322 lines
54 KiB
XML
322 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="6B8872F8DD28C851B4DF475E13B7C658" ID-CLB-Dataset="3180" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00493.x" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5752f424-c4ba-4160-9988-f8f2424894a3" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687740" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1618409467858" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Lecroq, Béatrice, Gooday, Andrew John, Tsuchiya, Masashi & Pawlowski, Jan" docDate="2009" docId="03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolJLinnSoc.156.455-464.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00493.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Shinkaiya LINDSAYI GEN. ET, GEN. ET SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="461" masterDocId="FFD4B379F55BFFC9FFBFFFF8FF92FFE7" masterDocTitle="A new genus of xenophyophores (Foraminifera) from Japan Trench: morphological description, molecular phylogeny and elemental analysis" masterLastPageNumber="464" masterPageNumber="455" pageNumber="457" updateTime="1698936480561" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5E812013D172DC7CF1DC11868CC35730">
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<mods:title id="03413198974F52EC20DB6E1000D622F0">A new genus of xenophyophores (Foraminifera) from Japan Trench: morphological description, molecular phylogeny and elemental analysis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E18E744281671D68F919647CF06A7116">Lecroq, Béatrice</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="767C8BB576F5988520F8609EA87C1BF9">Gooday, Andrew John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2C0E92D2600A7059613E6A2E6F89944E">Tsuchiya, Masashi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1586803A65DA6730EF382731D78E9231">Pawlowski, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2069038E73D1A99964660B54F6BB5857">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BC2C0DE5A79A9EFE9EFA3F6148664515">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="928F2BB44DAC937CD320E05185327843">2009-07-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5747561" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190875548" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5747561" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">
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<subSubSection id="C35E299CF559FFCBFCCDF8CAFAD3F8A0" box="[882,1345,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F559FFCBFCCDF8CAFAD3F8A0" blockId="2.[882,1345,1842,1863]" box="[882,1345,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">
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<heading id="D0B3CD7BF559FFCBFCCDF8CAFAD3F8A0" box="[882,1345,1842,1863]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="457" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F559FFCBFCCDF8CAFAD3F8A0" bold="true" box="[882,1345,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">
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<taxonomicName id="4C440194F559FFCBFCCDF8CAFBFBF8A0" ID-CoL="7PZM4" authority="LINDSAYI GEN. ET" authorityName="LINDSAYI GEN. ET" box="[882,1129,1842,1863]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="2" pageNumber="457" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus" status="GEN. ET SP. NOV.">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F559FFCBFCCDF8CAFBFBF8A0" bold="true" box="[882,1129,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">SHINKAIYA LINDSAYI</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF559FFCBFBCCF8CEFAD3F8A0" box="[1139,1345,1842,1863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">GEN. ET SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E299CF559FFCBFC99F8A1FBD0F889" box="[806,1090,1881,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F559FFCBFC99F8A1FBD0F889" blockId="2.[806,1090,1881,1903]" box="[806,1090,1881,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F559FFCBFC99F8A1FC0FF889" box="[806,925,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="457">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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As for genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E299CF558FFCAFF1BFF3EFC99FF1D" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF1BFF3EFC99FF1D" blockId="3.[164,779,198,250]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F558FFCAFF1BFF3EFE1FFF3B" box="[164,397,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Derivation of name:</emphasis>
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The species is named after the biologist Dhugal Lindsay, who collected the specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E299CF558FFCAFF1BFEDDFF4EFDF7" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF1BFEDDFF4EFDF7" blockId="3.[164,779,292,528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F558FFCAFF1BFEDDFEC1FEDD" box="[164,339,293,314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Type specimen:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B2C704AF558FFCAFEDEFEDCFF4AFDF7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413076301" country="Japan" county="Shinkai" elevation="5435" latitude="38.24696" location="Trench" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="147.00314" municipality="North Pacific" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tokyo" typeStatus="holotype">
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The single specimen (and therefore the
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<typeStatus id="54FFC4B5F558FFCAFF6CFEBBFEA7FEBE" box="[211,309,323,345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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) was recovered from a push core taken by the
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<collectingCounty id="629A029BF558FFCAFEBCFE99FECEFE90" box="[259,348,353,375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Shinkai</collectingCounty>
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6500 submersible from the
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B9FE06DF558FFCAFD78FE99FF60FE71" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">North Pacific</collectingMunicipality>
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, east of the
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<collectingCountry id="F3533A87F558FFCAFE17FE78FE7CFE72" box="[424,494,384,405]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Japan</collectingCountry>
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<location id="8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFDBEFE78FDC2FE71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA:8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFDBEFE78FDC2FE71" box="[513,592,384,406]" country="Japan" county="Shinkai" latitude="38.24696" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="147.00314" municipality="North Pacific" name="Trench" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" stateProvince="Tokyo">Trench</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE701CD0F558FFCAFDD4FE78FC94FE72" box="[619,774,382,406]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="14.8175" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" precision="1" value="38.24696">38°14.8175′N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE701CD0F558FFCAFF1BFE66FED8FE53" box="[164,330,413,436]" degrees="147" direction="east" minutes="00.1885" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" precision="1" value="147.00314">147°00.1885′E</geoCoordinate>
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; water depth,
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFE51FE66FDD7FE53" box="[494,581,414,436]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.435" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="5435.0">
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<elevation id="00699D24F558FFCAFE51FE66FDD7FE53" box="[494,581,414,436]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.435" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="5435.0">5435 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
).
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||
<location id="8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFDE7FE66FD16FE53" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA:8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFDE7FE66FD16FE53" box="[600,644,414,436]" country="Japan" county="Shinkai" latitude="38.24696" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="147.00314" municipality="North Pacific" name="The" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" stateProvince="Tokyo">The</location>
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major fragment is deposited in the
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<location id="8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFE7BFE45FC99FE35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA:8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFE7BFE45FC99FE35" box="[452,779,445,467]" country="Japan" county="Shinkai" latitude="38.24696" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="147.00314" municipality="North Pacific" name="National Museum of Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" stateProvince="Tokyo">National Museum of Nature</location>
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and
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<location id="8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFF63FE24FEA6FE15" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EDCB01F559FFCEFCCDF8CAFE86FBAA:8E9B2CCCF558FFCAFF63FE24FEA6FE15" box="[220,308,476,498]" country="Japan" county="Shinkai" latitude="38.24696" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="147.00314" municipality="North Pacific" name="Science" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" stateProvince="Tokyo">Science</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4980B4F5F558FFCAFEFAFE24FE1AFE15" box="[325,392,476,498]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
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(registration number: NSMT-Pr 241)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E299CF558FFCAFE97FDBFFA9DF931" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFE97FDBFFD14FDBB" blockId="3.[296,646,583,604]" box="[296,646,583,604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF1BFD96FD73FBA8" blockId="3.[164,779,622,1103]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F558FFCAFF1BFD96FE43FD64" box="[164,465,622,643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Test form and structure:</emphasis>
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The test forms a short, approximately cylindrical structure, with a fairly flat upper surface. It measures at least
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFDFDFD53FDE5FD27" box="[578,631,683,704]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
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in diameter, with ~
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFF51FD31FEB6FD38" box="[238,292,713,735]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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of test being exposed above the sediment surface. At the base of the test,
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFDA7FD10FDFBFD1A" box="[536,617,744,765]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
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long root-like structures extend into the sediment. The test comprises a system of anastomosing branches, typically
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFF1BFCBCFF7CFCBE" box="[164,238,836,858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
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in diameter, forming a meshwork with open spaces ranging from
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<quantity id="4CBCD7F2F558FFCAFE2BFC9AFE6FFC9F" box="[404,509,866,888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 3 cm</quantity>
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in size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFDE1FC9AFD46FC9F" box="[606,724,866,888]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
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). On the upper surface of the test, these branches tend to form an approximately reticulated pattern. The test wall is delicate, soft, and 300-Mm thick. It is light brown in colour, and is mainly composed of fine-grain sediment particles with scattered darker particles, and with occasional larger radiolarian tests (up to 200 Mm in diameter) and quartz grains (
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<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFDC1FBC1FD46FBA8" box="[638,724,1081,1103]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF1BFB81FC99FAEF" blockId="3.[164,779,1144,1288]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
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<emphasis id="B930A605F558FFCAFF1BFB81FEA4FB69" box="[164,310,1145,1166]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Test interior:</emphasis>
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Usually, the test branches are basically hollow, but there are some internal xenophyae, mainly isolated radiolarian tests, but also quartz grains and sponge spicules (
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<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFE5CFB2CFDABFB0D" box="[483,569,1236,1258]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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). Occasionally, the two sides of the test adjoin, leaving almost no lumen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF1BFACAFD39F9F9" blockId="3.[164,779,1330,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F558FFCAFF1BFACAFE9EFAA0" box="[164,268,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Cytology:</emphasis>
|
||
The interior contains prominently developed granellare and stercomare strands, which are intimately intertwined inside the test branches, but without any obvious connections between them (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFF13FA54FE91FA24" box="[172,259,1452,1475]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The stercomare and granellare are not equally distributed within the specimen. Some test branches contain stercomare but no granellare, although the reverse has not been observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFF03F9DFFAC1FE08" blockId="3.[164,779,1330,1903]" lastBlockId="3.[826,1442,198,1750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
|
||
The granellare strands are pale yellowish (strawcoloured), and branch in an irregular manner (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFF13F99CFE91F99D" box="[172,259,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The diameter is highly variable (50– 200 Mm). Sometimes, a thick granellare section gives rise to a cluster of four or five much narrower branches. Where the granellare runs along the length of a test section, the branches may merge; however, these anastomose are not common in the test fragments examined. The organic sheath is very thin, delicate, and has a non-reflective surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFD3DF8C2FD45F8B7" box="[642,727,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). No granellae (barite crystals) are visible within the cytoplasm when squashed preparations of granellare fragments are viewed under a high-power microscope. The DAPI staining of the cytoplasm revealed numerous nuclei (roughly 15 ¥
|
||
<superScript id="7C31D75FF558FFCAFBE6FEDAFB2DFECB" attach="left" box="[1113,1215,287,311]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">105 mm-3</superScript>
|
||
), of between 2 and 4 Mm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFBACFEB8FB1AFEB1" box="[1043,1160,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the cytoplasmic ultrastructure had been largely destroyed by freezing, nuclei and a Golgi apparatus were recognizable in TEM sections, and at least one stercome was present within the cytoplasm. Barite crystals were not observed in any of the sections examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFCECFE00FB77FBD2" blockId="3.[826,1442,198,1750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
|
||
The stercomare system occupies a greater volume of the test interior than the granellare (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFAB8FDEEFACEFDCA" box="[1287,1372,534,557]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The strands are usually attached loosely to the inner surface of the wall, but in places they project into the test lumen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFC69FD8AFBBEFD6F" box="[982,1068,626,648]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are dark grey, almost black, and the thin organic sheath that encloses the stercomata masses has a distinctly reflective, slightly iridescent surface. The strands range from 30 to 200 Mm in diameter, and their width is often uneven; lobate sections separated by constrictions sometimes develop. Some branches end blindly with rounded terminations. Anastomoses have not been observed, although branches sometimes adjoin without merging. Branching, which is usually dichotomous, may be very frequent. The branches often run in different directions. However, in the more tubular sections of the test, the stercomare strands extend for 100 Mm without branching, and run more or less parallel with the granellare strands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFCECFBC5FA9DF931" blockId="3.[826,1442,198,1750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">
|
||
The stercomata are between 10 and 15 Mm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFCC6FBA4FC5FFB95" box="[889,973,1116,1138]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The TEM observations reveal that the organic envelope enclosing the stercomare is of even thickness: 1-Mm thick (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFB80FB61FB06FB48" box="[1087,1172,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The envelope appears rather homogeneous and featureless, except for an outer layer that in places separates from the underlying part to form a loop-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFAA8FB0DFAF9FAEC" box="[1303,1387,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). An iron peak is evident in the EDAX spectra. The TEM sections of stercomare revealed the presence of cytoplasm associated with stercomata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F558FFCAFB5DFAA9FACEFA81" box="[1250,1372,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetId="figure-90@5.[323,1283,196,1480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cytoplasm is present around the margins of the stercomare mass, but is inside the organic envelope. Stercomata are composed mainly of flake-like mineral particles. The EDAX microanalysis revealed peaks for silica, aluminium, magnesium, and iron, suggesting that these particles are composed of clay minerals. Barium was also detected within the stercomata. In one case, this element was associated with a crystal. The barite composition of this crystal, however, remains uncertain, because it also yielded a peak for calcium. A sharp peak for titanium was associated with another crystal, presumably rutile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E299CF558FFCDFBA4F8ECFD3FF913" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="3" pageNumber="458" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCAFBA4F8ECFB53F8CF" blockId="3.[1051,1217,1812,1833]" box="[1051,1217,1812,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">LIFE POSITION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F558FFCDFC85F8C2FD3FF913" blockId="3.[826,1441,1850,1903]" lastBlockId="4.[144,758,1728,1780]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="3" pageNumber="458">The specimen was epibenthic. It projected from the seafloor, with the root-like lower part being buried in the sediment. It was found among numerous other unidentified xenophyophores of different sizes.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B2A9FF55FFFCDFF2FFA11FA1CF969" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" startId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" targetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55FFFCDFF2FFA11FA1CF969" blockId="4.[144,1422,1512,1679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55FFFCDFF2FFA11FD0BFA1B" bold="true" box="[144,665,1512,1532]" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55FFFCDFEBBFA10FDA8FA1B" authority="lindsayi gen. et" authorityName="LINDSAYI GEN. ET" box="[260,570,1512,1532]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="4" pageNumber="457" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55FFFCDFEBBFA10FE76FA1C" bold="true" box="[260,484,1512,1531]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">Shinkaiya lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55FFFCDFE54FA11FDA8FA1B" box="[491,570,1513,1532]" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" rank="species">gen. et</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E299CF55FFFCCFEB4F8ECFC2DF888" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55FFFCDFEB4F8ECFDEEF8CF" blockId="4.[267,636,1812,1833]" box="[267,636,1812,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55FFFCCFF2FF8C2FD74F913" blockId="4.[144,759,1850,1903]" lastBlockId="5.[164,779,1728,1903]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">
|
||
The total length of the SSU rDNA was 4054 bp, and all of the clones sequenced were identical. The sequence alternates between conserved regions and variable regions among foraminiferans, with a long insertion of 624 bp starting in the variable region E23 at position 1744 bp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F55FFFCDFBEAF8E4FB07F8D5" box="[1109,1173,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[144,223,488,507]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,196,458]" captionTargetId="figure-593@2.[367,1199,196,458]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic representation of the small-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence of Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov., showing the conserved regions, as well as the largest insertion and primers used for DNA amplifications." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687742/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The GC content of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55FFFCDFC99F8C2FC20F8A8" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,946,1850,1871]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55FFFCDFC99F8C2FC20F8A8" box="[806,946,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55FFFCDFC03F8C3FB86F8B7" box="[956,1044,1851,1872]" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(32.2%) is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55FFFCDFAD4F8C3FC1CF889" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="2001" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="4" pageNumber="459" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="corbicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55FFFCDFAD4F8C3FC1CF889" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="459">Sy. corbicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(34.1%). The sequence divergence between the two xenophyophores is 23.6%, whereas it is 30.2% between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFEB3F926FE0AF914" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" box="[268,408,1758,1779]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFEB3F926FE0AF914" box="[268,408,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55EFFCCFE1DF927FE68F913" box="[418,506,1759,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFD88F927FD4DF914" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1879" box="[567,735,1758,1780]" class="Monothalamea" family="Rhizamminidae" genus="Rhizammina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="algaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFD88F927FD4DF914" box="[567,735,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">R. algaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B2A9FF55EFFCCFF1BFA1EFB9BF96B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687746" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687746/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" startId="5.[164,243,1510,1529]" targetBox="[323,1283,196,1480]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55EFFCCFF1BFA1EFB9BF96B" blockId="5.[164,1441,1510,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFF1BFA1EFD27FA1E" bold="true" box="[164,693,1510,1529]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFEA6FA1EFDC1FA1E" authority="lindsayi gen. et" authorityName="LINDSAYI GEN. ET" box="[281,595,1510,1529]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="457" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFEA6FA1EFE68FA1E" bold="true" box="[281,506,1510,1529]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Shinkaiya lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55EFFCCFDBDFA1EFDC1FA1E" box="[514,595,1510,1529]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" rank="species">gen. et</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of an open tube, showing its inner surface with many radiolarian tests, a granellare string (right-hand arrow), and a stercomare string (left-hand arrow). B, SEM image of an open stercomare string, containing stercomata (spherical pellets). C, SEM image of the organic sheath of the granellare. D, SEM image showing details of the external surface of the test, with agglutinated material. E, F, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images of a stercomare section, showing its wall (W), stercomata (S), and cytoplasm (C). Scale bars: 100 Mm (A), 10 Mm (B–D), 2 Mm (E), 1 Mm (F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55EFFCCFF03F905FC2DF888" blockId="5.[164,779,1728,1903]" lastBlockId="5.[826,1441,1728,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">
|
||
In the phylogenetic tree obtained by the ML method (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F55EFFCCFEB1F8E4FEC3F8D5" box="[270,337,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[144,223,1361,1380]" captionTargetBox="[372,1197,197,1331]" captionTargetId="figure-184@6.[367,1199,194,1331]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Phylogenetic position of Shinkaiya lindsayi gen et sp. nov. among Foraminifera, based on complete small-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) gene sequences. The tree was obtained using the maximum-likelihood method with the general time-reversible (GTR + G + I) model, with four rates categories, and 1000 replicates for bootstrap analysis. Only bootstrap support values higher than 70% are indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687748" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687748/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFED3F8E4FE69F8D6" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" box="[364,507,1820,1841]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFED3F8E4FE69F8D6" box="[364,507,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55EFFCCFDB6F8E4FDF6F8D6" box="[521,612,1820,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
clusters with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFF1BF8C3FEAEF8A8" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="2001" box="[164,316,1850,1872]" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="corbicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFF1BF8C3FEAEF8A8" box="[164,316,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Sy. corbicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the two xenophyophores form a sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFEE5F8A1FD91F889" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1879" box="[346,515,1881,1902]" class="Monothalamea" family="Rhizamminidae" genus="Rhizammina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="algaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFEE5F8A1FD91F889" box="[346,515,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">R. algaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This topology is supported by high bootstrap values (94 and 100%, respectively). The clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFAB0F926FA33F914" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" box="[1295,1441,1758,1779]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFAB0F926FA33F914" box="[1295,1441,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55EFFCCFC85F905FC04F8F5" box="[826,918,1789,1810]" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFC1AF905FBA9F8F5" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="2001" box="[933,1083,1789,1810]" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="corbicula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFC1AF905FBA9F8F5" box="[933,1083,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">Sy. corbicula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55EFFCCFB3AF906FABCF8F5" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1879" box="[1157,1326,1789,1811]" class="Monothalamea" family="Rhizamminidae" genus="Rhizammina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="5" pageNumber="460" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="algaeformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55EFFCCFB3AF906FABCF8F5" box="[1157,1326,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="460">R. algaeformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
branches at the base of polythalamous (multichambered) foraminiferans, including rotaliids, textulariids, and robertinids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3B2A9FF55DFFCFFF2FFAA9FC00FA5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687748" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4687748" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687748/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" startId="6.[144,223,1361,1380]" targetBox="[372,1197,197,1331]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55DFFCFFF2FFAA9FC00FA5B" blockId="6.[144,1421,1361,1468]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFF2FFAA9FF6AFA83" bold="true" box="[144,248,1361,1380]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic position of
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFDA7FAA9FC50FA83" bold="true" box="[536,962,1361,1380]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFDA7FAA9FCA6FA83" authority="lindsayi gen" authorityName="LINDSAYI GEN" box="[536,820,1361,1380]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFDA7FAA9FD6FFA83" bold="true" box="[536,765,1361,1380]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Shinkaiya lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
gen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
et sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
among Foraminifera, based on complete small-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) gene sequences. The tree was obtained using the maximum-likelihood method with the general time-reversible (GTR + G + I) model, with four rates categories, and 1000 replicates for bootstrap analysis. Only bootstrap support values higher than 70% are indicated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E299CF55DFFCFFE32F9F9FEDFF889" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55DFFCFFE32F9F9FE6BF9F1" blockId="6.[397,505,1537,1558]" box="[397,505,1537,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55DFFCFFF2FF9DFFEDFF889" blockId="6.[144,759,1575,1902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
|
||
As discussed above, the new species is similar to some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFEB2F9BEFE2AF9BC" authorityName="Brady" authorityYear="1883" box="[269,440,1606,1627]" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFEB2F9BEFE2AF9BC" box="[269,440,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Syringammina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the construction of the test from reticulated bar-like elements. There is a particular resemblance between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFDB4F97BFD05F97F" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" box="[523,663,1667,1688]" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFDB4F97BFD05F97F" box="[523,663,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55DFFCFFD1FF97BFD65F97F" box="[672,759,1667,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFF79F95AFEF1F951" authorityName="Gooday" authorityYear="1996" box="[198,355,1697,1719]" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFF79F95AFEF1F951" box="[198,355,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Sy. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the constant diameter, dimensions, and arrangement of the tubes (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F55DFFCFFD1BF938FD64F932" box="[676,758,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-85@4.[303,1263,196,1483]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. A, holotype specimen in its push core, just after collection (the authors assumed that this was a whole specimen, almost unbroken by the corer tube). B, holotype specimen out of its core. C, D, microscopic views of fragments, revealing the internal organization (G, granellare; S, stercomare). C, transversal view showing the dark stercomare strings. D, the fragment is open along a longitudinal axis, displaying the obvious whitish granellare and the stercomare. E, F, fragments of granellare stained with diaminidophenylindol (DAPI), revealing thousands of nuclei in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 15 mm (A), 15 mm (B), 250 Mm (C), 500 Mm (D), 250 Mm (E), and 30 Mm (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687744/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
with Gooday, 1996: pl. 7). However, in addition to the differences in wall structure noted above, the overall morphology of the test is distinctly flattened in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFD6BF8E4FF6CF8A8" authorityName="Gooday" authorityYear="1996" class="Monothalamea" family="Syringamminidae" genus="Syringammina" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFD6BF8E4FF6CF8A8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Sy. reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is more or less equidimensional in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C440194F55DFFCFFD6FF8C2FF7EF889" authority="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski, 2009" authorityName="Lecroq & Gooday & Tsuchiya & Pawlowski" authorityYear="2009" class="Monothalamea" family="Psamminidae" genus="Shinkaiya" kingdom="Chromista" order="Astrorhizida" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="lindsayi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930A605F55DFFCFFD6FF8C2FF7EF889" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Sh. lindsayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2031B7EF55DFFCFFF4AF8A1FEDFF889" box="[245,333,1881,1902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35E299CF55DFFCEFC7AF9F9FE86FBAA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="6" pageNumber="461" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55DFFCFFC7AF9F9FB7DF9F2" blockId="6.[965,1263,1537,1558]" box="[965,1263,1537,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFB7A17F55DFFCEFC99F9DFFE86FBAA" blockId="6.[806,1421,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="7.[164,779,865,1101]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">
|
||
Mass spectrometry analyses were performed separately on pieces of the stercomare, granellare, and on intact fragments of the specimen, as well as on environmental samples from the area where the specimen was collected (site 1037) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137F6692F55DFFCFFBF3F959FB1CF950" box="[1100,1166,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[164,243,704,723]" captionTargetBox="[323,1284,200,674]" captionTargetId="figure-463@7.[436,1266,200,615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) values for the composition of the total fragment and different structural parts of Shinkaiya lindsayi gen. et sp. nov. (total fragment), and of the environmental sediment. The mass of elemental aluminium (Al), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), uranium (U), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), and mercury (Hg), per gram of dry material, is shown. A semiquantitative method has been used for Pb, U, and Hg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4687750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4687750/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="461">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Aluminium, barium, and magnesium were present inside the stercomare, where concentrations were more than 30% higher than in the sediment. These elements were less abundant in the granellare than in the surrounding sediment (site 1037). They occur in roughly the same concentration in the intact fragment (mainly test) and in the environment. Consistent with microscopic observations of barite crystals, barium occurs in the stercomata but not in the cytoplasm. Lead, mercury, and uranium concentrations are also higher (two, four, and six times higher, respectively) inside the stercomare than in the sediment. The concentration of mercury in the granellare is 12 times that in the sediment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |