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<mods:title id="ADFA0121DA2E415D9C36DC69F6CCE012">Towards identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 2. Checklists and keys to six archaeococcoid families</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D687D0FFAB985519E8C95DFD9CE01D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6343183" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193890902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6343183" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687D0FFAB985519E8C95DFD9CE01D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687D0FFAB985519E8C95DFD9CE01D" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFAB985719E8C95DFD6FE266" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719E8C95DFDCEE21E" blockId="13.[151,636,772,798]" box="[151,636,772,798]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<heading id="D08881AAFFAB985719E8C95DFDCEE21E" bold="true" box="[151,636,772,798]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719E8C95DFDCEE21E" bold="true" box="[151,636,772,798]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFAB98571988C95DFDCEE21E" authority="Morrison" box="[247,636,772,798]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">MATSUCOCCIDAE Morrison</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719E8C915FD6FE266" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" box="[151,733,844,871]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719E8C915FED0E267" bold="true" box="[151,354,844,871]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Common names:</emphasis>
Pine bast scales or matsucoccids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFAB985719B8C928FE0CE737" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719B8C928FE81E2F6" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719B8C928FED6E28B" bold="true" box="[199,356,881,907]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Background:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFAB98571812C929FDA7E28A" box="[365,533,880,906]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
is a small, ancient family represented as fossils in amber; today there are two genera containing 43 species. They are most abundant in the northern hemisphere, including North Africa, but several species occur in
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFAB985718FDC9E1FE5BE2D2" box="[386,489,952,978]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571887C9E1FD37E2D3" author="Foldi, I." box="[504,645,952,979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" pagination="145 - 168" refId="ref29132" refString="Foldi, I. (2005 b) The Matsucoccidae in the Mediterranean basin with a world list of species (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 40 (2), 145 - 168. [2004] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2004.10697412" type="journal article" year="2005">Foldi 2005b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571BEEC9E0FC71E2D3" author="Garcia Morales, M. &amp; Denno, B. D. &amp; Miller, D. R. &amp; Miller, G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y. &amp; Hardy, N. B." box="[657,963,952,979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref29245" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. &amp; Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 12 January 2022) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118." type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571A38C9E0FCCDE2D2" box="[839,895,952,978]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). No matsucoccids have been found south of the Sahara.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719B8CE59FB88E587" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719B8CE59FE18E51A" bold="true" box="[199,426,1024,1050]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Appearance in life:</emphasis>
Matsucoccids live on or under conifer bark or on the needles, but adult females are usually found wandering on the host when seeking a mate. Adult female body elongate oval,
<quantity id="4C879B23FFAB98571D16CE7CFB75E53F" box="[1129,1223,1061,1087]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">37 mm</quantity>
long, red / green / brown; a white filamentous ovisac is usually produced from the posterior end of the abdomen. Immature cysts are found under bark, inside needle fascicles or on needle surfaces (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571A1CCE35FB9CE587" author="Miller, D. &amp; Rung, A. &amp; Parikh, G. &amp; Venable, G. &amp; Redford, A. J. &amp; Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J." box="[867,1070,1132,1159]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
Miller
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571ACDCE34FC51E586" box="[946,995,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719B8CEC9FC95E4EF" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719B8CEC9FEC0E5AA" bold="true" box="[199,370,1168,1194]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Identification:</emphasis>
The best specimens for identification are young adult females just after the final moult, before the body has become distended with developing eggs. Adult female body (
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFAB98571AB1CEEDFBA3E5CF" box="[974,1041,1204,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[226,1352,181,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-23@14.[226,1362,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse, adult female, from Foldi (2005b: 150, Fig. 1), reproduced with permission from Annales de la Société entomologique de France." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332777/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) elongate, slightly broader posteriorly; anal opening indistinct. Antennae well developed, set quite close together on head to form a V shape. Antenna 9 segmented, often with reticulate cuticle; basal segment large, with base wider than apex; most other segments each with base narrower than apex. Derm membranous; mouthparts often reduced, occasionally absent; anal lobes not developed. Legs well developed, with coxa appearing divided longitudinally; tarsi each 2 segmented (with the proximal segment short); claw with 2 capitate digitules but no denticle. Thoracic and abdominal spiracles without pores in atria. Cicatrices present. Multilocular disc pores sometimes present, each with 2 central loculi; sometimes forming a ventral apical cluster around vulva. Immature cyst stage with 8 pairs of abdominal spiracles, mouthparts, and 1-segmented antennae but no legs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571B2ECF8DFCA9E4EF" author="Miller, D. &amp; Rung, A. &amp; Parikh, G. &amp; Venable, G. &amp; Redford, A. J. &amp; Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J." box="[593,795,1492,1519]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
Miller
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571BE0CF8CFD63E4EE" box="[671,721,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719B8CFA1FE0CE737" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719B8CFA1FE68E712" bold="true" box="[199,474,1528,1554]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Economic importance:</emphasis>
Many matsucoccid species can be pests in coniferous forests (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571DC8CFA1FAD3E713" author="McClure, M. S." box="[1207,1377,1528,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" pagination="789 - 795" refId="ref30864" refString="McClure, M. S. (1977) Population dynamics of the red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homoptera: Margarodidae): the influ- ence of resinosis. Environmental Entomology, 6, 789 - 795. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 6.6.789" type="journal article" year="1977">McClure 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571C0ECFA1FF60E737" author="Gill, R. J." pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref29506" refString="Gill, R. J. (1993) The Scale Insects of California. Part 2. The Minor Families (Homoptera: Coccoidea). California Department of Food &amp; Agriculture, Sacramento, California, 241 pp." type="book" year="1993">Gill 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB985719A3CC45FE00E737" author="Ahmed, M. Z. &amp; Ray, C. H. &amp; Moore, M. R. &amp; Miller, D. R." box="[220,434,1564,1591]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref28457" refString="Ahmed, M. Z., Ray, C. H., Moore, M. R. &amp; Miller, D. R. (2020) The Matsucoccus Cockerell, 1909 of Florida (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Matsucoccidae): potential pests of Florida pines. Insecta Mundi, 0810, 1 - 31." type="book chapter" year="2020">
Ahmed
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571849CC44FEDCE736" box="[310,366,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFAB985519B8CC19FD9CE01D" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFAB985719B8CC19FB08E67B" blockId="13.[151,1437,844,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985719B8CC19FE99E75A" bold="true" box="[199,299,1600,1626]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Biology:</emphasis>
Matsucoccids feed on coniferous trees, mostly
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFAB98571A25CC18FBC4E75B" box="[858,1142,1600,1627]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571A25CC18FC28E75A" box="[858,922,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Pinus</emphasis>
species (Pinaceae)
</taxonomicName>
but in
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFAB98571DB1CC19FA87E75A" box="[1230,1333,1600,1626]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Australia</collectingCountry>
they are found on
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFAB9857187DCC3DFEEAE77E" box="[258,344,1636,1662]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Agathis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB9857187DCC3DFEEAE77E" box="[258,344,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Agathis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFAB985718F2CC3CFD0BE77F" box="[397,697,1636,1663]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB985718F2CC3CFDB2E77F" box="[397,512,1637,1663]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Araucaria</emphasis>
(Araucariaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571BB8CC3DFC84E77F" author="Gill, R. J." box="[711,822,1636,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref29506" refString="Gill, R. J. (1993) The Scale Insects of California. Part 2. The Minor Families (Homoptera: Coccoidea). California Department of Food &amp; Agriculture, Sacramento, California, 241 pp." type="book" year="1993">Gill 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571A3ECC3DFBBBE77F" author="Miller, D. &amp; Rung, A. &amp; Parikh, G. &amp; Venable, G. &amp; Redford, A. J. &amp; Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J." box="[833,1033,1636,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
Miller
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571AF1CC3CFC0DE77E" box="[910,959,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Reproduction is usually sexual but some species use parthenogenesis. Most species have one generation a year, but a few species have a two-year cycle (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB985719E0CCF4FEDCE7C7" author="Branco, M. &amp; Brito, O. &amp; Jactel, H. &amp; Mendel, Z. &amp; Franco, J. C." box="[159,366,1708,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" pagination="319 - 329" refId="ref28691" refString="Branco, M., Brito, O., Jactel, H., Mendel, Z. &amp; Franco, J. C. (2002) Seasonal history of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) in Portugal. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura, Milano, 33 (3), 319 - 329. [2001]" type="journal article" year="2002">
Branco
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571988CCF4FE9DE7C6" box="[247,303,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
) whereas some can have as many as 6 generations annually. The female has three developmental stages; the crawler and adult have legs, whereas the second-instar cyst does not. The adult female produces a white filamentous ovisac from the posterior end of the abdomen, into which she lays eggs. Crawlers leave the ovisac and settle under the bark before moulting to the cyst stage, which eventually moults to the adult. The male has five instars, of which the second is a legless cyst stage; the third stage is a mobile pre-pupa, which may relocate before forming a wax cocoon in which the pupa and adult complete development (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFAB98571A9CCD39FB1CE67B" author="Miller, D. &amp; Rung, A. &amp; Parikh, G. &amp; Venable, G. &amp; Redford, A. J. &amp; Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J." box="[995,1198,1888,1915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. &amp; Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
Miller
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFAB98571D4DCD38FBD1E67A" box="[1074,1123,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF00664EFFA8985419E8CDC1FD30E6D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6332777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332777/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" startId="14.[151,250,1944,1968]" targetBox="[226,1352,181,1908]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA8985419E8CDC1FD30E6D4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1944,2004]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA8985419E8CDC1FEA6E6B0" bold="true" box="[151,276,1944,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA898541863CDC0FDEBE6B0" authority="Ducasse" authorityName="Ducasse" authorityYear="1941" box="[284,601,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feytaudi">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA898541863CDC0FE48E6B0" box="[284,506,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Matsucoccus feytaudi</emphasis>
Ducasse
</taxonomicName>
, adult female, from
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA898541A54CDC1FC54E6B0" author="Foldi, I." box="[811,998,1944,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" pagination="145 - 168" refId="ref29132" refString="Foldi, I. (2005 b) The Matsucoccidae in the Mediterranean basin with a world list of species (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 40 (2), 145 - 168. [2004] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2004.10697412" type="journal article" year="2005">Foldi (2005b: 150</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 1), reproduced with permission from Annales de la Société entomologique de France.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA9985519E8CACFFB20E1B1" blockId="15.[151,1170,150,177]" box="[151,1170,150,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<heading id="D08881AAFFA9985519E8CACFFB20E1B1" box="[151,1170,150,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA9985519E8CACFFC1CE1B0" bold="true" box="[151,942,150,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
Checklist and distributions of
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA998551B7FCACFFD03E1B0" box="[512,689,150,176]" class="Insecta" family="Matsucoccidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Matsucoccidae</taxonomicName>
in continental Africa
</emphasis>
(1 genus, 2 species)
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA9985519E8CA86FC96E1F8" blockId="15.[151,804,222,285]" box="[151,804,222,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA9985519E8CA86FE46E1F9" authority="Ducasse" authorityName="Ducasse" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,500,222,249]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="feytaudi">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA9985519E8CA86FE38E1F8" box="[151,394,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Matsucoccus feytaudi</emphasis>
Ducasse
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA998551883CA87FDE1E1F8" box="[508,595,222,248]" name="Algeria" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Algeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA998551B21CA86FD74E1F9" box="[606,710,223,249]" name="Morocco" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA998551BAECA87FC96E1F8" box="[721,804,222,248]" name="Tunisia" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA9985519E8CB5AFD9CE01D" blockId="15.[151,804,222,285]" box="[151,558,258,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA9985519E8CB5AFE0CE01C" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" box="[151,446,258,284]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Matsucoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pini">
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA9985519E8CB5AFEEEE01C" box="[151,348,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Matsucoccus pini</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA9985518B6CB5AFD9CE01D" box="[457,558,259,285]" name="Morocco" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Morocco</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>