326 lines
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XML
326 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<treatment id="03EC879FFF85FFFCAB3DAD80FB4D155E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909427" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209589442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7909427" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC879FFF85FFFCAB3DAD80FB4D155E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC879FFF85FFFCAB3DAD80FB4D155E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF85FFFAAB3DAD80FC701741" ID-CoL="92BFS" ID-ENA="42285" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[818,987,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF85FFFAAB3DAD80FC701741" box="[818,987,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
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clade
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The ‘
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<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF85FFFAAB6AAC3FFC47170D" box="[869,1004,1860,1880]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
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clade’ is well-supported (
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dataset 98.8/99) and composed of two genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF85FFFAAC64AC1CFB59172E" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1131,1266,1895,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF85FFFAAC64AC1CFB59172E" box="[1131,1266,1895,1915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF85FFFAAD22AC1CFADD172E" authority="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott, 2023" authorityName="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott" authorityYear="2023" box="[1325,1398,1895,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Saurona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen.n.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF85FFFAAD22AC1CFADD172E" box="[1325,1398,1895,1915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saurona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF85FFFAAD8DAC1DFA11172F" bold="true" box="[1410,1466,1894,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">gen.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A0CFF85FFFAAB38ACF2FC2617C8" box="[823,909,1929,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[122,218,1826,1845]" captionTargetBox="[163,1466,123,1785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5 Phylogeny of the Hermeuptychia clade and nearby genera based on the FULL dataset. Interpretation of support values can be found in the legend. The scale bars under the butterfly images equal 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909403/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE4CFF85FFFAAB96ACF2FC0D17C8" box="[921,934,1929,1949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</collectionCode>
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A0CFF85FFFAABAAACF2FC1B17C8" box="[933,944,1929,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[122,218,1092,1111]" captionTargetBox="[155,1113,122,1050]" captionTargetId="graphics-415@6.[156,985,123,1051]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2 Phylogeny of Euptychia based on the FULL dataset. Interpretation of support values can be found in the legend. The scale bars under the butterfly images equal 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7968438/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE4CFF85FFFAABD0ACF2FC4617C8" box="[991,1005,1929,1949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</collectionCode>
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A0CFF85FFFAABE2ACF2FC5217C8" box="[1005,1017,1929,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[122,218,1308,1327]" captionTargetBox="[210,1466,123,1266]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3 Phylogeny of the Cyllopsis clade based on the FULL dataset. Interpretation of support values can be found in the legend. The scale bars under the butterfly images equal 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909399/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), that superficially look very different. Currently, 18 species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCABB4AB04FBE910C6" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[955,1090,127,147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCABB4AB04FBE910C6" box="[955,1090,127,147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAD04AB04FAFF10C6" authority="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott, 2023" authorityName="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott" authorityYear="2023" box="[1291,1364,127,147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Saurona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen.n.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAD04AB04FAFF10C6" box="[1291,1364,127,147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saurona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAD53AB05FA3E10C7" bold="true" box="[1372,1429,126,146]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gen.n.</emphasis>
|
||
are described, but the actual diversity of the clade is likely to be at least twice as high. Several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAC65ABBFFB5A108D" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1130,1265,196,216]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAC65ABBFFB5A108D" box="[1130,1265,196,216]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAB83AB9CFB9310AE" author="Cong" box="[908,1080,231,251]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 20" part="9" refId="ref35774" refString="Cong, Q., Barbosa, E. P., Marin, M. A., Freitas, A. V. L., Lamas, G. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9, 1 - 20." title="Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2021">Cong et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAC48AB9CFAB610AE" author="Cong & Grishin" box="[1095,1309,231,251]" firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="43 - 91" part="379" refId="ref35848" refString="Cong, Q. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico. ZooKeys, 379, 43 - 91." title="A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico" type="journal article" year="2014">Cong & Grishin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nakahara, Tan, et al., 2016), and there have been multiple recent taxonomic rearrangements (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAB80AA57FB9C1115" author="Cong" box="[911,1079,300,320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 20" part="9" refId="ref35774" refString="Cong, Q., Barbosa, E. P., Marin, M. A., Freitas, A. V. L., Lamas, G. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9, 1 - 20." title="Two new species of Hermeuptychia from North America and three neotype designations (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2021">Cong et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAC4AAA57FB151115" author="Viloria" box="[1093,1214,300,320]" firstAuthor="Viloria" journalOrPublisher="Anartia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="26 - 52" part="32" refId="ref43469" refString="Viloria, A´. L. (2021) The Hermeuptychia papers. Anartia, 32, 26 - 52." title="The Hermeuptychia papers" type="journal article" year="2021">Viloria, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCACC3AA57FAD31115" author="Zacca" box="[1228,1400,300,320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zacca" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="555 - 570" part="5023" refId="ref44494" refString="Zacca, T., Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., Huertas, B., Freitas, A. V. L., Marn, M. A. et al. (2021) A new euptychiine butterfly species from South Brazil and taxonomic rearrangements for Taydebis Freitas, 2013 and Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa, 5023, 555 - 570." title="A new euptychiine butterfly species from South Brazil and taxonomic rearrangements for Taydebis Freitas, 2013 and Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2021">Zacca et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). DNA barcoding data (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE4CFF83FFFCABC1AA34FC5F1136" box="[974,1012,335,355]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">COI</collectionCode>
|
||
) further suggest the existence of a number of cryptic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCABC7AA0AFB3811D0" author="Seraphim" box="[968,1171,369,389]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Seraphim" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Resources" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="39 - 49" part="14" refId="ref42893" refString="Seraphim, N., Marin, M. A., Freitas, A. V. L. & Silva-Brandao t, K. L. (2014) Morphological and molecular marker contributions to disentangling the cryptic Hermeuptychia hermes species complex (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina). Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 39 - 49." title="Morphological and molecular marker contributions to disentangling the cryptic Hermeuptychia hermes species complex (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina)" type="journal article" year="2014">Seraphim et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCACAFAA0AFA9E11D0" author="Tan" box="[1184,1333,369,389]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tan" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1256 - 1270" part="193" refId="ref43293" refString="Tan, D., Parus, A., Dunbar, M., Espeland, M. & Willmott, K. R. (2021) Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in ' common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193, 1256 - 1270." title="Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode species delineation methods imply critically underestimated diversity in ' common' Hermeuptychia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2021">Tan et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAB6BAAEFFC4011FD" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[868,1003,404,424]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAB6BAAEFFC4011FD" box="[868,1003,404,424]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade’ are relatively small, with the forewing length often less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B6CFF83FFFCAC02AACCFBFB119E" box="[1037,1104,439,459]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Apart from a few species, they have sexually monomorphic wing patterns with the females being slightly paler than males. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAC53AA87FB481245" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1116,1251,508,528]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAC53AA87FB481245" box="[1116,1251,508,528]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are exceptionally uniform and drab in coloration, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAC60A964FB131266" authority="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott, 2023" authorityName="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott" authorityYear="2023" box="[1135,1208,543,563]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Saurona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen.n.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAC60A964FB131266" box="[1135,1208,543,563]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saurona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCACB2A965FB5D1267" bold="true" box="[1213,1270,542,562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gen.n.</emphasis>
|
||
contains two colourful described species with rather modified ventral hindwing markings. Possible synapomorphies and distinctive characters for the clade include the following: (a) absence of cephalic horns in all instars of the larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAB71A9D2FBCE12E8" author="Cong & Grishin" box="[894,1125,681,701]" firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="43 - 91" part="379" refId="ref35848" refString="Cong, Q. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico. ZooKeys, 379, 43 - 91." title="A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico" type="journal article" year="2014">Cong & Grishin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAC75A9D2FAEC12E8" author="Cosmo" box="[1146,1351,681,701]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cosmo" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 7" part="50" refId="ref36122" refString="Cosmo, L. G., Barbosa, E. P. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2014) Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Hermeuptychia atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.), 50, 1 - 7." title="Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Hermeuptychia atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2014">Cosmo et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAD53A9D2FC6612B5" accessDate="2022-01-01" author="Janzen & Hallwachs" firstAuthor="Janzen" journalOrPublisher="Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths [WWW document]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso" refId="ref38713" refString="Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. (2022) Area de Conservacion´Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths [WWW document]. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso [Accessed on 1 st January 2022]" title="Area de Conservacion" type="url" year="2022">Janzen & Hallwachs, 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), remaining to be confirmed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCACFBA9B7FA9712B5" authorityName="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott" authorityYear="2023" box="[1268,1340,716,736]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Saurona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCACFBA9B7FA9712B5" box="[1268,1340,716,736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saurona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (b) presence of a short, dark dash on VFW between submedial and medial lines, along discocellular veins (not well-marked in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAD27A86AFADA1370" authorityName="Espeland1 & Nakahara & Zacca & Barbosa & Huertas & Marín & Lamas & Benmesbah & Brévignon & Casagrande & Fåhraeus & Grishin & Kawahara1 & Mielke & Miller & Nakamura & Navas & Patrusky & Pyrcz & Richards & Tan & Tyler & Viloria & Warren1 & Xiao & Freitas & Willmott" authorityYear="2023" box="[1320,1393,785,805]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Saurona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAD27A86AFADA1370" box="[1320,1393,785,805]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saurona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males). Members of the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCABD4A84FFBC9131D" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[987,1122,820,840]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCABD4A84FFBC9131D" box="[987,1122,820,840]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade’ range from southern USA to Argentina, and from sea level to almost
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B6CFF83FFFCACA2A82CFB5C133E" box="[1197,1271,855,875]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
, in a wide variety of habitats, from grasslands to dry forest, rain forest to cloud forest. There is an apparent slight centre of diversity in the western Amazon and east Andean foothills, where half-a-dozen species may be found in sympatry. As is typical for most members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCACFCA89AFACA13A0" box="[1267,1377,993,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCABBEAF7FFBA3144D" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[945,1032,1028,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCABBEAF7FFBA3144D" box="[945,1032,1028,1048]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Euptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known hostplants for members of this clade are either bamboos or other grasses in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAD08AF5CFAFC146E" box="[1287,1367,1063,1083]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCABACAF32FBA41408" box="[931,1039,1097,1117]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAC43AF32FB6F1408" box="[1100,1220,1097,1117]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCACD9AF32FA1F1408" author="Beccaloni" box="[1238,1460,1097,1117]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Beccaloni" journalOrPublisher="Monografias Tercer Milenio. Sociedad Entomologica´Aragonesa (SEA) / Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica (RIBES) / Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED) / Natural History Museum, London, U. K. (NHM) / Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela (IVIC), Zaragoza" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="536" refId="ref34786" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Monografias Tercer Milenio. Sociedad Entomologica´Aragonesa (SEA) / Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica (RIBES) / Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED) / Natural History Museum, London, U. K. (NHM) / Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela (IVIC), Zaragoza, p. 536." title="Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies" type="book chapter" year="2008">Beccaloni et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAB3DAF17FC5014D5" author="Cong & Grishin" box="[818,1019,1132,1152]" firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="43 - 91" part="379" refId="ref35848" refString="Cong, Q. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico. ZooKeys, 379, 43 - 91." title="A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico" type="journal article" year="2014">Cong & Grishin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAC09AF17FB1E14D5" author="Cosmo" box="[1030,1205,1132,1152]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cosmo" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.)" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 7" part="50" refId="ref36122" refString="Cosmo, L. G., Barbosa, E. P. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2014) Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Hermeuptychia atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.), 50, 1 - 7." title="Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Hermeuptychia atalanta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2014">Cosmo et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCACCFAF17FA1F14D5" accessDate="2022-01-01" author="Janzen & Hallwachs" box="[1216,1460,1132,1152]" firstAuthor="Janzen" journalOrPublisher="Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths [WWW document]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" publicationUrl="http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/caterpillars/database.lasso" refId="ref38713" refString="Janzen, D. H. & Hallwachs, W. (2022) Area de Conservacion´Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths [WWW document]. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso [Accessed on 1 st January 2022]" title="Area de Conservacion" type="url" year="2022">Janzen & Hallwachs, 2022</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAB3DAFF4FC6914F6" author="Murray" bookContentInfo="367 pp." box="[818,962,1167,1187]" firstAuthor="Murray" journalOrPublisher="Louisiana State University" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref40253" refString="Murray, D. L. (2001 b) Systematics of euptychiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) based on larval morphology and DNA sequence data and the evolution of life history traits (PhD thesis). Louisiana State University. 367 pp." title="Systematics of euptychiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) based on larval morphology and DNA sequence data and the evolution of life history traits" type="book" year="2001" yearSuffix="b">Murray, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A number of species also likely utilize non-native grasses as larval hostplants, as evidenced by the abundance of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D0AFF83FFFCAB3DAFAFFBA814BD" box="[818,1027,1236,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EA9BFF83FFFCAB3DAFAFFC1214BD" box="[818,953,1236,1256]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in highly disturbed habitats, garden lawns and cattle pastures (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B78FF83FFFCAC1CAF8CFB70155E" author="Cong & Grishin" box="[1043,1243,1271,1291]" firstAuthor="Cong" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="43 - 91" part="379" refId="ref35848" refString="Cong, Q. & Grishin, N. V. (2014) A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico. ZooKeys, 379, 43 - 91." title="A new Hermeuptychia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is sympatric and synchronic with H. sosybius in southeast US coastal plains, while another new Hermeuptychia species - not hermes - inhabits South Texas and Northeast Mexico" type="journal article" year="2014">Cong & Grishin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |