box="[944,1145,1084,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcticus">Senecio arcticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA1206809BD10600D1FFB82" box="[1162,1320,1084,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Diets can be less diverse elsewhere, e.g. only twelve species were recovered in Yakutia. Monocotyledonous plants (grasses, sedges, and cottongrass) are staples in summer and winter diets. Mosses start becoming important in autumn and constitute ¢.50% of diets in winter. Lichens are not palatable to Siberian Brown Lemmings. Data on daily consumption vary among sources, e.g. 50-80 g of green plants/lactating female, or 110-130 g by an individual weighting 52 g. Annual consumption is estimated to be 40-50 kg/lemming. In peak years, Siberian Brown Lemmings destroy up to 70% of plant biomass and 90-94% of preferred plant species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8F11C60A89F973" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8F11C60A89F973" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D8F11C60909FA60" bold="true" box="[184,318,1434,1467]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding starts in early April (June on the Yamal Peninsula) and peaks in July. Winter reproduction has been recorded. Female Siberian Brown Lemmings have 2-4 litters/year. Mean litter sizes are 5-6-7-4 embryos. Melting snow can heavily increase mortality of young from winter litters. Females sexually mature at ¢.2 months. Populations oscillate widely, with peaks every 2-5 years. Mean periodicity of oscillations varies between regions: 2-8 years in north-western Yakutia, 3-2 years in Kolyma, and 3-4-3-8 years on WrangelIsland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8012F10A33F8C5" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8012F10A33F8C5" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D8012F10994F915" bold="true" box="[183,419,1709,1742]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Siberian Brown Lemmings spend most of their life under snow. On Wrangel Island, most activity is under 0-5-1 m of snow. They construct globular nests with grasses and sedges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8E137F094BF838" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8E137F094BF838" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D8E137F0B43F89F" bold="true" box="[185,884,1827,1860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Siberian Brown Lemmings migrate only short distances, e.g. during spring snow melt, distances up to 1 km. Females with litters are territorial; mature males and subadults prefer nomadism. There is no evidence of antagonistic behavior, even in winter habitats with considerable aggregations of individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8D13B40AD4F70B" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8D13B40AD4F70B" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D8D13B40A24F7D2" bold="true" box="[186,531,2024,2057]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFA1206809FA13B40932F7EA" authorityName="Tchernyavsky" authorityYear="1967" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Lemmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portenkoi">Lemmus portenkoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List as a separate species; here,it is considered a subspecies of the Siberian Brown Lemming. It has a small distribution (Wrangel Island is 7600 km?) that might be fragmented. Although no conservation threats have been identified for the Siberian Brown Lemming, oscillations toward low densities might pose an intrinsic threat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFA120680D8D1CBE0C0DF6C5" pageId="15" pageNumber="294" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFA120680D8D1CBE0C0DF6C5" blockId="15.[178,1391,292,2338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFA120680D8D1CBE0964F72C" bold="true" box="[186,339,2274,2295]" pageId="15" pageNumber="294">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abramson et al. (2008), Chernjavskij (2016c¢), Kiryuschenko & Kiryuschenko (1979), Krivosheev (1984), Pokrovski et al. (1984), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Tavrovskiy et al. (1971).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |