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<mods:title id="C2E4BA312FA31EDEDD170653BA9607D0">“ Larger ” Benthic Foraminifera Of The Cenomanian. A Review Of The Identity And The Stratigraphic And Palaeogeographic Distribution Of Non-Fusiform Planispiral (Or Near-Planispiral) Forms</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E587B6FF8BA245FCB6F8AEA714C277" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10992690" ID-GBIF-Taxon="225698493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10992690" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587B6FF8BA245FCB6F8AEA714C277" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587B6FF8BA245FCB6F8AEA714C277" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">
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<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8BA241FCB6F8AEA165C0FA" blockId="82.[816,1436,1879,1969]" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8BA241FCB6F8AEA165C0FA" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1972" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="82" pageNumber="121" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana-murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8BA241FCB6F8AEA165C0FA" bold="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8BA241FCB6F8AEA144C0DB" bold="true" box="[816,1033,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8BA241FBF6F8AEA0D1C0DB" bold="true" box="[1136,1436,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">casertana-murgiana sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8BA241FCB6F84FA6A5C0FA" author="De Castro, P." box="[816,1000,1945,1969]" pageId="82" pageNumber="121" pagination="317 - 372" refId="ref78519" refString="De Castro, P., 1965. Su alcune Soritidae (Foraminiferida) del Cretacico della Campania. Societa dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 74: 317 - 372." type="journal article" year="1965">De Castro, 1965</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8BA241FC75F84FA165C0FA" author="De Castro, P." box="[1011,1064,1945,1969]" pageId="82" pageNumber="121" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8BA241FCB6F80DA1FBC0B8" blockId="82.[816,1206,2011,2035]" box="[816,1206,2011,2035]" pageId="82" pageNumber="121">Reference Illustration &amp; Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8AA240FEFDFCB6A1F4C43E" blockId="83.[379,1209,863,885]" box="[379,1209,863,885]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FEFDFCB6A48CC43E" bold="true" box="[379,449,864,885]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">Fig. 67</emphasis>
Cenomanian paleogeographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8AA240FCFCFC89A1FEC43E" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[890,1203,863,885]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="83" pageNumber="122" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="laurinensis">Pseudorhapydionina laurinensis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8AA240FF26F888A740C086" blockId="83.[160,1405,1886,1997]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FF26F888A5ABC038" bold="true" box="[160,230,1886,1907]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">Fig. 68</emphasis>
Representative illustrations of 
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<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FD94F888A79CC03F" box="[530,721,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FC95F889A69AC03F" box="[787,983,1887,1908]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FC62F888A6BDC038" bold="true" box="[996,1008,1886,1907]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">a</emphasis>
Equatorial section 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8AA240FB2CF889A06EC03F" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1965" box="[1194,1315,1887,1908]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Rhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="83" pageNumber="122" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FB2CF889A06EC03F" box="[1194,1315,1887,1908]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B57C9FF8AA240FAAFF888A00EC038" box="[1321,1347,1886,1907]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122" sensu="stricto">s.s</taxonomicNameLabel>
, De Castro in 
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, pl. 44, fig. 10, Italy); 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FD75F8AAA64DC0DA" bold="true" box="[755,768,1916,1937]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">b</emphasis>
Equatorial section 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8AA240FC3DF8AAA17FC0DA" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[955,1074,1916,1937]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="83" pageNumber="122" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FC3DF8AAA17FC0DA" box="[955,1074,1916,1937]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B57C9FF8AA240FBBFF8AAA115C0DA" box="[1081,1112,1916,1937]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
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, pl. 1, fig. 1, neotype, Italy); 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FEBFF84CA409C0E4" bold="true" box="[313,324,1946,1967]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">c</emphasis>
Axial section, De Castro in 
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, pl. 44, fig. 1, Italy); 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8AA240FBB8F84CA106C0E4" bold="true" box="[1086,1099,1946,1967]" pageId="83" pageNumber="122">d</emphasis>
Transverse section (uncoiled), 
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, fig. 4d, Spain).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11FF48A725C7B3" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
De Castro in 
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, Pls. 44-45, p. 95-97; see also 
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, Pls.2-4 and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FD21FF69A464C7B3" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref77668" refString="Consorti, L., Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E., 2016 b. Pseudorhapydionininae of the Iberian Ranges (Cenomani- an, Iberian Peninsula). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 31 (2): 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2016">Consorti et al. (2016b)</bibRefCitation>
, 
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d-4e, 4h, 5a-5j, p. 276.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11FED7A4FCC441" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FF11FED7A4B9C652" box="[151,500,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FF11FED7A492C652" ID-CoL="83DXD" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[151,479,257,281]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">Pseudorhipidionina murgiana</taxonomicName>
(
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FE73FED7A7E8C652" author="Crescenti, U." box="[501,677,257,281]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="5 - 15" refId="ref77990" refString="Crescenti, U., 1964. Praerhapydionina murgiana n. sp. (Foraminifero) e Neomacroporella cretacica n. gen., n. sp. (alga calcarea - Dasicladacea), nuovi microfossili del Cretacico dell'Italia Meridionale. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana, LXXXIII (1): 5 - 15." type="journal article" year="1964">Crescenti, 1964</bibRefCitation>
, emend. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FF11FEF5A401C671" author="De Castro, P." box="[151,332,290,314]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro, 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE0AFEF4A462C610" ID-CoL="83DXC" authority="(De Castro, 1965)" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE0AFEF4A79FC671" box="[396,722,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FD65FEF4A465C610" author="De Castro, P." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="317 - 372" refId="ref78519" refString="De Castro, P., 1965. Su alcune Soritidae (Foraminiferida) del Cretacico della Campania. Societa dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 74: 317 - 372." type="journal article" year="1965">De Castro, 1965</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
were both first described from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8DA247FF11FEB2A585C637" box="[151,200,356,380]" name="Italy" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Italy</collectingCountry>
around the same time. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE53FEB3A713C637" ID-CoL="83DXD" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[469,606,357,380]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE53FEB3A713C637" box="[469,606,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from eastern southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8DA247FE09FE53A48EC6D6" box="[399,451,389,413]" name="Italy" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Italy</collectingCountry>
, whilst 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD9DFE50A7E9C6D6" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[539,676,390,413]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD9DFE50A7E9C6D6" box="[539,676,390,413]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from its western-central part. The history of their description, taxonomic assignment, and occurrence is documented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FECCFE3CA743C54A" author="De Castro, P." box="[330,526,489,513]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, who illustrated 
<typeStatus id="54F78802FF8DA247FD4DFE3CA582C568" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" type="topotype">topotypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FF7FFDDDA432C569" ID-CoL="83DXD" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[249,383,523,546]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
P. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE9EFDDDA432C569" box="[280,383,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
alongside illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD26FDDDA58BC508" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD26FDDDA58BC508" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The original illustrations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD84FDFAA59BC52F" ID-CoL="83DXD" authority="(Crescenti, 1964)" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" baseAuthorityYear="1964" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD84FDFAA7CAC508" box="[514,647,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FD10FDFDA583C52F" author="Crescenti, U." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="5 - 15" refId="ref77990" refString="Crescenti, U., 1964. Praerhapydionina murgiana n. sp. (Foraminifero) e Neomacroporella cretacica n. gen., n. sp. (alga calcarea - Dasicladacea), nuovi microfossili del Cretacico dell'Italia Meridionale. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana, LXXXIII (1): 5 - 15." type="journal article" year="1964">Crescenti, 1964</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are rather poor and had led to the species being somewhat overlooked in the literature, whilst there are quite numerous records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE38FD59A70AC5ED" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[446,583,655,678]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE38FD59A70AC5ED" box="[446,583,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nonetheless the taxa are extremely similar (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FE43FD79A730C58C" author="De Castro, P." box="[453,637,687,711]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro, 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FD0CFD79A44EC5A2" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref77668" refString="Consorti, L., Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E., 2016 b. Pseudorhapydionininae of the Iberian Ranges (Cenomani- an, Iberian Peninsula). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 31 (2): 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2016">Consorti et al., 2016b</bibRefCitation>
) although no firm conclusion on their possible synonymy has been made.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11FCC5A71CC257" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
Herein we use the formulation 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE6FFCC5A7F0C460" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[489,701,787,811]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE6FFCC5A7F0C460" box="[489,701,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FF11FCE3A43CC407" box="[151,369,821,844]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
. In 1981 De Castro stated “Mi sembra probabile che 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FEECFC83A7F9C426" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[362,692,853,877]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FEECFC83A7F9C426" box="[362,692,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possa essere un sinonimo non valido di 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD82FCA0A599C4E4" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD82FCA0A599C4E4" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praerhapydionina murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” [It seems probable to me that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FDA9FC41A44DC49B" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FDA9FC41A44DC49B" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be an invalid synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FDF2FC6EA408C4BA" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FDF2FC6EA408C4BA" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praerhapydionina murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. Subsequently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FE79FC0CA7F3C4BA" author="De Castro, P." box="[511,702,985,1009]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro (2006)</bibRefCitation>
– although providing a series of quantitative differences between the two taxa – appeared somewhat equivocal when committing firmly to their separation. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FDD3FBEBA7AEC31F" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[597,739,1085,1108]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FDD3FBEBA7AEC31F" box="[597,739,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is indeed very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE25FB88A77DC33E" box="[419,560,1118,1141]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE25FB88A77DC33E" box="[419,560,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having a slightly larger proloculus while other features such as test-size, length and breadth of the chambers, and pre-/postseptum-thickness are slightly larger in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FDC2FB14A786C392" box="[580,715,1218,1241]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FDC2FB14A786C392" box="[580,715,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FF35FB35A74BC3B1" ID-CoL="83DXC" authority="(De Castro, 2006)" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[179,518,1250,1274]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FF35FB35A477C3B1" box="[179,314,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FECFFB34A4B2C3B1" author="De Castro, P." box="[329,511,1250,1274]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro, 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. They are also, more or less, contemporary in stratigraphic range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11FAF3A43BC2A9" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
De Castro’s main criterion for separation relies on their reported geographically separate occurrences in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8DA247FD20FA93A79AC216" box="[678,727,1349,1373]" name="Italy" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Italy</collectingCountry>
(on the Apula Platform for 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE1CFAB1A76DC235" box="[410,544,1383,1406]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE1CFAB1A76DC235" box="[410,544,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the Abruzzese-Campana Platform for 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE10FA5EA76DC2D4" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[406,544,1416,1439]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE10FA5EA76DC2D4" box="[406,544,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as justification. On the other hand, both “species” may be present in the Middle East (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11FA3DA44AC1E3" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FF11FA3DA4DCC148" author="Calonge-Garcia, A." box="[151,401,1515,1539]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="25 - 45" refId="ref76128" refString="Calonge-Garcia, A., 1996. Soritids of Cretaceous from Iberian Range (Spain). Coloquios de Paleontologia, 48: 25 - 45." type="journal article" year="1996">Calonge-Garcia (1996)</bibRefCitation>
was also somewhat equivocal on the relationship between the two taxa, stating the difference between the two was that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE75F9F8A736C10E" box="[499,635,1582,1605]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE75F9F8A736C10E" box="[499,635,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed a single opening, but admitted the lack of published material on that species could not rule out synonymy with 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD6AF9A6A44DC1E3" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD6AF9A6A44DC1E3" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FF11F964A1A2C79C" blockId="84.[151,772,158,2035]" lastBlockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
More recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FEC3F967A708C182" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E." box="[325,581,1713,1737]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref77668" refString="Consorti, L., Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E., 2016 b. Pseudorhapydionininae of the Iberian Ranges (Cenomani- an, Iberian Peninsula). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 31 (2): 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2016">Consorti et al. (2016b)</bibRefCitation>
studied the taxa and could not propose a solution although recommended further study. However, they suggested 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FDCDF923A799C047" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[587,724,1781,1804]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FDCDF923A799C047" box="[587,724,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FF11F8C0A469C066" box="[151,292,1814,1837]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FF11F8C0A469C066" box="[151,292,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are synonymous. They first mention the presence of bifurcated septula in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FD87F8E1A7C4C005" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[513,649,1847,1870]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FD87F8E1A7C4C005" box="[513,649,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially in the uncoiled portion, a feature not noted in De Castro’s description (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FEC6F8AEA731C0DB" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." box="[320,636,1912,1936]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann 1985</bibRefCitation>
). As an example of the difficulty in separating the taxa, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FD08F84FA450C099" author="Chiocchini, M. &amp; Pampaloni, M. L. &amp; Pichezzi, R. M." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" refId="ref77109" refString="Chiocchini, M., Pampaloni, M. L., &amp; Pichezzi, R. M., 2012. Microfacies e microfossili delle successioni carbonatiche mesozoiche del Lazio e dell &quot; Abruzzo (Italia centrale) - Cretacico. Memorie per servire alla descrizione della Carta Geologica d'Italia. ISPRA, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo, Rome." type="book" year="2012">Chiocchini et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
illustrated 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FE1DF86DA76FC099" box="[411,546,1979,2002]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FE1DF86DA76FC099" box="[411,546,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the very latest Cenomanian of central 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8DA247FE1EF80DA481C0B8" box="[408,460,2011,2035]" name="Italy" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Italy</collectingCountry>
. However, their illustrations lack the supposedly characteristic broader uncoiled chambers as compared with 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBE7FF16A1A2C79C" box="[1121,1263,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FBE7FF16A1A6C79C" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1121,1259,192,215]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">P. casertana</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FCB6FF36A060C5ED" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
The description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC7DFF37A1CFC7B3" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1019,1154,225,248]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC7DFF37A1CFC7B3" box="[1019,1154,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FB2DFF36A0D0C7B3" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E." box="[1195,1437,224,248]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref77668" refString="Consorti, L., Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E., 2016 b. Pseudorhapydionininae of the Iberian Ranges (Cenomani- an, Iberian Peninsula). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 31 (2): 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2016">Consorti et al. (2016b)</bibRefCitation>
is succinct and useful: “ 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBC5FED7A16DC5CE" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
Porcelaneous flabelliform shell with an acute periphery. The early planispiral-involute stage of growth consists of elongated chambers arranged in one and a half to two whorls, reaching a diameter of 
<quantity id="4CB49B45FF8DA247FCB6FE53A6DFC6D6" box="[816,914,389,413]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
, approximately. The seriate stage is composed, at least, of 10 wide and short chambers averaging 
<quantity id="4CB49B45FF8DA247FAEBFE71A61BC6AB" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="0.04">0.04 mm</quantity>
in height. The septa are markedly convex and cribbed by numerous intercameral foramina. The external part of the chamber lumen is partially divided by radial septula. The septula, which has a thickness of around 15-18 μm, may bifurcate at their inner end. They occupy one-third of the chamber lumen
</emphasis>
”. See the Species Key Chart (Appendix) for diagnostic and other characteristics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FCB6FD79A621C392" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
Like 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCEFFD79A10AC58C" ID-CoL="7ZWN8" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1972" box="[873,1095,687,711]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCEFFD79A10AC58C" box="[873,1095,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhapydionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FB4FFD79A0D0C58C" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[1225,1437,687,711]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FB4FFD79A0D0C58C" box="[1225,1437,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have also undergone a rather convoluted journey through various generic assignments, due seemingly in this case to a lack of adequate 
<typeStatus id="54F78802FF8DA247FB91FCC5A108C460" box="[1047,1093,787,811]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
material and new (or amended) diagnostic features being observed subsequently in better preserved/new specimens. There were, essentially two species of Cenomanian 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FBB4FCA0A048C4C5" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[1074,1285,886,910]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBB4FCA0A048C4C5" box="[1074,1285,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FA93FCA1A6E0C4E4" ID-CoL="83DXC" authority="(De Castro)" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FA93FCA1A0D1C4C5" box="[1301,1436,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. casertana</emphasis>
(De Castro)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC64FC4EA1AAC4E4" authority="(Crescenti)" baseAuthorityName="Crescenti" box="[994,1255,919,943]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC64FC4EA12AC4E4" box="[994,1127,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P. murgiana</emphasis>
(Crescenti)
</taxonomicName>
, the former originally assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC72FC6EA19DC49B" authority="Stache" authorityName="Stache" authorityYear="1913" box="[1012,1232,952,976]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Rhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC72FC6EA132C49B" box="[1012,1151,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Rhipidionina</emphasis>
Stache
</taxonomicName>
, the latter originally to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCF8FC0FA064C4BA" authority="Van Wessem. For" authorityName="Van Wessem. For" box="[894,1321,985,1009]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCF8FC0FA10CC4BA" box="[894,1089,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praerhapydionina</emphasis>
Van Wessem. For
</taxonomicName>
example, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCB6FC2CA125C359" box="[816,1128,1018,1042]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCB6FC2CA125C359" box="[816,1128,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praerhapydionina murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally believed to have had a single aperture (diagnostic of that genus) but later specimens were observed with multiple apertures (diagnostic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC4DFB8BA1D3C33E" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[971,1182,1117,1141]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC4DFB8BA1D3C33E" box="[971,1182,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The reader is referred to the discussions in De Castro (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FB4BFBA9A6FCC3F3" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann, 1985</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FC68FB76A1E4C3F3" author="De Castro, P." box="[1006,1193,1184,1208]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro (2006)</bibRefCitation>
for an historical overview.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FCB6FB35A144C216" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
In gross terms, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC5AFB34A1E2C3B1" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[988,1199,1250,1274]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC5AFB34A1E2C3B1" box="[988,1199,1250,1274]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more flattened, almost “peneropolid”-like uncoiled portion compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCB6FAF2A143C277" ID-CoL="7ZWN8" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1972" box="[816,1038,1316,1340]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCB6FAF2A143C277" box="[816,1038,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhapydionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whose uncoiled portion is subcylindrical to cylindrical.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FCB6FAB0A06BC12D" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCB6FAB0A149C235" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[816,1028,1382,1406]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCB6FAB0A149C235" box="[816,1028,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBEEFAB1A00FC235" box="[1128,1346,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
is also very similar to the?agglutinated taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FA8AFA51A6B0C28A" ID-CoL="83H36" authority="Hamaoui" authorityName="Hamaoui" authorityYear="1963" class="Globothalamea" family="Spirocyclinidae" genus="Reissella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="ramonensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FA8AFA51A6DEC28A" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Reissella ramonensis</emphasis>
Hamaoui
</taxonomicName>
which has a more complex endoskeleton, and which includes beams and joists/rafters rather than just beams (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FC62FA3DA1D8C148" author="De Castro, P." box="[996,1173,1515,1539]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="99 - 130" refId="ref78693" refString="De Castro, P., 1981. Cisalveolina fraasi (Gumbel) Reichel, Foraminiferida: diffusione geografica e problem stratigrafici. Societa dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 90: 99 - 130." type="journal article" year="1981">De Castro, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; De Castro in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FAB6FA3DA6B2C16F" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FB97F9DAA1ABC16F" author="Mikhalevich, V. I." box="[1041,1254,1548,1572]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="493 - 527" refId="ref89841" refString="Mikhalevich, V. I., 2004 a. New insight into the systematics and evolution of the foraminifera. Micropaleontology, 59 (6): 493 - 527." type="journal article" year="2004">Mikhalevich 2004a</bibRefCitation>
&amp; b). See also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FCB6F9FBA69EC10E" author="Hottinger, L." box="[816,979,1581,1605]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 64" refId="ref84267" refString="Hottinger, L., 2006. Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research. Carnets de Geologie / Notebooks on Geology - Memoir 2006 / 02 (CG 2006 _ M 02): 1 - 64. [see also http: // paleopolis. rediris. es / cg / 06 / M 02 / index. html]" type="journal article" year="2006">Hottinger 2006</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 19 and 
<figureCitation id="13772A25FF8DA247FBD8F9FBA1D1C10E" box="[1118,1180,1581,1605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[162,195,1905,1926]" captionTargetBox="[162,1410,155,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-34@7.[162,1410,155,1865]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2 Some morphological descriptions and visualisations of wall and/or chamber components of planispiral or part-planispiral LBF taxa. (a after Hamaoui &amp; Saint-Marc, 1970; b-f after Hottinger, 2006; G: after Vicedo et al., 2013; h after Consorti et al., 2015; j after Consorti et al., 2018). Other abbreviations shown in image j are bl=basal layer; cs=conical spaces; if=intercameral foramina and sc=socculi crest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10834185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10834185/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
herein for diagrammatic explanation of these morphological features.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA247FCB6F9B9A16EC024" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
Borghi and Pignatti (2006) remarked on the similarity between 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC15F947A6E7C1E3" box="[915,938,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">P.</emphasis>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC7AF947A198C1E3" box="[1020,1237,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC7AF947A128C1E3" ID-CoL="83DXC" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1020,1125,1681,1704]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">casertana</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FBEBF947A198C1E3" box="[1133,1237,1681,1704]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">murgiana</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FA88F946A140C182" ID-CoL="83B9T" authority="(Henson)" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FA88F946A6D6C182" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praetaberina bingistani</emphasis>
(Henson)
</taxonomicName>
in random thin-sections, although they note that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC4BF904A116C1A1" ID-CoL="7ZWHQ" box="[973,1115,1746,1770]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC4BF904A116C1A1" box="[973,1115,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praetaberina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more “complex” and has a cylindrical uncoiled portion where such features can be observed. 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FC2DF8C3A174C066" ID-CoL="7ZWHQ" box="[939,1081,1813,1837]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FC2DF8C3A174C066" box="[939,1081,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Praetaberina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also possesses pillars which 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FCB6F8E0A149C005" ID-CoL="7ZWN9" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[816,1028,1846,1870]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FCB6F8E0A149C005" box="[816,1028,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FBEBF8E0A006C005" ID-CoL="7ZWN8" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1972" box="[1133,1355,1846,1870]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBEBF8E0A006C005" box="[1133,1355,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhapydionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) lack (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FCBEF881A15AC024" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Caus, E. &amp; Frijia, G. &amp; Yazdi-Moghadam, M." box="[824,1047,1879,1903]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="378 - 389" refId="ref77762" refString="Consorti, L., Caus, E., Frijia, G. &amp; Yazdi-Moghadam, M., 2015. Praetaberina a new genus (type species Taberina bingistani Henson, 1948): a stratigraphic marker for the Late Cenomanian. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 45 (4): 378 - 389." type="journal article" year="2015">Consorti et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8DA246FCB6F8AFA4C7C652" blockId="84.[816,1437,158,2068]" lastBlockId="85.[151,772,158,447]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">
It is the presence of pillars in 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FBF6F8AEA698C0FA" authority="Mohammed" authorityName="Mohammed" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="tubaensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FBF6F8AEA601C0FA" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina tubaensis</emphasis>
Mohammed
</taxonomicName>
(described from the Mishrif Formation of the Tuba-1 well in southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8DA247FBEDF86DA1DBC099" box="[1131,1174,1979,2002]" name="Iraq" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Iraq</collectingCountry>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8DA247FB21F86CA03CC099" author="Mohammed, Q. A." box="[1191,1393,1978,2002]" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" pagination="140 - 146" refId="ref90679" refString="Mohammed, Q. A., 2007. Taxonomy and Paleoenvironment of Pseudorhipidionina tubaensis n. sp. (Foram.) from the Cenomanian of Tuba Region, (W Basrah - Iraq). Journal of Techniques, 22 (3): 140 - 146." type="journal article" year="2007">Mohammed, 2007</bibRefCitation>
), as illustrated, that precludes it from assignment to 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8DA247FAE6F80AA69DCF5F" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="84" pageNumber="123" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8DA247FAE6F80AA69DCF5F" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="123">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, the published illustrations by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FF11FF48A42BC7FD" author="Mohammed, Q. A." box="[151,358,158,182]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="140 - 146" refId="ref90679" refString="Mohammed, Q. A., 2007. Taxonomy and Paleoenvironment of Pseudorhipidionina tubaensis n. sp. (Foram.) from the Cenomanian of Tuba Region, (W Basrah - Iraq). Journal of Techniques, 22 (3): 140 - 146." type="journal article" year="2007">Mohammed (2007)</bibRefCitation>
comprise two different species; 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD41FF49A424C79C" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD41FF49A424C79C" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Praetaberina bingistani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE2FFF69A7CFC79C" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[425,642,191,215]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Cycledomia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="iranica">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE2FFF69A7CFC79C" box="[425,642,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Cycledomia iranica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD44FF16A5AAC7B3" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="tubaensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD44FF16A5AAC7B3" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. tubaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore a junior synonym of both (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FD0CFF36A433C652" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Schlagintweit, F." pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="515 - 517" refId="ref77525" refString="Consorti, L. &amp; Schlagintweit, F., 2021 b. Taxonomic reassessment of four larger benthic Foraminifera (soritoids and orbitolinids) described from the Lower to mid-Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Iraq. Micropaleontology, 67 (5): 515 - 517." type="journal article" year="2021">Consorti &amp; Schlagintweit, 2021b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11FEF5A478C6F4" blockId="85.[151,772,158,447]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
In summary, unless material is well preserved and is oriented in ways in which critical taxonomic features are visible, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF77FEB2A488C637" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[241,453,356,380]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF77FEB2A488C637" box="[241,453,356,380]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE51FEB2A728C637" box="[471,613,356,380]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE51FEB2A728C637" box="[471,613,356,380]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Praetaberina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD25FEB2A64EC637" authorityName="Hamaoui" authorityYear="1963" box="[675,771,356,380]" class="Globothalamea" family="Spirocyclinidae" genus="Reissella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD25FEB2A64EC637" box="[675,771,356,380]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Reissella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may appear very similar in tangential-longitudinally oriented sections.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C356652BFF8CA246FF11FE3FA740C508" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11FE3FA4E5C54A" blockId="85.[151,424,489,513]" box="[151,424,489,513]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Stratigraphic Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11FDFAA740C508" blockId="85.[151,772,555,2068]" box="[151,525,555,579]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Upper middle? – late Cenomanian.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C356652BFF8CA246FF11FD9AA030C392" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11FD9AA732C460" blockId="85.[151,772,555,2068]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
The majority of illustrated records in the literature attribute a late Cenomanian age range to both 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FDD6FDB8A798C5CE" box="[592,725,622,645]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FDD6FDB8A798C5CE" box="[592,725,622,645]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF11FD59A46FC5ED" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[151,290,655,678]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF11FD59A46FC5ED" box="[151,290,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(herein 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE05FD58A71AC5ED" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[387,599,654,678]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE05FD58A71AC5ED" box="[387,599,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD2AFD59A46FC58C" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
). There is some debate as to whether 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD40FD66A4FDC5A2" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD40FD66A4FDC5A2" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges as far as the actual Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, above the boundary, or if it becomes extinct just below the boundary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11FCE3A4CFC12D" blockId="85.[151,772,555,2068]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
De Castro in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FEA1FCE2A723C407" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." box="[295,622,820,844]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann (1985)</bibRefCitation>
estimated the age of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF63FC80A420C426" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[229,365,854,877]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF63FC80A420C426" box="[229,365,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be late Cenomanian (?upper part) based on association with the extinction of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD41FCA1A482C4E4" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="laurinensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD41FCA1A482C4E4" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhapydionina laurinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the “acrozone” of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF11FC6EA428C49B" baseAuthorityName="Gumbel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[151,357,952,976]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Alveolinidae" genus="Cisalveolina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="fraasi">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF11FC6EA428C49B" box="[151,357,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Cisalveolina fraasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He also suggested that previous records which alluded to an early Turonian age (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FD45FC0FA46DC359" author="Saint-Marc, P." pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 342" refId="ref96009" refString="Saint-Marc, P., 1974 a. Etude stratigraphique et micropaleontologique de l'Albien, du Cenomanien et du Turonien du Liban. Notes et Memoires sur le Moyen- Orient, XIII, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 1 - 342." type="book chapter" year="1974">Saint-Marc, 1974a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FEA8FC2CA42BC359" author="Saint-Marc, P." box="[302,358,1018,1042]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref96132" refString="Saint-Marc, P., 1978. Biostratigraphy of Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian of Lebanon. Annales Mines et Geologie, Tunis, 28: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
, 1981; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FE31FC2CA7C7C359" author="Arnaud, A. &amp; Berthout &amp; Brunt, L. &amp; Cherchi, A. &amp; Chiocchini, M. &amp; De Castro, P." box="[439,650,1018,1042]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="383 - 393" refId="ref72126" refString="Arnaud, A., Berthout, Brunt, L., Cherchi, A., Chiocchini, M., De Castro, P. &amp; 9 others, 1981. Tableau de repartition stratigraphique des grands foraminiferes caracteristiques du Cretace Moyen de la region Mediterraneenne. Cretaceous Research, 2: 383 - 393." type="journal article" year="1981">Arnaud et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
) should be treated with caution because of the uncertainty of the position of that boundary in those sections mentioned. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FF11FB8BA4DCC33E" author="Calonge-Garcia, A." box="[151,401,1117,1141]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="25 - 45" refId="ref76128" refString="Calonge-Garcia, A., 1996. Soritids of Cretaceous from Iberian Range (Spain). Coloquios de Paleontologia, 48: 25 - 45." type="journal article" year="1996">Calonge-Garcia (1996)</bibRefCitation>
also follows this position. Nonetheless the range chart in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FE30FBA9A64EC3DC" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." box="[438,771,1151,1175]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann (1985)</bibRefCitation>
shows a range from the late middle Cenomanian into the earliest Turonian. Subsequently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FD88FB14A79BC392" author="De Castro, P." box="[526,726,1217,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro (2006)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FEB1FB35A48EC3B1" box="[311,451,1251,1274]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FEB1FB35A48EC3B1" box="[311,451,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD81FB35A7D9C3B1" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[519,660,1251,1274]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD81FB35A7D9C3B1" box="[519,660,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the same age (late Cenomanian) and both are associated with … 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF3FFAF2A4C9C277" baseAuthorityName="Gumbel" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[185,388,1316,1340]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Alveolinidae" genus="Cisalveolina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="fraasi">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF3FFAF2A4C9C277" box="[185,388,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Cisalveolina fraasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE3FFAF3A7C4C277" authorityName="Smout" authorityYear="1956" box="[441,649,1316,1340]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nezzazatidae" genus="Coxites" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="zubairensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE3FFAF3A7C4C277" box="[441,649,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Coxites zubairensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” As noted elsewhere herein, the supposed Turonian records from 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FF11FAB0A5B9C235" box="[151,244,1382,1406]" name="Lebanon" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FE83FAB0A49DC235" author="Saint-Marc, P." box="[261,464,1382,1406]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 342" refId="ref96009" refString="Saint-Marc, P., 1974 a. Etude stratigraphique et micropaleontologique de l'Albien, du Cenomanien et du Turonien du Liban. Notes et Memoires sur le Moyen- Orient, XIII, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 1 - 342." type="book chapter" year="1974">Saint-Marc, 1974a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FE59FAB0A75AC235" author="Saint-Marc, P." box="[479,535,1382,1406]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref96132" refString="Saint-Marc, P., 1978. Biostratigraphy of Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian of Lebanon. Annales Mines et Geologie, Tunis, 28: 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
, 1981) are from beds that, based on associated ammonite data, appear to straddle the Cenomanian – Turonian boundary, but the precise stratigraphic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE18FA1DA768C2A9" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[414,549,1483,1506]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE18FA1DA768C2A9" box="[414,549,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurrences relative to these ammonite occurrences is uncertain. Given this, and the lack of any other substantiated Turonian records, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF11F9FBA426C10E" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,363,1581,1605]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF11F9FBA426C10E" box="[151,363,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE3EF9F8A7DFC10E" box="[440,658,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
is excluded from the Turonian.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FF11F9B9A1F4C610" blockId="85.[151,772,555,2068]" lastBlockId="85.[816,1437,158,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
Solak et al. (2020) defined the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE63F9B9A4DEC1E3" authority="Assemblage Zone" authorityName="Assemblage Zone" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE63F9B9A58BC1E3" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
Assemblage Zone
</taxonomicName>
in studies from 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FDCDF946A7D5C1E3" box="[587,664,1680,1704]" name="Turkey" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Turkey</collectingCountry>
based on the FAD of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE99F964A4E5C182" box="[287,424,1714,1737]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE99F964A4E5C182" box="[287,424,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other taxa including 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD41F964A4C1C1A1" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD41F964A4C1C1A1" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Pseudorhapydionina dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE19F905A774C1A1" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[415,569,1746,1770]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="laurinensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE19F905A774C1A1" box="[415,569,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. laurinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FDFCF904A5BCC047" authorityName="Cherchi &amp; Schroeder" authorityYear="1986" class="Tubothalamea" family="Cornuspiridae" genus="Vidalina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="radoicicae">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FDFCF904A5BCC047" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Vidalina radoicicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They imply that 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE37F923A77AC047" box="[433,567,1781,1804]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE37F923A77AC047" box="[433,567,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to this zone to which they assign a late-but-not-latest Cenomanian age. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FF6DF8E0A43FC005" author="Velic, I." box="[235,370,1846,1870]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref101499" refString="Velic, I., 2007. Stratigraphy and Palaeobiogeography of Mesozoic Benthic Foraminifera of the Karst Dinarides (SE Europe). Geologia Croatica, 60 (1): 1 - 113." type="journal article" year="2007">Velić (2007)</bibRefCitation>
considered the species (both 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FD37F8E1A599C024" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FD37F8E1A599C024" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FE98F88EA4FDC024" box="[286,432,1880,1903]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FE98F88EA4FDC024" box="[286,432,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) important late Cenomanian markers in the Dinarides. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FE42F8AEA64EC0DB" author="Berthou, P-Y. &amp; Lauverjat, J." box="[452,771,1912,1936]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="121 - 144" refId="ref73919" refString="Berthou, P-Y. &amp; Lauverjat, J., 1979. Essai de synthese paleogeographique et paleobiostratigraphique du bassin occidental Portugais au cours du Cretace Superieur. Ciencias da Terra (UNL), Lisboa, 5: 121 - 144." type="journal article" year="1979">Berthou &amp; Lauverjat (1979)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FF4EF84FA438C0FA" author="Berthou, P-Y." box="[200,373,1945,1969]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="41 - 55" refId="ref74069" refString="Berthou, P-Y., 1984 a. Albian-Turonian stage boundaries and subdivisions in the western Portuguese Basin, with special emphasis on the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the ammonite facies and rudist facies. Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark, 33: 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1984">Berthou (1984a</bibRefCitation>
, b) restrict the species to the lower half of the late Cenomanian in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FE67F86CA776C099" box="[481,571,1978,2002]" name="Portugal" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(see illustration in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FF11F80DA47CC0B8" author="Berthou, P-Y." box="[151,305,2011,2035]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref74017" refString="Berthou, P-Y., 1973. Le Cenomanien de l'Estremadure Portugaise. Servicos Geologicos de Portugal, 23: 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1973">Berthou, 1973</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FEC1F80DA77BC0B8" author="Charriere, A. &amp; Andreu B. &amp; Ciszak, R. &amp; Kennedy, W. J. &amp; Rossi, A. &amp; Vila J. - M." box="[327,566,2011,2035]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="551 - 569" refId="ref76373" refString="Charriere, A., Andreu B., Ciszak, R., Kennedy, W. J., Rossi, A. &amp; Vila J. - M., 1998. The Upper Cenomanian transgression in the High Moulouya and Southern Middle Atlas, Morocco (in French). Geobios, 31 (5): 551 - 569." type="journal article" year="1998">Charrière et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
places the LAD of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FF11F82BA453CF5F" box="[151,286,2045,2068]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FF11F82BA453CF5F" box="[151,286,2045,2068]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FEC4F82BA4EECF5F" box="[322,419,2045,2068]" name="Morocco" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Morocco</collectingCountry>
below those beds containing the ammonite 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FC2AFF49A04BC7FD" authority="(Chudeau)" baseAuthorityName="Chudeau" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[940,1286,158,182]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Vascoceratidae" genus="Vascoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cauvini">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FC2AFF49A1C8C7FD" box="[940,1157,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Vascoceras cauvini</emphasis>
(Chudeau)
</taxonomicName>
which, they state, is also below the base of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FB44FF16A0D1C79C" authorityName="Pessagno" authorityYear="1967" box="[1218,1436,191,215]" class="Globothalamea" family="Hedbergellidae" genus="Whiteinella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rotaliida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="archaeocretacea">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FB44FF16A0D1C79C" box="[1218,1436,191,215]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">W. archaeocretacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
planktonic foraminiferal zone. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FBFAFF36A066C7B3" author="Ettachfini, E. M." box="[1148,1323,224,248]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" refId="ref80614" refString="Ettachfini, E. M., 2006. La transgression au passage du Cenomanien au Turonien sur le domaine Atlasique Marocain; stratigraphie integree et relations avec l'evenement oceanique global. Unpublished PhD thesis, University Chouaib Doukkali." type="book" year="2006">Ettachfini (2006</bibRefCitation>
- illustrated) also from 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FC4CFED4A160C652" box="[970,1069,258,281]" name="Morocco" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, places the LAD no younger than the 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FCDFFEF4A6DDC671" box="[857,912,290,314]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nezzazatidae" genus="Neodubrovkinella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="juddi">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCDFFEF4A6DDC671" box="[857,912,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">juddi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ammonite zone (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FB2CFEF4A0D9C671" author="Ettachfini, E. M. &amp; Souhel, A. &amp; Andreu, B. &amp; Caron, M." box="[1194,1428,290,314]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref80748" refString="Ettachfini, E. M., Souhel, A., Andreu, B. &amp; Caron, M., 2005. The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Central High Atlas, Morocco. Geobios, 38: 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="2005">Ettachfini et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FE95A154C610" author="Piuz, A. &amp; Meister, C." box="[816,1049,323,347]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="81 - 97" refId="ref93458" refString="Piuz, A. &amp; Meister, C., 2013. Cenomanian rotaliids (Foraminiferida) from Oman and Morocco. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 132: 81 - 97." type="journal article" year="2013">Piuz &amp; Meister, 2013</bibRefCitation>
, unillustrated).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FEB3A04AC569" blockId="85.[816,1437,158,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FEB3A14BC637" author="Parente, M. &amp; Frijia, G. &amp; Di Lucia, M." box="[816,1030,356,380]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="609 - 620" refId="ref92579" refString="Parente, M., Frijia, G. &amp; Di Lucia, M., 2007. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy of Cenomanian - Turonian platform carbonates from the southern Apennines (Italy): a chemostratigraphic approach to the problem of correlation between shallow-water and deep-water successions. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164: 609 - 620." type="journal article" year="2007">Parente et al. (2007</bibRefCitation>
, 2008) used integrated ammonite and Carbon-isotope data to suggest the LAD of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FA95FE50A0D0C6D6" box="[1299,1437,390,413]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FA95FE50A0D0C6D6" box="[1299,1437,390,413]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs around the middle part of the 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FB40FE71A005C6F4" box="[1222,1352,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">geslinianum</emphasis>
ammonite zone. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FC2EFE1EA1C2C6AB" author="Simone, L. &amp; Bravi, S. &amp; Carannante, G. &amp; Masucci, I. &amp; Pomoni-Papaioannou, F." box="[936,1167,456,480]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="6 - 23" refId="ref99377" refString="Simone, L., Bravi, S., Carannante, G., Masucci, I. &amp; Pomoni-Papaioannou, F., 2012. Arid versus wet climatic evidence in the &quot; middle Cretaceous &quot; calcareous successions of the Southern Apennines (Italy). Cretaceous Research, 36: 6 - 23." type="journal article" year="2012">Simone et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FB4AFE1EA0D1C6AB" author="Frijia, G. &amp; Parente, M. &amp; Di Lucia, M. &amp; Mutti, M." box="[1228,1436,456,480]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="110 - 139" refId="ref81548" refString="Frijia, G., Parente, M., Di Lucia, M. &amp; Mutti, M., 2015. Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy: Chronostratigraphic calibration of larger foraminifera biostratigraphy. Cretaceous Research, 53: 110 - 139." type="journal article" year="2015">Frijia et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
essentially agree, with the latter placing the LAD slightly higher near the top of the 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FBC2FDDCA18BC569" box="[1092,1222,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">geslinianum</emphasis>
zone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FDFDA1B4C58C" blockId="85.[816,1437,158,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FDFDA6A1C508" author="Frijia, G. &amp; Parente, M. &amp; Di Lucia, M. &amp; Mutti, M." box="[816,1004,555,579]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="110 - 139" refId="ref81548" refString="Frijia, G., Parente, M., Di Lucia, M. &amp; Mutti, M., 2015. Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy: Chronostratigraphic calibration of larger foraminifera biostratigraphy. Cretaceous Research, 53: 110 - 139." type="journal article" year="2015">Frijia et al. (2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 15) place the FAD of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FA93FDFAA0D0C508" box="[1301,1437,556,579]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FA93FDFAA0D0C508" box="[1301,1437,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the base of the 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FB8EFD9AA1DBC52F" box="[1032,1174,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">jukesbrownei</emphasis>
ammonite zone (upper middle Cenomanian). See also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FB00FDBBA028C5CE" author="Arnaud, A. &amp; Berthout &amp; Brunt, L. &amp; Cherchi, A. &amp; Chiocchini, M. &amp; De Castro, P." box="[1158,1381,621,645]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="383 - 393" refId="ref72126" refString="Arnaud, A., Berthout, Brunt, L., Cherchi, A., Chiocchini, M., De Castro, P. &amp; 9 others, 1981. Tableau de repartition stratigraphique des grands foraminiferes caracteristiques du Cretace Moyen de la region Mediterraneenne. Cretaceous Research, 2: 383 - 393." type="journal article" year="1981">Arnaud et al. (1981)</bibRefCitation>
who also positions the FAD at the base of the 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FA88FD58A0D1C5ED" box="[1294,1436,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">jukesbrownei</emphasis>
zone, although the basis for this is unclear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FD07A6C1C378" blockId="85.[816,1437,158,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FD07A10CC5A2" author="Ghanem, H. &amp; Kuss, J." box="[816,1089,721,745]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="85 - 132" refId="ref82188" refString="Ghanem, H. &amp; Kuss, J., 2013. Stratigraphic control of the Aptian - Early Turonian sequences of the Levant Platform, Coastal Range, northwest Syria. GeoArabia, 18 (4): 85 - 132." type="journal article" year="2013">Ghanem &amp; Kuss (2013)</bibRefCitation>
illustrate the species from the late Cenomanian of 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FB96FD24A101C441" box="[1040,1100,754,778]" name="Syria" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Syria</collectingCountry>
. Their range chart restricts the species to the late Cenomanian, but in the text they mention middle Cenomanian occurrences. On the other hand, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FC80A148C426" author="Mouty, M. &amp; Al-Maleh, A. K. &amp; Laban, H. A." box="[816,1029,853,878]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="429 - 443" refId="ref90890" refString="Mouty, M., Al-Maleh, A. K. &amp; Laban, H. A., 2003. Le Cretace moyen de la chaine des Palmyrides (Syrie centrale). Geodiversitas, 25 (3): 429 - 443." type="journal article" year="2003">Mouty et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
attribute an early Turonian extension to the range in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FB88FCA0A10BC4C5" box="[1038,1094,886,910]" name="Syria" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Syria</collectingCountry>
citing Turonian ammonites (
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FCBFFC41A1B7C4E4" authority="(Thomas &amp; Peron)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas &amp; Peron" box="[825,1274,919,943]" class="Cephalopoda" genus="Thomasites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rollandi">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCBFFC41A15BC4E4" box="[825,1046,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Thomasites rollandi</emphasis>
(Thomas &amp; Peron)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FA8DFC41A6F4C49B" class="Cephalopoda" genus="Choffaticeras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Leoniceras">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FA8DFC41A0D1C4E4" box="[1291,1436,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Choffaticeras</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCBFFC6FA6E2C49B" box="[825,943,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Leoniceras</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FC7DFC6FA025C49B" authority="(Qoquand)" baseAuthorityName="Qoquand" box="[1019,1384,952,976]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Vascoceratidae" genus="Hemitissotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morreni">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FC7DFC6FA1ABC49B" box="[1019,1254,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Hemitissotia morreni</emphasis>
(Qoquand)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FCB6FC0FA6A7C4BA" box="[816,1002,985,1009]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Coilopoceratidae" genus="Coilopoceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCB6FC0FA68DC4BA" box="[816,960,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Coilopoceras</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) although no fossils are illustrated. As with other “Turonian” records (see above), this is discounted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FBEAA030C392" blockId="85.[816,1437,158,1241]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCB6FBEAA16FC31F" author="Radoicic, R. &amp; Radulovic, V. &amp; Rabrenovic, D. &amp; Radulovic, B." box="[816,1058,1084,1108]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="73 - 93" refId="ref94129" refString="Radoicic, R., Radulovic, V., Rabrenovic, D. &amp; Radulovic, B., 2010. The age of the brachiopod limestones from Guca, western Serbia. Geoloski anali Balkanskoga poluostrva, 71: 73 - 93." type="journal article" year="2010">Radoičić et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
mention 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FB08FBEBA055C31F" box="[1166,1304,1085,1108]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FB08FBEBA055C31F" box="[1166,1304,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from lower Cenomanian limestones in 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FBD3FB8BA1D1C33E" box="[1109,1180,1117,1141]" name="Serbia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Serbia</collectingCountry>
, but there is no illustration and based on associated fauna could easily be younger within the Cenomanian. However, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FAB8FB76A6C9C392" author="Radoicic, R." pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="127 - 141" refId="ref93957" refString="Radoicic, R., 1974 a. Microfossil assemblage in Upper Cretaceous sediments of Crnoljevo and Drenica with paleogeography of the area. Glas SANU, 289 (36): 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Radoičić (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
did illustrate the species from the same region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C356652BFF8CA246FCB6FAD5A6E9C216" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FAD5A1BAC250" blockId="85.[816,1271,1283,1307]" box="[816,1271,1283,1307]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Cenomanian Paleogeographic Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FA93A6E9C216" blockId="85.[816,1437,1349,2068]" box="[816,932,1349,1373]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Neotethys.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C356652BFF8CA245FCB6FAB0A714C277" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA246FCB6FAB0A1B7C005" blockId="85.[816,1437,1349,2068]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
References in De Castro in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FBDEFAB0A0D1C235" author="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M." box="[1112,1436,1382,1406]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref98244" refString="Schroeder, R. &amp; Neumann, M., 1985. Les Grands foraminiferes du Cretace moyen de la region mediterraneenne. Geobios Memoire special, 7: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1985">Schroeder &amp; Neumann (1985)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FCE3FA5EA160C2D4" author="De Castro, P." box="[869,1069,1415,1439]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref78870" refString="De Castro, P., 2006. Praerhapydionina murgiana Crescenti, 1964: emendation and transfer to the genus Pseudorhipidionina De Castro, 1972 (Foraminiferida, Upper Cenomanian, Italy). Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 45 (1): 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">De Castro (2006)</bibRefCitation>
indicate plausible records from eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FC0FFA7FA691C28A" box="[905,988,1449,1473]" name="Algeria" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FC6AFA7FA172C28A" box="[1004,1087,1449,1473]" name="Tunisia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FBC9FA7FA1D0C28A" box="[1103,1181,1449,1473]" name="Greece" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FB28FA7FA1ACC28A" box="[1198,1249,1449,1473]" name="Italy" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Italy</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="4988F842FF8CA246FB74FA7FA000C28A" box="[1266,1357,1449,1473]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FAD8FA7FA616C2AA" name="Lebanon" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FCE1FA1CA6E5C2A9" box="[871,936,1482,1506]" name="Georgia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Iberia</collectingCountry>
, and the Balkans and Dinarides. In addition to these and records mentioned above, occurrences confirmed by definite or plausible illustration as mentioned above include 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FC4BF9FBA16AC10E" box="[973,1063,1581,1605]" name="Portugal" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FBB3F9FBA19AC10E" author="Andrade, I. B." box="[1077,1239,1581,1605]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" refId="ref71641" refString="Andrade, I. B., 2018. Estudo paleoecologico e biostratigrafico do Cenomaniano da regiao de Lisboa (Lousa-Salemas) baseado em ostracodos e microfacies. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Lisbon, 147 pp." type="book" year="2018">Andrade, 2018</bibRefCitation>
) and from the late Cenomanian of 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FC5BF999A150C12C" box="[989,1053,1615,1639]" name="Egypt" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FBAAF998A1FFC12D" author="Nagm, E. H. M." box="[1068,1202,1614,1638]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" refId="ref90982" refString="Nagm, E. H. M., 2009. Integrated stratigraphy, palaeontology and facies analysis of the Cenomanian - Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Galala and Maghra El Hadida formations of the western Wadi Araba, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Wurzburg, 224 pp." type="book" year="2009">Nagm, 2009</bibRefCitation>
– although as cf.). 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FA00F999A0D0C12D" box="[1414,1437,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P.</emphasis>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCF3F9A6A102C1CC" box="[885,1103,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
is known to occur in the upper Wasia Group of subsurface 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FB02F946A056C1E3" box="[1156,1307,1680,1704]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(Dr. Wyn Hughes, pers. comm., 2022) and has been illustrated from the Iberian Ranges, 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FB8DF904A105C1A1" box="[1035,1096,1746,1770]" name="Spain" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Spain</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FBF5F904A021C1A1" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E." box="[1139,1388,1746,1770]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref77668" refString="Consorti, L., Calonge, A. &amp; Caus, E., 2016 b. Pseudorhapydionininae of the Iberian Ranges (Cenomani- an, Iberian Peninsula). Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 31 (2): 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2016">Consorti et al. (2016b)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FAFFF904A10DC047" author="Al-Rifaiy, I. A. &amp; Cherif O. H." pageId="85" pageNumber="124" pagination="181 - 193" refId="ref71183" refString="Al-Rifaiy, I. A. &amp; Cherif O. H., 1987. Biostratigraphic aspects and regional correlation of some Cenomanian - Turonian exposures in Jordan. Geologie Mediterraneenne, 14 (3): 181 - 193, doi: https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / geolm. 1987.1381" type="journal article" year="1987">Al-Rifaiy and Cherif (1987)</bibRefCitation>
illustrate this species as 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FAD2F922A634C067" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Taberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FAD2F922A61FC066" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Taberina</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from the Cenomanian Shueib Formation of 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8CA246FAD3F8C3A0D1C066" box="[1365,1436,1813,1837]" name="Jordan" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Jordan</collectingCountry>
(see also Schulze et al. 2004, unillustrated)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8CA245FCB6F88EA5ABC31F" blockId="85.[816,1437,1349,2068]" lastBlockId="86.[151,772,158,1340]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FCB6F88EA605C024" box="[816,840,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">P.</emphasis>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FC23F88EA133C024" box="[933,1150,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
has been reported and illustrated from the upper Sarvak Formation from the Iranian Zagros. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8CA246FC38F84FA18AC0FA" author="Afghah, M. &amp; Fadaei, H. R." box="[958,1223,1945,1969]" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" refId="ref70404" refString="Afghah, M. &amp; Fadaei, H. R., 2014. Biostratigraphy of Cenomanian succession in Zagros area (south west of Iran). Geosciences Journal, DOI 10.1007 / s 12303 - 014 - 0045 - 3" type="book" year="2014">Afghah &amp; Fadaei (2014)</bibRefCitation>
provide good illustrations, although there are errors in the labelling of the plates. Plate 8d “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA246FC77F80AA042C0B8" authority="Omara" authorityName="Omara" authorityYear="1956" box="[1009,1295,2011,2035]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nezzazatidae" genus="Nezzazata" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FC77F80AA1F5C0B8" box="[1009,1208,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Nezzazata simplex</emphasis>
Omara
</taxonomicName>
” is this species, as is plate 9f labelled as “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8CA245FB08F82AA5B7C7FD" authority="Douville" authorityName="Douville" class="Globothalamea" family="Orbitolinidae" genus="Neorbitolinopsis" kingdom="Chromista" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="125" order="Loftusiida" pageId="85" pageNumber="124" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="conulus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8CA246FB08F82AA0D1CF5F" box="[1166,1436,2044,2068]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="124">Neorbitolinopsis conulus</emphasis>
Douville
</taxonomicName>
”. Plate 8e labelled as “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FD84FF48A5AAC79C" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FD84FF48A5AAC79C" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Pseudorhipidionina casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is an orbitolinid. There are other illustrations in this paper that may be this species or 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FDD6FF37A790C7B3" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[592,733,224,248]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FDD6FF37A790C7B3" box="[592,733,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. bingistani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A record of “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FE93FED7A711C652" box="[277,604,257,281]" class="Globothalamea" family="Cuneolinidae" genus="Pseudotextulariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="cacertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FE93FED7A711C652" box="[277,604,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Pseudotextulariella cacertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD1AFED7A44DC671" author="Assadi, A. &amp; Honarmand, J. &amp; Moallemi, S. - A. &amp; Abdollahie-Fard, I." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="26" refId="ref72730" refString="Assadi, A., Honarmand, J., Moallemi, S. - A. &amp; Abdollahie-Fard, I., 2016. Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Sarvak Formation in an oil field in the Abadan Plain, SW Iran. Facies, 62: 26, doi 10.1007 / s 10347 - 016 - 0477 - 5" type="journal article" year="2016">Assadi et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
is more likely 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FE2FFEF5A774C671" box="[425,569,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FE2FFEF5A778C671" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[425,565,290,314]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Praetaberina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">P. bingistani</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
whilst a record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FF11FE92A401C610" authorityName="Cuvillier &amp; Szakall" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,332,324,347]" class="Globothalamea" family="Mayncinidae" genus="Daxia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="cenomana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FF11FE92A401C610" box="[151,332,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Daxia cenomana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Afghah et al. (2014) is most likely 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FD6BFE92A649C610" box="[749,772,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P.</emphasis>
ex gr. 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FF66FEB3A4F7C637" box="[224,442,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">casertana-murgiana</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FE4CFEB2A783C637" author="Esfandyari, M. &amp; Mohseni, H. &amp; Heidari, M." box="[458,718,356,380]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" refId="ref80463" refString="Esfandyari, M., Mohseni, H. &amp; Heidari, M., 2023. Facies analysis, depositional sequences and platform evolution of the Sarvak Formation (late Albian-Turonian) in the Zagros Basin, West of Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, doi: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2022.104811" type="book" year="2023">Esfandyari et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
provide more recent plausible illustrations. There are also unillustrated records from the Iranian Zagros: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD34FE71A4EEC6AB" author="Rahimpour-Bonab, H. &amp; Mehrabi, H. &amp; Navidtalab, A. &amp; Omidvar, M. &amp; Enayati-Bidgoli, A. H. &amp; Sonei, R. &amp; Sajjadi, F. &amp; Amiri-Bakhtyar, H. &amp; Arzani, N. &amp; Mazidi, E." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="335 - 362" refId="ref94321" refString="Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Mehrabi, H., Navidtalab, A., Omidvar, M., Enayati-Bidgoli, A. H., Sonei, R., Sajjadi, F., Amiri-Bakhtyar, H., Arzani, N. &amp; Izadi- Mazidi, E., 2013. Palaeo-exposure surfaces in Cenomanian-Santonian carbonate reservoirs in the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 36 (4): 335 - 362." type="journal article" year="2013">Rahimpour-Bonab et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
(as well as being mentioned, an illustration of “ 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FEBDFE3FA7DDC54A" box="[315,656,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FEBDFE3FA7C5C54A" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[315,648,489,513]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">Pseudorhipidionina bingistani</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
may be 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FD6AFE3CA44DC569" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FD6AFE3CA44DC569" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FE9EFDDCA75DC569" author="Jamalpour, M. &amp; Hamdi, B. &amp; Armoon, A." box="[280,528,522,546]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="806 - 821" refId="ref85023" refString="Jamalpour, M., Hamdi, B. &amp; Armoon, A., 2017. Lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Sarvak Formation in Wells No. 2, 16 and 66 of Rag-e-Safid Oilfield in the Southwest of Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 7: 806 - 821." type="journal article" year="2017">Jamalpour et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FDA6FDDCA5AFC508" author="Rikhtegarzadeh, M. &amp; Vaziri, S. H. &amp; Aleali, M. &amp; Amiri Bakhtiar, H. &amp; Jahani, D." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="413 - 428" refId="ref94962" refString="Rikhtegarzadeh, M., Vaziri, S. H., Aleali, M., Amiri Bakhtiar, H. &amp; Jahani, D., 2017. Microbiostratigraphy, Microfacies and Depositional Environment of the Sarvak and Ilam Formations in the Gachsaran Oilfield, southwest Iran. Micropaleontology, 63 (6): 413 - 428." type="journal article" year="2017">Rikhtegarzadeh et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FF70FDFDA4AEC508" author="Omidi, R. &amp; Sadeghi, A. &amp; Hosseini-Barzi, M. &amp; Baskalayeh, N. A." box="[246,483,555,579]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="23 - 44" refId="ref91969" refString="Omidi, R., Sadeghi, A., Hosseini-Barzi, M. &amp; Baskalayeh, N. A., 2021. New findings in biostratigraphy of the Sarvak and Ilam formations of Abteymour Oil Field (Dezful Embayment). Journal of Straigraphy and Sedimentology Researches University of Isfahan, 37 (1): 23 - 44." type="journal article" year="2021">Omidi et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FE7EFDFDA7B3C508" author="Mohajer, M. D. &amp; Afghah, M. &amp; Dehghanian, M. &amp; Zakariaii, S. J. S." box="[504,766,555,579]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="877 - 902" refId="ref90404" refString="Mohajer, M. D., Afghah, M., Dehghanian, M., &amp; Zakariaii, S. J. S., 2022 a. Biozonation of Foraminifera and Oligosteginids of Late Albian-Middle Turonian at south flank of Khumi Anticline (East of Izeh Zone). Advanced Applications in Geology, 11 (4): 877 - 902." type="journal article" year="2022">Mohajer et al. (2022a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FF11FD9AA592C52F" author="Mohajer, M. D. &amp; Afghah, M. &amp; Dehghanian, M. &amp; Zakariaii, S. J. S." box="[151,223,588,612]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="37 - 40" refId="ref90470" refString="Mohajer, M. D., Afghah, M., Dehghanian, M., &amp; Zakariaii, S. J. S., 2022 b. Biozonation, microfacies analysis and depositional environment of the Cenomanian sediments (Sarvak Formation) in South Zagros Basin (SW Iran). Carbonates and Evaporites, 37 - 40, https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13146 - 022 - 00786 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2022">2022b</bibRefCitation>
); and Ashgari et al. (2022); but also see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD0AFD9AA450C5CE" author="Kiarostami, K. &amp; Baghbani, D. &amp; Aleali, S. M. &amp; Aghanabati, S. A. &amp; Parandavar, M." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="155 - 164" refId="ref86516" refString="Kiarostami, K., Baghbani, D., Aleali, S. M., Aghanabati, S. A. &amp; Parandavar, M., 2019. Investigation of lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic of the Sarvak Formation at type section. Geosciences, 29 (113): 155 - 164." type="journal article" year="2019">Kiarostami et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FED3FDBBA7D1C5CE" author="Dehghanian, M. &amp; Afghah, M." box="[341,668,621,645]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="37" refId="ref79391" refString="Dehghanian, M. &amp; Afghah, M., 2021. Foraminiferal paleoecology of Sarvak Formation (Cenomanian) in the east of Shiraz, interior Fars, Zagros Basin, Iran. Carbonates and Evaporties, 36: 37, https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13146 - 021 - 00690 - 0" type="journal article" year="2021">Dehghanian &amp; Afghah (2021)</bibRefCitation>
for illustrated records but where identification is at best uncertain. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FF11FD79A429C58C" author="Mohammed, Q. A." box="[151,356,687,711]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="57 - 64" refId="ref90646" refString="Mohammed, Q. A., 2005. Systematic description of Soritidae from Cenomanian in Iraq. Iraqi Geological Journal, 34 - 38 (1): 57 - 64." type="journal article" year="2005">Mohammed (2005</bibRefCitation>
as “ 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FE26FD79A64EC58C" box="[416,771,687,711]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FE26FD79A7B1C58C" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[416,764,687,711]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">Pseudorhapydionina casertana</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
and 2007) recorded and illustrated 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FDB4FD04A78CC5A2" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[562,705,722,745]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FDB4FD04A78CC5A2" box="[562,705,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8FA245FF79FD24A467C442" box="[255,298,754,777]" name="Iraq" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(alongside the invalidated 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FDE4FD25A7A7C441" box="[610,746,754,778]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="tubaensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FDE4FD25A7A7C441" box="[610,746,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. tubaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– see above) but 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FEBDFCC5A7E7C460" author="Consorti, L. &amp; Schlagintweit, F." box="[315,682,787,811]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="515 - 517" refId="ref77525" refString="Consorti, L. &amp; Schlagintweit, F., 2021 b. Taxonomic reassessment of four larger benthic Foraminifera (soritoids and orbitolinids) described from the Lower to mid-Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of Iraq. Micropaleontology, 67 (5): 515 - 517." type="journal article" year="2021">Consorti &amp; Schlagintweit (2021b)</bibRefCitation>
thought (though more equivocally) the illustration was more likely to be 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FF71FC80A432C426" box="[247,383,854,877]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FF71FC80A432C426" box="[247,383,854,877]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Al Dulaimi et al. (2013) illustrate 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FF11FCA1A46DC4C5" baseAuthorityName="De Castro" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[151,288,887,910]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FF11FCA1A46DC4C5" box="[151,288,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mishrif Formation (undifferentiated late Cenomanian – early Turonian) of the well Nasiriyah-2 from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8FA245FE0AFC6FA4F7C49B" box="[396,442,953,976]" name="Iraq" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Iraq</collectingCountry>
. However, another specimen referred to “ 
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FEA1FC0FA730C4BA" box="[295,637,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FEA1FC0FA73BC4BA" box="[295,630,985,1009]" class="Globothalamea" family="Cuneolinidae" genus="Pseudotextulariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">Pseudotextulariella casertana</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
from West Qurna-215 is actually 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FE0CFC2DA75EC359" baseAuthorityName="Henson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[394,531,1018,1042]" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="bingistani">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FE0CFC2DA75EC359" box="[394,531,1018,1042]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">P. bingistani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An unillustrated record from southern 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8FA245FEF7FBCAA4D1C378" box="[369,412,1052,1075]" name="Iraq" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Iraq</collectingCountry>
is that of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD98FBCDA5AFC31F" author="Al-Salihi, A. &amp; Ibrahim, Y. K." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="196 - 207" refId="ref71294" refString="Al-Salihi, A. &amp; Ibrahim, Y. K., 2023. Larger Foraminifera of Middle and Late Cenomanian (Biostrome Association), Southern Iraq. Iraqi Geological Journal, 56 (1 A): 196 - 207." type="journal article" year="2023">Al-Salihi &amp; Ibrahim (2023)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A0FF8FA245FF11FB8BA714C277" blockId="86.[151,772,158,1340]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">
Unconfirmed (by lack of illustration or uncertain illustration) occurrences are also recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8FA245FDEDFBA9A7E7C3DC" box="[619,682,1151,1175]" name="Egypt" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD38FBA9A582C3F3" author="Orabi, O. H." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="281 - 291" refId="ref92289" refString="Orabi, O. H., 1992. Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in Wadi Watir, southeastern Sinai, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 15 (2): 281 - 291." type="journal article" year="1992">Orabi, 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FF5AFB76A4D3C3F3" author="Orabi, O. H. &amp; Osman, R. A. &amp; El Qot, G. M. &amp; Afify, A. M." box="[220,414,1184,1208]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="303 - 312" refId="ref92334" refString="Orabi, O. H., Osman, R. A., El Qot, G. M., &amp; Afify, A. M., 2012. Biostratigraphy and stepwise extinctions of the larger foraminifera during Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Gebel Um Horeiba (Mittla Pass), west-central Sinai, Egypt. Revue de Paleobiologie, 31 (2): 303 - 312." type="journal article" year="2012">Orabi et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FE2CFB76A7D3C3F3" author="Shahin, A. &amp; Elbaz, S." box="[426,670,1184,1208]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="249 - 283" refId="ref98465" refString="Shahin, A. &amp; Elbaz, S., 2013. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography of Cenomanian - Lower Turonian shallow marine carbonate platform in west central Sinai, Egypt. Micropaleontology, 59 (2 - 3): 249 - 283." type="journal article" year="2013">Shahin &amp; Elbaz, 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FD2CFB76A47EC392" author="Orabi, O. H. &amp; Hamad, M. M." pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="463 - 476" refId="ref92195" refString="Orabi, O. H. &amp; Hamad, M. M., 2018. Biostratigraphic implications of the Cenomanian larger benthic foraminifera of Gebel Arief El Naqa, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 62: 463 - 476." type="journal article" year="2018">Orabi &amp; Hamad, 2018</bibRefCitation>
); and offshore Dubai (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FDBAFB17A7BAC392" author="Menegatti, A." box="[572,759,1217,1241]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" refId="ref89441" refString="Menegatti, A., 2004. Biostratigraphy, sedimentology and high resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Mishrif Formation, Dubai. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen." type="book" year="2004">Menegatti, 2004</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B51FF8FA245FF11FB34A4CAC3B1" author="Dufaure, P. &amp; Fourcade, E. &amp; Massa, B." box="[151,391,1250,1274]" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" pagination="665 - 670" refId="ref79818" refString="Dufaure, P., Fourcade, E. &amp; Massa, B., 1984. Reality of Trans-Saharan marine communications between the Tethys and the Atlantic during Upper Cretaceous times. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 298 (15): 665 - 670." type="journal article" year="1984">Dufaure et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
reported – unillustrated – “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FD41FB35A47AC250" authority="De Castro, 1971" authorityName="De Castro" authorityYear="1971" class="Tubothalamea" family="Soritidae" genus="Pseudorhipidionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Miliolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FD41FB35A47AC250" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Pseudorhipidionina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ex 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FEE8FAD2A49AC250" box="[366,471,1284,1307]" class="Globothalamea" family="Cuneolinidae" genus="Pseudotextulariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Loftusiida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="casertana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FEE8FAD2A49AC250" box="[366,471,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">casertana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D23FF8FA245FE6CFAD2A71FC250" box="[490,594,1284,1307]" class="Globothalamea" family="Lituolidae" genus="Praerhapydionina" kingdom="Chromista" order="Lituolida" pageId="86" pageNumber="125" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="murgiana">
<emphasis id="B938EAB2FF8FA245FE6CFAD2A71FC250" box="[490,594,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">murgiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” from the middle – late Cenomanian of southeast 
<collectingCountry id="F35B7630FF8FA245FD92FAF2A71EC277" box="[532,595,1316,1340]" name="Libya" pageId="86" pageNumber="125">Libya</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>