plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/EE/BD/03EEBD06FF89634271FEF9DDA06FA168.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

898 lines
120 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="AF14E3B559085433D7751E28CF87B9EF" ID-CLB-Dataset="30306" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0aa3e70-b9a6-4a0b-a541-a4aa9f9f343c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1216440" ID-ZooBank="D3FDB6ED-822C-442B-BAB7-A0641633DC79" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1523433262229" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lawrence, John M., Cobb, Janessa C., Herrera, Joan C., Durán-González, Alicia &amp; Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso" docDate="2018" docId="03EEBD06FF89634271FEF9DDA06FA168" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4407.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4407 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astropecten karankawai Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín 2018, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="FFD7C57EFF88634B7169FFA3A546A61A" masterDocTitle="Morphological comparison of Astropecten cingulatus and a new species of Astropecten (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="86" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1698535958164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="672A4DA76DE77E62DE4B5D1AF10B01DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="2796CA24EEC2C4374E94520F34CA1084">
<mods:title id="80F08E45EFFBBF066EC833DA86EF3A46">Morphological comparison of Astropecten cingulatus and a new species of Astropecten (Paxillosida, Astropectinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="C0332F1022D4DFE6A1AA4A2C8FF6AAD3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EFA7A96D5347F07BD3DE39ED83E37CA2">
<mods:roleTerm id="6E47799A74C8E48099EA59176493E9C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E350A7ABF4A1E55D34EAA39ADF8CA077">Lawrence, John M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9ED9389F65F1B51C7380D8FCE0D87DC6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="EBB005F060830288CBC9C0C1CDCEF17D">
<mods:roleTerm id="71CB97C698EE0C5B1A6891E41BE0160D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8C1A402BCDC5FDAD29E5FFCCA0CB17FA">Cobb, Janessa C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5F7E5FE222C8C22084F57D9E8AB8E04E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="942E6FC3E85AAC6E1D74DECE683915E3">
<mods:roleTerm id="CDE623C09AA42E50010E9A4D09337199">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6287BEF419330CF9ABF49BC34B0711C7">Herrera, Joan C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5A1C7A5AB501F188891CBC9B13A5F181" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7664B217B824F12DD6D2B4F2D857E876">
<mods:roleTerm id="DB56676E7798ACEC75B3928D0E5FA08A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F53D87C7D4EDF53B1F488A79CCCCBE6F">Durán-González, Alicia</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="645E536F52C071E420E447FEB80D12D8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="095330E7844AAAD6FE71B1F509310A16">
<mods:roleTerm id="C87B33EDAD72F2EF50507DBE23DFB828">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3E34A19BDE2221D7C68DCD56B76BCFA7">Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="68C7C54CB0DDBE6F7AE48455D8908A03">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="402A7C1219C2377AA27DF5CFDAC707F5" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="4F04F6F2608B0C7F3F4D0B64F134F93C">
<mods:title id="A3A85641752D5509A8740BF1C8996AE3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="DADBEAC74C21E8C6A024B6B55CE373B5">
<mods:date id="99A81B7FD487871E34D37DE4462A16AB">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="8696292A67AAC159DAC749E69A3A1B5E" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B5FB4B01468A165B024354CD4906CCE1">2018-04-09</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="884AEA3DD77EA394EDE95BBC8BA4877F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2C8E1441DB150AADB4029A4B9692BE42">4407</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="5477959DBCB9B00424D9C2184185A947" type="issue">
<mods:number id="2AA5924078D04214C7596723BFFA1E3D">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="471CD97A4F488E493C7B2793D7332C99" unit="page">
<mods:start id="3106A6B79EDF03E821592C0B377AF74D">86</mods:start>
<mods:end id="F83AFA12D286EA04F6EE7BB8BFBEEE24">100</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="941C36203FAF39ABADBA059D7BECF906">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="00D73A96317341C732F32EEC1F935FBA" type="CLB-Dataset">30306</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="870BC5AF21D0B659C3F52C6497BA38F9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3565806D4F789109DC006AF00FF4F3EA" type="GBIF-Dataset">f0aa3e70-b9a6-4a0b-a541-a4aa9f9f343c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="56BBBC2373E8353B4798D21C701B1F4C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9AAC91DC5AC79E1A4804B90CE93DE9E7" type="Zenodo-Dep">1216440</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B9D5C68780BDF946B8C2FD09A1A3F81E" type="ZooBank">D3FDB6ED-822C-442B-BAB7-A0641633DC79</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03EEBD06FF89634271FEF9DDA06FA168" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5962173" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143536550" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5962173" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEBD06FF89634271FEF9DDA06FA168" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEBD06FF89634271FEF9DDA06FA168" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF89634A71FEF9DDA4BDA0C4" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF89634A71FEF9DDA741A082" blockId="1.[151,1436,1662,1758]" box="[151,519,1662,1688]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
<heading id="D0B0BB7CFF89634A71FEF9DDA741A082" bold="true" box="[151,519,1662,1688]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF89634A71FEF9DDA741A082" bold="true" box="[151,519,1662,1688]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF89634A71FEF9DDA4FAA082" ID-CoL="J4V7" authority="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín, 2018" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,444,1662,1688]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF89634A71FEF9DDA4FAA082" bold="true" box="[151,444,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2006D79FF89634A70ADF9DDA741A082" box="[452,519,1662,1688]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF89634A71FEF902A4BDA0C4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1662,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A71FEF902A444A0A0" box="[151,258,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1694,1716]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astropecten karankawai from off the coast of Texas: Holotype (large specimen), R = 79 mm. Paratype (small specimen), R = 25 mm. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216446/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Figures 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A7064F901A412A0A0" box="[269,340,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">4c, 4d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A7036F902A429A0A0" box="[351,367,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[477,1110,1310,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[477,1110,1310,1786]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Superomarginal plates of A.karankawai with small spines atthe interradius (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A7012F901A4CDA0A3" box="[379,395,1698,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1400,1422]" captionText="FIGURE 7. Astropecten karankawai: IM plate fringe spines." pageId="1" pageNumber="87">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A70FEF901A4E1A0A0" box="[407,423,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1472,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1472,1956]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astropecten karankawai, actinal surface of IM plates:A. Dry specimen.B, Wet specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216454/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A70DAF901A496A0A0" box="[435,464,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astropecten karankawai AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets.Arrow:pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A70B5F901A4BCA0A0" box="[476,506,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astropecten karankawai AD pedicellaria (arrow) of a dry specimen." pageId="1" pageNumber="87">12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A736FF902A774A0A0" box="[518,562,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="9.[151,250,890,912]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 13. Actinal intermediate plates: A, Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. B, Astropecten karankawai. Arrow: pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216462/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">13b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF89634A7354F901A71AA0A0" box="[573,604,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1670,1692]" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astropecten karankawai after preservation in ethanol." pageId="1" pageNumber="87">14</figureCitation>
; as
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF89634A73EFF901A12AA0A0" authority=": Downey 1973: 115" authorityName=": Downey" authorityPageNumber="115" authorityYear="1973" box="[646,1132,1697,1722]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF89634A73EFF901A6C0A0A3" box="[646,902,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF89634A72FCF901A170A0A0" box="[917,1078,1698,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" refId="ref8038" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article">Downey 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 115
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 5a,b; Downey, in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF89634A7408F901A4DDA0C4" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" refId="ref7975" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 663 pp." type="book">A.M. Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6e,f.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF89634971FEF8AEA414A792" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF89634971FEF8AEA414A792" blockId="1.[151,1437,1805,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF89634A71FEF8AEA457A13C" bold="true" box="[151,273,1805,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Arms long and narrow, tapering rapidly to a narrow tip. Paxillar area very narrow. Paxillae of disk with thin rod-shaped spinelets surrounding several central granules. Superomarginal plates wide and covered in granules, typically without spines. Inferomarginal plates typically with three or four fringe spines. Inferomarginal plate actinal surface with few or no squamules, resulting in bare patches surrounded by long acute spines. Adambulacral plates in the mid-arm region with three short, pointed furrow spines in the first row adjacent to the adambulacral furrow (furrow spines). Behind this first row of spines in large specimens is an acute central spine that is longer and wider than all other adambulacral spines. Between the furrow spines and this enlarged spine is a distinct bare patch on the actinal surface of the adambulacral plate. The other three sides of the enlarged spine are surrounded by a semi-circle of very short, thin spinelets. In wet specimens, these spinelets appear thicker and conical because of the epithelium. The enlarged spine of the subambulacral spines may be replaced by a pedicellaria in large specimens. Small specimens have fewer subambulacral spines of similar length arranged in two rows of three spines. Pedicellariae common in paxillar area and on adambulacral and actinolateral plates of large specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF8A634971AEFE37A788A082" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEFE37A156A7CA" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A634971AEFE37A4F1A7B7" bold="true" box="[199,439,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Material Examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8A634970D4FE37A76CA7B7" box="[445,554,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A6349735CFE37A7C0A7B6" box="[565,646,404,428]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">USNM</collectionCode>
1422432 (formerly
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497201FE37A6F7A7B6" box="[872,945,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">TCRC</collectionCode>
3-0938/
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497567FE37A112A7B6" box="[1038,1108,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">FSBC</collectionCode>
I 134512) 1 dry specimen, R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A634971C4FE1BA5BEA7CA" box="[173,248,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="79.0">79mm</quantity>
, r =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A63497043FE14A432A7CA" box="[298,372,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
, SM# = 32. SW Gulf of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF8A634973E1FE14A7A6A7CA" box="[648,736,439,464]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8A634973E1FE14A7A6A7CA" box="[648,736,439,464]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
, 23˚29ˈN, 97˚26ˈW,
<specimenCount id="9D41C799FF8A634972A0FE1BA156A7CA" box="[969,1040,440,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A634972A0FE1BA14BA7CA" box="[969,1037,440,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="208.0">208m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEFE7EA783A49F" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8A634971AEFE7EA47FA7EF" box="[199,313,477,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497023FE7FA4C8A7EE" box="[330,398,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">FSBC</collectionCode>
I 128143 2 wet specimens*, 29˚54.56ˈN, 87˚06.21ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A6349755DFE7FA131A7EE" box="[1076,1143,476,500]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="129.0">129m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A634975E3FE7FA188A7EE" box="[1162,1230,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">FSBC</collectionCode>
I 129419 5 wet specimens, 29˚54.00ˈN, 87˚07.43ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A6349732FFDA3A7CFA402" box="[582,649,512,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="128.0">128m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A634973F1FDA3A79AA402" box="[664,732,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">FSBC</collectionCode>
I 134511 2 dry specimens, 23˚29ˈN, 97˚26ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A63497461FDA3A07BA40D" box="[1288,1341,512,535]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="77.0">77m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497422FDA3A0DAA402" box="[1355,1436,512,536]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">USNM</collectionCode>
1422433 (formerly
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497013FD87A4F8A426" box="[378,446,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">FSBC</collectionCode>
I 129143) 3 wet specimens*, 29˚54.56ˈN, 87˚06.21ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A63497539FD87A1D5A426" box="[1104,1171,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="129.0">129m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A634975CAFD87A1AAA426" box="[1187,1260,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">TCRC</collectionCode>
3-0938 11 dry specimens, 23˚29ˈN, 97˚26ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A6349709FFDEBA77CA47A" box="[502,570,584,608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="208.0">208m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A6349732CFDEBA7C8A47A" box="[581,654,584,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">TCRC</collectionCode>
<date id="FFF92AD0FF8A634973FCFDEBA7BFA47A" box="[661,761,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" value="1343-03-06">3-1343 6</date>
dry specimens, 28˚04ˈN, 91˚27.5ˈW,
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A634975C9FDEBA1A4A47A" box="[1184,1250,584,608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="117.0">117m</quantity>
;
<collectionCode id="ED5694D5FF8A63497584FDEBA078A47A" box="[1261,1342,584,608]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A6349742CFDE4A0DAA47A" box="[1349,1436,583,608]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E22502" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E22502</accessionNumber>
16 dry specimens, 28˚44.07ˈN, 89˚44.12ˈW,
<specimenCount id="9D41C799FF8A634973E5FDCFA783A49F" box="[652,709,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A634973E5FDCFA784A49F" box="[652,706,620,645]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="m" value="85.0">85m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEFD33A7D3A4B2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" box="[199,661,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">*Some specimens include dry fragments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEFD17A788A082" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
Other specimens: ICML-UNAM 2.135.0 (n=5) 19˚06ˈN, 92˚39ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.1 (n=5) 19˚54ˈN, 92˚53ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.10 (n=2) 24˚40ˈN, 96˚52ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.11 (n=1) 19˚04ˈN, 92˚43ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.14 (n=2) 18˚52ˈN, 95˚33ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.18 (n=1) 19˚24ˈN, 92˚46ˈW; ICML- UNAM 2.135.19 (n=4) 23˚16ˈN, 87˚39ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.2 (n=5) 18˚35ˈN, 94˚00ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.20 (n=7) 25˚00ˈN, 96˚51ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.21 (n=3) 23˚00ˈN, 97˚29ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.22 (n=18) 24˚37ˈN, 97˚10ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.23 (n=44) 18˚54ˈN, 95˚32ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.24 (n=14) 22˚10ˈN, 97˚43ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.25 (n=24) 18˚48ˈN, 93˚11ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.26 (n=4) 25˚00ˈN, 96˚51ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.27 (n=1) 19˚56ˈN, 91˚51ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.28 (n=1) 23˚24ˈN, 89˚07ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.29 (n=24) 21˚05ˈN, 97˚01ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.3 (n=3) 24˚20ˈN, 97˚00ˈW; ICML- UNAM 2.135.30 (n=1) 21˚05ˈN, 97˚04ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.31 (n=23) 21˚05ˈN, 97˚01ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.32 (n=2) 21˚43ˈN, 96˚50ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.33 (n=3) 18˚47ˈN, 93˚36ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.34 (n=1) 19˚31ˈN, 91˚37ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.35 (n=1) 23˚49ˈN, 97˚37ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.36 (n=1) 18˚23ˈN, 94˚23ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.38 (n=14) 18˚54ˈN, 95˚32ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.39 (n=1) 25˚56ˈN, 97˚02ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.4 (n=133) 18˚58ˈN, 95˚36ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.40 (n=1) 25˚20ˈN, 97˚14ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.41 (n=1) 22˚11ˈN, 91˚34ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.42 (n=1) 22˚10ˈN, 91˚45ˈW; ICML- UNAM 2.135.43 (n=2) 19˚45ˈN, 92˚00ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.44 (n=4) 19˚59ˈN, 92˚01ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.45 (n=3) 18˚37ˈN, 94˚00ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.46 (n=1) 22˚16ˈN, 91˚45ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.48 (n=2) 22˚32ˈN, 90˚47ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.5 (n=605) 25˚31ˈN, 96˚41ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.6 (n=1) 19˚00ˈN, 95˚30ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.7 (n=4) 19˚05ˈN, 92˚43ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.8 (n=2) 19˚26ˈN, 92˚33ˈW; ICML-UNAM 2.135.9 (n=2) 18˚50ˈN, 93˚02ˈW; UF 16346 (n=1) 29˚08ˈN, 88˚42ˈW; USNM E08437 (n=3) 28˚10ˈN, 92˚21ˈW; USNM E12858 (n=3) 28˚47ˈN, 89˚45ˈW; USNM E12859 (n=3) 29˚08ˈN, 88˚51ˈW; USNM E12860 (n=2) 28˚48ˈN, 89˚26ˈW; USNM E12861 (n=1) 27˚56ˈN, 94˚00ˈW; USNM E13820 (n=3) 29˚10ˈN, 88˚48ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A634970A6FA6FA760A3FF" box="[463,550,1484,1509]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E22502" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E22502</accessionNumber>
(n=16) 28˚44ˈN, 89˚44ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A634972D0FA6FA156A3FF" box="[953,1040,1484,1509]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E22503" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E22503</accessionNumber>
(n=33) 28˚10ˈN, 91˚30ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A634971FEFA4CA5A8A012" box="[151,238,1519,1544]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E22504" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E22504</accessionNumber>
(n=16) 28˚14ˈN, 91˚41ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A634973FEFA53A7A8A012" box="[663,750,1520,1544]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E23177" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E23177</accessionNumber>
(n=5) 29˚15ˈN, 88˚37ˈW; USNM E24636 (n=3) 29˚47ˈN, 87˚17ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A6349700EF9B7A4F8A037" box="[359,446,1556,1581]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E24686" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E24686</accessionNumber>
(n=11) 29˚19ˈN, 88˚45ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A63497235F9B7A6F5A037" box="[860,947,1556,1581]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E34916" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E34916</accessionNumber>
(n=3) 23˚29ˈN, 97˚26ˈW; USNM E38730 (n=1) 19˚08ˈN, 93˚04ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A6349734DF994A73DA04A" box="[548,635,1591,1616]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E45660" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E45660</accessionNumber>
(n=3) 29˚12ˈN, 88˚53ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A6349757DF994A12CA04A" box="[1044,1130,1591,1616]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E45675" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E45675</accessionNumber>
(n=2) 29˚10ˈN, 88˚40ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A63497187F9FFA403A06F" box="[238,325,1628,1653]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E45675" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E45675</accessionNumber>
(n=2) 29˚10ˈN, 88˚04ˈW; USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8A634973A1F9FFA658A06F" box="[712,798,1628,1653]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E45676" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="EnaNcbi">E45676</accessionNumber>
(n=1) 28˚09ˈN, 91˚27ˈW; USNM E8437 (n=3) 28˚10ˈN, 92˚21ˈW; USNM E8438 (n=6) 28˚25ˈN, 92˚20ˈW.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF8A634F71AEF907A4B6A1EA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEF907A6FAA0FA" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A634971AEF907A408A0A7" bold="true" box="[199,334,1700,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named for the Karankawa, an Indian tribe that lived on the Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8A6349758EF907A07BA0A7" box="[1255,1341,1700,1725]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF8A6349758EF907A07BA0A7" box="[1255,1341,1700,1725]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Mexico</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
coast of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF8A634971FEF96AA59DA0FA" box="[151,219,1737,1760]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Texas</collectingRegion>
, off which the specimens in the BRTC collections were collected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8A634971AEF94FA4DCA1A2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A634971AEF94FA1C6A11F" bold="true" box="[199,1152,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
Comparison of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A634970EAF94FA7D8A11E" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[387,670,1771,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A634970EAF94FA7D8A11E" bold="true" box="[387,670,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A634973B5F94FA6A8A11E" bold="true" box="[732,1006,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A634973B5F94FA6ACA11E" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[732,1002,1771,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">Astropecten cingulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Body form.
</emphasis>
Photographs of Sladen’s small (R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A6349707AF8B3A424A132" box="[275,354,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
)
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8A63497018F8ACA495A132" box="[369,467,1807,1832]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A6349709EF8B3A7CDA132" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[503,651,1808,1832]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A6349709EF8B3A7CDA132" box="[503,651,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8A6349724CF8ACA6C2A132" box="[805,900,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,757,779]" captionTargetBox="[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Astropecten cingulatus: Holotype.Left, Abactinal view.Right, Actinalview. R = 28 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216442/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Figure 1</figureCitation>
.
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8A634972F9F8ACA6A8A132" box="[912,1006,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,880,902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astropecten cingulatus from off Buenos Aires province, R = 42 mm: Left. abactinal view. Right, actinal view. Modified from Bernasconi (1941, Plate VII)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216444/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Figure 2</figureCitation>
shows a larger specimen (R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8A6349742DF8B3A0D3A132" box="[1348,1429,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
) from
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8A634971B3F897A40CA157" box="[218,330,1844,1869]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Argentina</collectingCountry>
in the MACN collections identified by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF8A63497259F897A143A156" box="[816,1029,1844,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" refId="ref7806" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1941) Los equinodermos de la expedicion del Buque oceanografico &quot; Comodoro Rivadavia &quot; A. R. A. Physis, 19, 37 - 49." type="journal article">Bernasconi (1941)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A6349755FF897A196A156" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1078,1232,1844,1868]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A6349755FF897A196A156" box="[1078,1232,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The disc of the specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A6349704FF8FBA4FCA16A" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[294,442,1880,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A6349704FF8FBA4FCA16A" box="[294,442,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8A63497097F8F4A72BA16A" box="[510,621,1879,1904]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Argentina</collectingCountry>
is large and the arms are long and narrow. A photograph of the
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8A63497453F8F4A0DAA16A" box="[1338,1436,1879,1904]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(large specimen) and a
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8A634970F4F8DEA4BBA18F" box="[413,509,1917,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(small specimen) of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8A63497383F8DFA6C8A18E" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[746,910,1916,1940]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="88" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8A63497383F8DFA6C8A18E" box="[746,910,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8A63497545F8DFA1CAA18E" box="[1068,1164,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1694,1716]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astropecten karankawai from off the coast of Texas: Holotype (large specimen), R = 79 mm. Paratype (small specimen), R = 25 mm. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216446/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="88">Figure 3</figureCitation>
. They have a small disk and long, narrow arms.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8B634871FEFD56A1E6A510" box="[151,1184,756,779]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216442/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" startId="3.[151,250,757,779]" targetBox="[289,1298,195,732]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871FEFD56A1E6A510" blockId="3.[151,1184,756,779]" box="[151,1184,756,779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871FEFD56A455A510" bold="true" box="[151,275,757,779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487070FD56A747A510" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[281,513,756,778]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487070FD56A747A510" box="[281,513,756,778]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Holotype. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view. R = 28 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEFC91A672A5C7" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
Regression equations for r vs R, R:r vs R, AW vs R, and AL:AW vs. R for
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348750BFC91A02EA550" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1122,1384,818,842]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348750BFC91A02EA550" box="[1122,1384,818,842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634871FEFCF5A4E1A574" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,423,854,878]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871FEFCF5A4E1A574" box="[151,423,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given in
<tableCitation id="C6C539ABFF8B63487353FCF5A7CBA575" box="[570,653,854,879]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,231,151,172]" captionText="TABLE 1. Regression equations for characters of Astropecten cingulatus from off the coast of Buenos Aires and Astropecten" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Table 1</tableCitation>
All regression equations are similar between species with only minor differences in slope. A difference in slope (F1,83 = 0.107,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348727DFCD8A664A588" box="[788,802,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
= 0.744) and intercept (F1,83 = 2.347,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875A0FCD8A191A588" box="[1225,1239,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
= 0.129) was not detected for R:r by ANCOVA. The longer, narrower arms of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348723FFC02A6BDA5A3" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[854,1019,929,953]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348723FFC02A6BDA5A3" box="[854,1019,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the result of the narrow paxillar area and an allometric increase in R:
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487347FC65A734A5C7" box="[558,626,964,989]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="with">r with</taxonomicName>
an increase in R.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEFC4BA45FA28B" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871AEFC4BA4E7A21B" bold="true" box="[199,417,1000,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Abactinal surface.</emphasis>
The paxillar area of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634873E4FC4AA674A21B" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[653,818,1001,1025]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634873E4FC4AA674A21B" box="[653,818,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B63487228FC4BA6C2A21B" box="[833,900,1000,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1694,1716]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astropecten karankawai from off the coast of Texas: Holotype (large specimen), R = 79 mm. Paratype (small specimen), R = 25 mm. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216446/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) is narrower than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634875CAFC4AA07EA21B" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1187,1336,1001,1025]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875CAFC4AA07EA21B" box="[1187,1336,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B6348742EFC4BA0D3A21B" box="[1351,1429,1000,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,757,779]" captionTargetBox="[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Astropecten cingulatus: Holotype.Left, Abactinal view.Right, Actinalview. R = 28 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216442/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B634871FEFBAEA5EEA23F" box="[151,168,1037,1061]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,880,902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astropecten cingulatus from off Buenos Aires province, R = 42 mm: Left. abactinal view. Right, actinal view. Modified from Bernasconi (1941, Plate VII)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">2</figureCitation>
). The width of the paxillar area of the specimen Downey (in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF8B63487209FBAEA122A23F" box="[864,1124,1037,1062]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" refId="ref7975" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 663 pp." type="book">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
) identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348746EFBAEA0DAA23F" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1287,1436,1037,1061]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348746EFBAEA0DAA23F" box="[1287,1436,1037,1061]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(her Plate 9 E, F) appears like that of
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348735CFB92A7A6A253" box="[565,736,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348735CFB92A79AA253" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[565,732,1073,1097]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">A. karankawai</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This difference in PAX can be seen in the regression equations (
<tableCitation id="C6C539ABFF8B634871F7FBF6A5B5A277" box="[158,243,1109,1134]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,231,151,172]" captionText="TABLE 1. Regression equations for characters of Astropecten cingulatus from off the coast of Buenos Aires and Astropecten" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The narrow paxillar area is responsible for the narrow arm width of
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487572FBF6A181A277" box="[1051,1223,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487572FBF6A185A277" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1051,1219,1109,1133]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">A. karankawai</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This distinguishes the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEFB3EA0D2A33B" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
The paxillae of the
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8B634870F7FB3DA488A2AC" box="[414,462,1182,1206]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348730BFB3EA7B0A2AF" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[610,758,1181,1205]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348730BFB3EA7B0A2AF" box="[610,758,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has numerous central granules (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B63487535FB3EA199A2AF" box="[1116,1247,1181,1206]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Figs. 4A, B</figureCitation>
). The paxillae of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634871FEFB62A47DA2C3" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,315,1217,1241]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871FEFB62A47DA2C3" box="[151,315,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have thin rod-shaped spinelets surrounding several central granules similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634875D4FB62A015A2C3" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1213,1363,1217,1241]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875D4FB62A015A2C3" box="[1213,1363,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B6348740DFB63A59BA2E7" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Figs. 4C, D</figureCitation>
). Spinelets are thinner distally and in small individuals. Pedicellariae may be present in the paxillar area of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634874EDFB46A45DA33B" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634874EDFB46A45DA33B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B63487043FAABA4C3A33B" box="[298,389,1288,1313]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). We did not observe any pedicellariae in the paxillar area of the
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487535FAAAA1B7A33B" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1116,1265,1289,1313]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487535FAAAA1B7A33B" box="[1116,1265,1289,1313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we examined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEFA8EA6B0A3AE" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871AEFA8EA4A2A35C" bold="true" box="[199,484,1325,1350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Superomarginal plates.</emphasis>
The regression equations for SM# and R:SM# vs. R of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634875CDFA8EA079A35F" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1188,1343,1325,1349]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875CDFA8EA079A35F" box="[1188,1343,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634874EDFA8EA45DA373" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634874EDFA8EA45DA373" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given in Table 2. SM# is not large in either species and only slightly larger in
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634875DDFAF2A00EA373" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1204,1352,1361,1385]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875DDFAF2A00EA373" box="[1204,1352,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871FEFAD6A404A397" box="[151,322,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634871FEFAD6A478A397" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,318,1397,1421]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">A. karankawai</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
As a result, R:SM# is slightly smaller. ANCOVA detected a difference in slopes (F1,83 = 15.437,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348741EFAD5A0C3A397" box="[1399,1413,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) of R:SM# but no difference in the intercepts (F1,83 = 3.926,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487212FA3FA6CFA3A9" box="[891,905,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
= 0.051).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEFA61A765A050" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
The SM plates of both
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348708AFA60A73BA3C0" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[483,637,1474,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348708AFA60A73BA3C0" box="[483,637,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B634873F8FA61A7A2A3C1" box="[657,740,1474,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,757,779]" captionTargetBox="[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[289,1298,195,732]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Astropecten cingulatus: Holotype.Left, Abactinal view.Right, Actinalview. R = 28 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216442/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B6348739EFA60A640A3C1" box="[759,774,1475,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,880,902]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,859]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astropecten cingulatus from off Buenos Aires province, R = 42 mm: Left. abactinal view. Right, actinal view. Modified from Bernasconi (1941, Plate VII)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216444/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">2</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487239FA60A6BFA3C0" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[848,1017,1474,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487239FA60A6BFA3C0" box="[848,1017,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B63487564FA61A113A3C1" box="[1037,1109,1474,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1694,1716]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,982,1672]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Astropecten karankawai from off the coast of Texas: Holotype (large specimen), R = 79 mm. Paratype (small specimen), R = 25 mm. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216446/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) are wide and are casually indistinguishable. When the proximal SMW of both species were compared with an ANCOVA, they did not pass the test of equal slopes (F1,34 = 1.450,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348733DF9A8A724A038" box="[596,610,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
= 0.238) and there was no difference in the intercept of the regression equations (F1,34 = 0.804,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634870C1F991A4F0A053" box="[424,438,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">p</emphasis>
= 0.377).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8B634871AEF9FBA109A153" blockId="3.[151,1437,818,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
The SM plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634870FDF9FBA77FA06A" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[404,569,1624,1648]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634870FDF9FBA77FA06A" box="[404,569,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are covered with uniform granules (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B634872B1F9FBA174A06A" box="[984,1074,1624,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
) that are less dense and smaller than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B63487047F9DFA484A08E" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[302,450,1660,1684]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B63487047F9DFA484A08E" box="[302,450,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B634870B9F9DFA760A08E" box="[464,550,1660,1685]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1162]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B: Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D: Astropecten karankawai. C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). Note the difference in magnification for the photographs of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634875B0F9DFA02BA08E" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1241,1389,1660,1684]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634875B0F9DFA02BA08E" box="[1241,1389,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634871FEF903A405A0A2" box="[151,323,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634871FEF903A479A0A2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,319,1696,1720]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">A. karankawai</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Twenty specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B6348732DF903A7AFA0A2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[580,745,1696,1720]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B6348732DF903A7AFA0A2" box="[580,745,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were examined for the presence of spines on the SM plates. Three specimens had a single conical spine on the inner margin of 2–4 interradial SM plates (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8B6348758EF967A06BA0C7" box="[1255,1325,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1808,1830]" captionTargetBox="[477,1110,1310,1786]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[477,1110,1310,1786]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Superomarginal plates of A.karankawai with small spines atthe interradius (arrows)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216450/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) and one specimen had similar spines on the interradial and non-consecutive proximal SM plates. No spines were observed on the outer margin of the SM plates. No spines were observed on the SM plates of eleven specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8B634874EDF8AFA44AA152" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="89" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8B634874EDF8AFA44AA152" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="89">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we examined. Spination of the SM plates does not distinguish the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8C634F71FEFCD3A719A5BE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216444/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" startId="4.[151,250,880,902]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,859]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8C634F71FEFCD3A719A5BE" blockId="4.[151,1437,880,932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F71FEFCD3A453A59F" bold="true" box="[151,277,880,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F7077FCD2A74EA59C" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[286,520,880,902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F7077FCD2A74EA59C" box="[286,520,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from off Buenos Aires province, R = 42 mm: Left. abactinal view. Right, actinal view. Modified from Bernasconi (1941, Plate VII).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8C634F71FEF93DA675A0C8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216446/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" startId="4.[151,250,1694,1716]" targetBox="[151,1436,982,1672]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8C634F71FEF93DA675A0C8" blockId="4.[151,1435,1694,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F71FEF93DA453A0A9" bold="true" box="[151,277,1694,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F7077F93CA750A0AE" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[286,534,1694,1716]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F7077F93CA750A0AE" box="[286,534,1694,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from off the coast of Texas: Holotype (large specimen), R = 79 mm. Paratype (small specimen), R = 25 mm. Left, Abactinal view. Right, Actinal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8C634F71AEF95CA4B6A1EA" blockId="4.[151,1436,1791,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F71AEF95CA493A102" bold="true" box="[199,469,1791,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">Inferomarginal plates.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8C634F737FF95CA73EA102" box="[534,632,1791,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F73CCF8A3A67BA10D" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[677,829,1791,1815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F73CCF8A3A67BA10D" box="[677,829,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two large, moderately long IM fringe spines of equal length on the IM plates (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8C634F7094F880A702A126" box="[509,580,1827,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,800,822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,295,779]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,295,779]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astropecten cingulatus: Holotype (R = 28 mm). A, actinal surface of arm. B, abactinal surface of arm. Fr: fringe spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216452/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). A tiny third spine often occurs proximally. Fringe spines are round with slightly compressed tips. Some specimens in the NMNH identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F72D9F8EBA103A145" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[944,1093,1863,1887]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F72D9F8EBA103A145" box="[944,1093,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., USNM E14309, USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8C634F71FEF8CFA5A9A19E" box="[151,239,1900,1924]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18399" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" type="EnaNcbi">E18399</accessionNumber>
) have three fringe spines while others (e.g., USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8C634F7219F8CFA68CA19E" box="[880,970,1900,1924]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18420" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" type="EnaNcbi">E18420</accessionNumber>
, USNM
<accessionNumber id="941491F3FF8C634F7553F8C8A1D5A19E" box="[1082,1171,1899,1924]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18415" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" type="EnaNcbi">E18415</accessionNumber>
) have two. Of eleven specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F7059F833A485A1BD" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[304,451,1935,1959]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F7059F833A485A1BD" box="[304,451,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined from the Caribbean Sea or off the east coast of South America, seven had two fringe spines when R &lt;
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8C634F70C9F817A4A9A1D1" box="[416,495,1972,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
and four had three fringe spines when R&gt;
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8C634F72B9F817A15DA1D6" box="[976,1051,1972,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
. The number of fringe spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8C634F74EDF817A44AA1F5" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="90" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8C634F74EDF817A44AA1F5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="90">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be two or three.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8D634E71FEFB3CA78FA2E8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216448/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" startId="5.[151,250,1183,1205]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1162]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8D634E71FEFB3CA78FA2E8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1183,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E71FEFB3CA455A2AE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1183,1205]" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Superomarginal plates and paxillae: A, B:
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E73A4FB03A6FBA2AF" box="[717,957,1183,1205]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8D634E73A4FB03A6FFA2AF" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[717,953,1183,1205]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">Astropecten cingulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Holotype. A, disk paxillae. B, paxillae at midarm and granulated SM plates. C, D:
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E7343FB1CA66DA2CE" box="[554,811,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8D634E7343FB1CA661A2CE" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[554,807,1214,1236]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">Astropecten karankawai</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
C, disk paxillae. D, paxillae at mid-arm with pedicellariae (arrows) and granulated SM plates of a dried specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8D634E71FEF8B3A13CA13C" box="[151,1146,1808,1830]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216450/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" startId="5.[151,250,1808,1830]" targetBox="[477,1110,1310,1786]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8D634E71FEF8B3A13CA13C" blockId="5.[151,1146,1808,1830]" box="[151,1146,1808,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E71FEF8B3A454A13F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1808,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Superomarginal plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8D634E7374F8B2A7F7A13C" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[541,689,1808,1830]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E7374F8B2A7F7A13C" box="[541,689,1808,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small spines at the interradius (arrows).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF8D634271AEF8EEA5AEA27A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8D634D71AEF8EEA7D0A6E2" blockId="5.[151,1437,1868,2037]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8D634E71AEF8EEA49EA17E" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,472,1868,1892]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E71AEF8EEA49EA17E" box="[199,472,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has round to slightly compressed IM fringe spines. Specimens from off the coast of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF8D634E71FEF8D2A59EA192" box="[151,216,1905,1928]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">Texas</collectingRegion>
in the TCRC collections have three spines in the mid-arm region. Large specimens from off the coast of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF8D634E71FEF837A443A1B7" box="[151,261,1940,1965]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
(FSBC I 128143, FSBC I 129419) have three or four spines (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8D634E72D5F837A146A1B7" box="[956,1024,1940,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1400,1422]" captionText="FIGURE 7. Astropecten karankawai: IM plate fringe spines." pageId="5" pageNumber="91">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), although the fourth proximal spine is usually slightly shorter and thinner. Of
<specimenCount id="9D41C799FF8D634E730FF81BA7BBA1CB" box="[614,765,1976,2001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" type="generic">51 specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8D634E7248F81AA682A1CA" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[801,964,1976,2000]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8D634E7248F81AA682A1CA" box="[801,964,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="91">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined, two had one fringe spine when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8D634E71AEF87EA472A1EE" box="[199,308,2013,2037]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
, 21 had two fringe spines when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8D634E73A5F87FA601A1EE" box="[716,839,2012,2037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="15.0">15–32 mm</quantity>
, 22 had three fringe spines when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8D634E7584F87EA02EA1EE" box="[1261,1384,2013,2037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="22.0">22–78 mm</quantity>
, and 6 had 3–4 fringe spines when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8E634D7348FF3BA7EAA6B5" box="[545,684,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="91.0" valueMax="104.0" valueMin="78.0">78–104 mm</quantity>
. Like
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D739AFF3BA6C9A6AA" box="[755,911,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D739AFF3BA6CDA6AA" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[755,907,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">A. cingulatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the number of fringe spines of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D759EFF3BA0DAA6AA" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1271,1436,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D759EFF3BA0DAA6AA" box="[1271,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
increases with body size. The number of fringe spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D7274FF1FA687A6CE" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[797,961,188,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D7274FF1FA687A6CE" box="[797,961,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be two to four spines. The number of fringe spines does not distinguish the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8E634D71FEFC83A59BA54F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216452/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" startId="6.[151,250,800,822]" targetBox="[151,1436,295,779]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8E634D71FEFC83A59BA54F" blockId="6.[151,1436,800,853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D71FEFC83A455A52F" bold="true" box="[151,275,800,822]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D7072FC82A742A52C" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[283,516,800,822]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D7072FC82A742A52C" box="[283,516,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Holotype (R = 28 mm). A, actinal surface of arm. B, abactinal surface of arm. Fr: fringe spines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8E634D71FEFADBA644A394" box="[151,770,1400,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8E634D71FEFADBA644A394" blockId="6.[151,770,1400,1422]" box="[151,770,1400,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D71FEFADBA454A394" bold="true" box="[151,274,1400,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D7070FADAA749A394" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[281,527,1400,1422]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D7070FADAA749A394" box="[281,527,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: IM plate fringe spines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8E634D71FEF819A1EFA1CA" box="[151,1193,1978,2000]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216454/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" startId="6.[151,250,1978,2000]" targetBox="[151,1436,1472,1956]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8E634D71FEF819A1EFA1CA" blockId="6.[151,1193,1978,2000]" box="[151,1193,1978,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D71FEF819A454A1D5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1978,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8E634D7070F819A753A1CA" box="[281,533,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8E634D7070F819A757A1CA" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[281,529,1978,2000]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="92" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">Astropecten karankawai</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
actinal surface of IM plates: A. Dry specimen. B, Wet specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8F634C71AEFF34A6F2A792" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
The actinal surface of the IM plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C73FAFF3BA66CA6AA" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[659,810,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C73FAFF3BA66CA6AA" box="[659,810,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is covered with small, flat, widely spaced subcircular squamules with their transverse margins bordered with crowded ciliary spinelets. This is shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8F634C7586FF1FA023A6CF" box="[1263,1381,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="6.[151,250,800,822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,295,779]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,295,779]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 6. Astropecten cingulatus: Holotype (R = 28 mm). A, actinal surface of arm. B, abactinal surface of arm. Fr: fringe spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216452/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
. The actinal surface of the IM plates of
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C7348FF43A144A6E2" box="[545,1026,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C7348FF43A7E5A6E2" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[545,675,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alligator">A. alligator</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C73C6FF43A613A6ED" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[687,853,224,247]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="americanus">A. americanus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C720BFF43A6B8A6E2" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[866,1022,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="articulatus">A. articulatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C7552FF43A197A6E2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1083,1233,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C7552FF43A197A6E2" box="[1083,1233,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. duplicatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also similarly covered by dense squamules or spines. The actinal surface of the IM plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C752AFEA7A1ACA706" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1091,1258,260,284]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C752AFEA7A1ACA706" box="[1091,1258,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has few or no squamules, resulting in bare patches surrounded by long acute spines (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8F634C72D9FE84A6B3A75A" box="[944,1013,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1472,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1472,1956]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 8. Astropecten karankawai, actinal surface of IM plates:A. Dry specimen.B, Wet specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216454/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The actinal surface of the IM plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C71D1FEEFA40BA77E" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[184,333,332,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C71D1FEEFA40BA77E" box="[184,333,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C70E0FEEFA76FA77E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[393,553,332,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C70E0FEEFA76FA77E" box="[393,553,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has no squamules, only marginal spines. The lack of squamules on the actinal surface of IM plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C7087FED3A7D7A792" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[494,657,368,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C7087FED3A7D7A792" box="[494,657,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguishes the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8F634C71AEFE37A632A4B2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C71AEFE37A772A7B7" bold="true" box="[199,564,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Adambulacral plate spination.</emphasis>
A photograph of the AD spination of the
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF8F634C757BFE37A132A7B7" box="[1042,1140,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C75F2FE37A077A7B6" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[1179,1329,404,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C75F2FE37A077A7B6" box="[1179,1329,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8F634C71DAFE14A457A7CA" box="[179,273,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1354,1376]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,733,1338]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,733,1338]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 9. Astropecten cingulatus, Holotype. Spination of AD plates: A, Furrow from mid-arm (left) to the interradial area (right).Arrow: enlarged spine of the second row of the AD plates adjacent to ACT plates. B, Enlarged area of the box in panel A. 1–3: Numbers indicate each row on one AD plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216456/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Figure 9</figureCitation>
and a photograph of a specimen from off the coast of
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8F634C7202FE14A69CA7CA" box="[875,986,439,464]" name="Argentina" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Argentina</collectingCountry>
is shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8F634C750FFE14A193A7CA" box="[1126,1237,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1985,2007]" captionTargetBox="[477,1110,1487,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[477,1110,1487,1963]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 10. Astropecten cingulatus: Spination of AD plates at mid-arm. Numbers indicate rows from the furrow on an adambulacral plate.Photo: A.Tablado, with permission." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216458/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Figure 10</figureCitation>
. All specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C71FEFE7FA46AA7EE" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,300,476,500]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C71FEFE7FA46AA7EE" box="[151,300,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we examined had at least three rows of spines, with a fourth row of slender spines present in some large specimens, such as FSBC I 129674 from
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF8F634C73C1FE5CA7AAA402" box="[680,748,511,536]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8F634C7247FDA3A6C4A402" box="[814,898,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" unit="mm" value="48.0">48 mm</quantity>
). There were three furrow spines as in all North American
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C707CFD87A4DCA421" box="[277,410,548,571]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C707CFD87A4DCA421" box="[277,410,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Astropecten</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., with the middle spine longest and perpendicular to the adjacent spines. The subambulacral spines did not differ greatly in length except for an elongated middle spine in the second row (behind furrow spines), on plates adjacent to the actinal plates. In addition, although three spines were most common in the third or fourth rows, there were occasionally four.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8F634C71FEFAE9A7F5A387" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216456/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" startId="7.[151,250,1354,1376]" targetBox="[151,1436,733,1338]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8F634C71FEFAE9A7F5A387" blockId="7.[151,1436,1354,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C71FEFAE9A452A345" bold="true" box="[151,276,1354,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C7075FAE9A74DA37A" box="[284,523,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C7075FAE9A741A37A" authorityName=": Downey" authorityYear="1973" box="[284,519,1354,1376]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">Astropecten cingulatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Holotype. Spination of AD plates: A, Furrow from mid-arm (left) to the interradial area (right). Arrow: enlarged spine of the second row of the AD plates adjacent to ACT plates. B, Enlarged area of the box in panel A. 1–3: Numbers indicate each row on one AD plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF8F634C71FEF862A794A1EF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216458/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" startId="7.[151,250,1985,2007]" targetBox="[477,1110,1487,1963]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF8F634C71FEF862A794A1EF" blockId="7.[151,1435,1985,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C71FEF862A465A1CC" bold="true" box="[151,291,1985,2007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8F634C7044F862A7CAA1CD" authority=": Spination" authorityName="Spination" box="[301,652,1985,2007]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="93" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8F634C7044F862A75CA1CD" box="[301,538,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="93">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
: Spination
</taxonomicName>
of AD plates at mid-arm. Numbers indicate rows from the furrow on an adambulacral plate. Photo: A. Tablado, with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371AEFF3BA191A6CF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
AD spination of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634370EBFF3BA744A6AA" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[386,514,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alligator">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634370EBFF3BA744A6AA" box="[386,514,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. alligator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437379FF3BA7F4A6B5" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[528,690,152,175]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437379FF3BA7F4A6B5" box="[528,690,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437386FF3BA61CA6AA" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1915" box="[751,858,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437386FF3BA61CA6AA" box="[751,858,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437285FF3BA1C6A6AA" box="[1004,1152,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437285FF3BA1C6A6AA" box="[1004,1152,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. AD plates had 3–4 rows of spines where all spines within a single row were the same length and width as adjacent spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371AEFF43A6F7A49E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
AD spination of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634370EBFF43A763A6E2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[386,549,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634370EBFF43A763A6E2" box="[386,549,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is shown in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF80634373DBFF7CA666A6E2" box="[690,800,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astropecten karankawai AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets.Arrow:pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Figure 11</figureCitation>
. Both
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437201FF43A14DA6E2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[872,1035,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437201FF43A14DA6E2" box="[872,1035,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437528FF43A188A6E2" box="[1089,1230,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cinglatlus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437528FF43A188A6E2" box="[1089,1230,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. cinglatlus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have three furrow spines. However, there are no discrete subambulacral rows. Behind the furrow spines is a very large, long and tapered spine surrounded on the lateral sides and behind by small spines. It is the largest of the AD spines in length and width and is usually rounded to slightly compressed. Between this long spine and the furrow row is a distinct bare patch on the AD plate. Sometimes it or one of the other subambulacral spines is replaced by a pedicellaria (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF80634371F6FE37A453A7B6" box="[159,277,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astropecten karankawai AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets.Arrow:pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Figs. 11B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8063437041FE37A401A7B6" box="[296,327,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astropecten karankawai AD pedicellaria (arrow) of a dry specimen." pageId="8" pageNumber="94">12</figureCitation>
). Other subambulacral spines surrounding this spine are short, thin, and spindle-like in dry specimens (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8063437074FE14A4C1A7CA" box="[285,391,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astropecten karankawai AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets.Arrow:pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). In wet specimens, these spines may appear conical due to the epithelium (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF806343759AFE14A01DA7CA" box="[1267,1371,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,697,1181]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 11. Astropecten karankawai AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets.Arrow:pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). The length of the median spine behind the furrow spines is allometric. Of
<specimenCount id="9D41C799FF80634372D1FE7FA114A7EF" box="[952,1106,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" type="generic">47 specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437513FE7FA059A7EE" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1146,1311,476,500]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437513FE7FA059A7EE" box="[1146,1311,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined, three had a median AD spine less than the length of the central furrow spine when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8063437503FDA3A19EA40D" box="[1130,1240,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="8.0">8–17 mm</quantity>
, 14 had a median AD spine equal in length or longer to the central furrow spine when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF80634372A9FD87A17CA426" box="[960,1082,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="15.0">15–22 mm</quantity>
, and 31 had a median AD spine longer than the central furrow spine when R =
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF80634373CAFDEBA66BA445" box="[675,813,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.05" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="60.5" valueMax="104.0" valueMin="17.0">17–104 mm</quantity>
. This indicates that
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437565FDEBA1F6A47A" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1036,1200,584,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437565FDEBA1F6A47A" box="[1036,1200,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the AD spination from
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634370D4FDCFA717A49E" box="[445,593,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634370D4FDCFA717A49E" box="[445,593,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when R is greater than
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8063437232FDCFA6EBA49E" box="[859,941,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF80634371FEFB11A6B9A2FD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216460/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" startId="8.[151,250,1202,1224]" targetBox="[151,1436,697,1181]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371FEFB11A6B9A2FD" blockId="8.[151,1436,1202,1255]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634371FEFB11A459A2DD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1202,1224]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF806343704FFB10A75AA2D2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[294,540,1202,1224]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF806343704FFB10A75AA2D2" box="[294,540,1202,1224]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AD spination at mid-arm: A, Dry specimen. B, wet specimen. 1: first row of spines. 2: Enlarged median spine. 3: Semicircle of subambulacral spinelets. Arrow: pedicellaria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF385C98FF80634371FEF8A9A691A13A" box="[151,983,1802,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371FEF8A9A691A13A" blockId="8.[151,983,1802,1824]" box="[151,983,1802,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634371FEF8A9A459A105" bold="true" box="[151,287,1802,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF806343704CF8A8A75DA13A" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[293,539,1802,1824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF806343704CF8A8A75DA13A" box="[293,539,1802,1824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AD pedicellaria (arrow) of a dry specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371AEF8EBA428A1D7" blockId="8.[151,1436,1863,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
AD spination of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634370E0F8EBA76EA145" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[393,552,1864,1887]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634370E0F8EBA76EA145" box="[393,552,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF806343730AF8EBA7B1A17A" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[611,759,1864,1888]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF806343730AF8EBA7B1A17A" box="[611,759,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634372C2F8EBA116A17A" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[939,1104,1864,1888]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634372C2F8EBA116A17A" box="[939,1104,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except that the spines of the second row in
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8063437053F8CFA48AA19E" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1859" box="[314,460,1900,1924]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8063437053F8CFA48AA19E" box="[314,460,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually flat, acute and all spines are arranged in discrete rows. In
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF80634375BCF8CFA034A19E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1237,1394,1900,1924]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634375BCF8CFA034A19E" box="[1237,1394,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the short spines, behind the furrow spines typically surround the median spine which is larger and wider than all other spines on the plate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF80634371AEF874A0DAA1F5" blockId="8.[151,1436,1863,2032]" box="[199,1436,2007,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634371AEF874A75EA1EA" bold="true" box="[199,536,2007,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">Actinal intermediate plates.</emphasis>
Five or six ACT plates per interradial area are present on the
<typeStatus id="54FCB2B2FF806343759FF874A01EA1EA" box="[1270,1368,2007,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="94" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B933D002FF80634374EDF87BA0DAA1F5" box="[1412,1436,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="94">A.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF81634271FEFF3BA6BFA706" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF81634271FEFF3BA44AA6AA" box="[151,268,152,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634271FEFF3BA44AA6AA" box="[151,268,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8163427072FF34A4C6A6AA" box="[283,384,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="9.[151,250,890,912]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 13. Actinal intermediate plates: A, Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. B, Astropecten karankawai. Arrow: pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216462/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
) and up to 10 plates on other specimens from the Caribbean or South America. All specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF81634271DCFF1FA40CA6CE" box="[181,330,188,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634271DCFF1FA40CA6CE" box="[181,330,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined had a large central spinelet on most ACT and on AD plates adjacent to the ACT plates. The ACT plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF81634270EAFF43A76DA6E2" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[387,555,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634270EAFF43A76DA6E2" box="[387,555,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8163427225FF43A6A3A6E2" box="[844,997,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8163427225FF43A6A3A6E2" box="[844,997,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF8163427290FF7CA127A6E2" box="[1017,1121,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="9.[151,250,890,912]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,355,839]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 13. Actinal intermediate plates: A, Astropecten cingulatus. Holotype. B, Astropecten karankawai. Arrow: pedicellaria." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216462/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
) in number and spination. Pedicellariae were also frequently observed on ACT plates of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8163427226FEA7A6B4A706" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[847,1010,260,284]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8163427226FEA7A6B4A706" box="[847,1010,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF385C98FF81634271FEFCD9A452A5B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216462/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" startId="9.[151,250,890,912]" targetBox="[151,1436,355,839]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF81634271FEFCD9A452A5B5" blockId="9.[151,1437,890,943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634271FEFCD9A46FA595" bold="true" box="[151,297,890,912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Actinal intermediate plates: A,
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634273F2FCD8A6D5A58A" box="[667,915,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF81634273F2FCD8A6D6A58A" box="[667,912,890,912]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">Astropecten cingulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Holotype. B,
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8163427554FCD8A07BA58A" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[1085,1341,890,912]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8163427554FCD8A07BA58A" box="[1085,1341,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Arrow: pedicellaria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF81634271AEFC78A5AEA27A" blockId="9.[151,1436,987,1120]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
Color. There is no photo of living
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8163427332FC7FA647A5EE" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[603,769,988,1012]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8163427332FC7FA647A5EE" box="[603,769,988,1012]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The abactinal surface of specimens preserved in ethanol short period of time before drying is orange with dark shading on the sides of the arms (
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF81634275D0FC5CA057A202" box="[1209,1297,1023,1048]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1670,1692]" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astropecten karankawai after preservation in ethanol." pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Small dry specimens retain a rust color around the borders of the paxillar area although large specimens lose all color with drying.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF385C98FF81634271FEF925A600A086" box="[151,838,1670,1692]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF81634271FEF925A600A086" blockId="9.[151,838,1670,1692]" box="[151,838,1670,1692]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634271FEF925A459A086" bold="true" box="[151,287,1670,1692]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF816342704CF924A75DA086" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[293,539,1670,1692]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF816342704CF924A75DA086" box="[293,539,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Astropecten karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after preservation in ethanol.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C35D5F9BFF81634271AEF96AA06FA168" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF80C10FF81634271AEF96AA06FA168" blockId="9.[151,1436,1737,1906]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634271AEF96AA742A0F8" bold="true" box="[199,516,1737,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Distribution of specimens.</emphasis>
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF81634273DBF969A60FA0FB" box="[690,841,1737,1761]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF81634273DBF969A60FA0FB" box="[690,841,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined in this study are illustrated in
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF816342744FF96AA0DEA0F8" box="[1318,1432,1737,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="10.[151,250,931,953]" captionTargetBox="[169,1423,185,919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[169,1423,185,919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 15. Distribution of Astropecten cingulatus and A. karankawai examined in this study. Specimen lots examined from CAS (A.cingulatus n=1), FWRI (A.cingulatus n=89, A.karankawai n=2),ICML (A.karankawai n=42), MACN (A. cingulatus n=5), NHM (A. cingulatus n=1), TCRC (A. karankawai n=2), UF (A. karankawai n=1), and NMNH (A. cingulatus n=13, A. karankawain=25)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216464/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Figure 15</figureCitation>
. Catalog numbers of specimens measured are given in the legend to
<tableCitation id="C6C539ABFF81634272D5F94EA153A11C" box="[956,1045,1773,1798]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,231,151,172]" captionText="TABLE 1. Regression equations for characters of Astropecten cingulatus from off the coast of Buenos Aires and Astropecten" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF816342754FF94DA06DA11F" box="[1062,1323,1773,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF816342754FF94DA06DA11F" box="[1062,1323,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Astropecten cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from off the coast of North and South America and in the Gulf of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF816342756DF8B2A11FA130" box="[1028,1113,1809,1834]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF816342756DF8B2A11FA130" box="[1028,1113,1809,1834]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(Downey, in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF8163427593F8B1A47CA154" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" refId="ref7975" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 663 pp." type="book">A.M. Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Downey (in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD671E1FF81634270B4F895A663A154" box="[477,805,1845,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" refId="ref7975" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 663 pp." type="book">A.M. Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
) gave the depth range of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF8163427523F895A199A157" box="[1098,1247,1845,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF8163427523F895A199A157" box="[1098,1247,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. cingulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF816342746FF896A0DEA157" box="[1286,1432,1845,1870]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="1350.0" valueMin="100.0">100–1350 m</quantity>
. Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C477793FF816342705CF8F9A49EA16B" authorityName="Lawrence &amp; Cobb &amp; Herrera &amp; Durán-González &amp; Solís-Marín" authorityYear="2018" box="[309,472,1881,1905]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="karankawai">
<emphasis id="B933D002FF816342705CF8F9A49EA16B" box="[309,472,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">A. karankawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected in the Gulf of
<collectingRegion id="4983C2F2FF816342720BF8FAA6F1A168" box="[866,951,1881,1906]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">
<collectingCountry id="F3504C80FF816342720BF8FAA6F1A168" box="[866,951,1881,1906]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
at depths of
<quantity id="4CBFA1F5FF8163427521F8FAA1FFA16B" box="[1096,1209,1881,1906]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="95" unit="m" value="310.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="20.0">20–600 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="137C1095FF81634275A0F8FAA05AA168" box="[1225,1308,1881,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="10.[151,250,931,953]" captionTargetBox="[169,1423,185,919]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[169,1423,185,919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 15. Distribution of Astropecten cingulatus and A. karankawai examined in this study. Specimen lots examined from CAS (A.cingulatus n=1), FWRI (A.cingulatus n=89, A.karankawai n=2),ICML (A.karankawai n=42), MACN (A. cingulatus n=5), NHM (A. cingulatus n=1), TCRC (A. karankawai n=2), UF (A. karankawai n=1), and NMNH (A. cingulatus n=13, A. karankawain=25)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1216464/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="95">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink