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<document id="808BE942114469BA7FED233D50D90F2D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Emballonura raffrayana Dobson 1879" docType="treatment" docVersion="22" lastPageNumber="360" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="359" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="745722C33071FD047A698F2C051DD0DE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B5A0AFFCD3227AD0C7AE993B3DF2AAF5">
<mods:title id="1C21B53CA501B394244F89AE2FBAF0B9">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="D7F9836101CF89EDD012BDF84CD697B7">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2AB647A91E2B23DD7C4E0D8E2EB8B571">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="53C465257038240543C053C85A61A76F">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="25289E3370EAAFF2320B606232254F7C" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="5E36A5B7CD3184B4A0D24AED238D57CE">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="411CEB627BFB9544BFCCB452ED64EE94">
<mods:placeTerm id="2D217FE30B126006257041628078025B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:roleTerm id="51D0D761F1ABA7A3CD5E7F6A5432D767">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="90FE7CB22313081577859CF52A4D546D">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E53A81C9798DEF85F2F48A1FF27B9159">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo id="197A0DDAD7A7C713F22B09174A89D9BD">
<mods:title id="9E61EBFAD2F682C747C7890DB34B9EA5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="886C23744BA2FE7C8128A1684031FF46">
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<mods:classification id="619F651DCA5251F4E48E36D22A2847C3">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="581B76923D8BADE4F35E5ADEB2896E61" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8F3AB57D20128A2D397774E6FC0FA5AA" type="GBIF-Dataset">34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="23E32E21BF29943B6D7F2DA49D11B181" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1A1E0189073CE82F9E3B3500B552D5E4" type="Zenodo-Dep">3740269</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810723" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435160" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810723" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF8C23D4CF548F791" box="[1895,2736,2107,2168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C23D4CF548F791" blockId="10.[1895,3422,2107,2168]" box="[1895,2736,2107,2168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<figureCitation id="13472A61FFC54C0EF8C23D4CF855F791" box="[1895,1965,2107,2168]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[178,221,4453,4480]" captionTargetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 22. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura furati); 23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura beccarti); 24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura dianae); 25. Seri'sSheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura sertii); 26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata); 27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura tiavato); 28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura atrata); 29. African Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura afra); 30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura seychellensis); 31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura kibomalandy); 32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens); 33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat (Cormura brevirostris); 34. Gray Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx plicata); 35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx io); 36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx infusca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">21</figureCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF86A3D4CF548F791" box="[1999,2736,2107,2168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF5483D4CF2A6F791" box="[2797,3422,2107,2168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF5483D4CF2A6F791" blockId="10.[1895,3422,2107,2168]" box="[2797,3422,2107,2168]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF5483D4CF2A6F791" ID-CoL="39FGP" authority="Dobson, 1879" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1879" box="[2797,3422,2107,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raffrayana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5483D4CF2A6F791" box="[2797,3422,2107,2168]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Emballonura raffrayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF8C33DF0F2C9F74B" box="[1894,3377,2183,2210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C33DF0F2C9F74B" blockId="10.[1894,3377,2183,2210]" box="[1894,3377,2183,2210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
French: Emballonure
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF72F3DF0F754F74B" box="[2186,2220,2183,2210]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">de</emphasis>
Raffray / German: Raffray-reischwanzfledermaus /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4D63DF0F414F74B" bold="true" box="[2931,3052,2183,2210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Spanish</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4593DF0F331F74B" box="[3068,3273,2183,2210]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Embalonuro de</emphasis>
Raffray
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF5383D9BF44AF6AF" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF5383D9BF44AF6AF" blockId="10.[2714,3518,2284,2852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5383D9BF48AF6FA" bold="true" box="[2717,2930,2284,2323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5383D9BF492F6FA" box="[2717,2922,2284,2323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Taxonomy</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF46F3D9BF453F6AF" ID-CoL="39FGP" authority="Dobson, 1879" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raffrayana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF46F3D9BF246F6FA" box="[3018,3518,2284,2323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">EtnôaAEbnura raffrayana</emphasis>
Dobson, 1879
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF4613C68F25DF60E" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF4613C68F25DF60E" blockId="10.[2714,3518,2284,2852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4613C68F42DF6AF" bold="true" box="[3012,3029,2335,2374]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">“</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFC54C0EF4703C68F26EF60E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781808" country="Indonesia" location="Gilolo Island. &quot; Corrected by O. Thomas in 1914 as &quot; Mefor Island, [= Numfor Island] Geelvink Bay, Western New Guinea" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="West Papua" typeStatus="type">
<location id="8EA3603FFFC54C0EF4703C68F471F60E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F:8EA3603FFFC54C0EF4703C68F471F60E" country="Indonesia" name="Gilolo Island. &quot; Corrected by O. Thomas in 1914 as &quot; Mefor Island, [= Numfor Island] Geelvink Bay, Western New Guinea" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" stateProvince="West Papua">
Gilolo Island.” Corrected
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5383C21F532F694" box="[2717,2762,2390,2429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">by</emphasis>
O. Thomas in 1914 as “Mefor Island, [= Numfor Island] Geelvink Bay,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF2853CFDF50BF60E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Western New</emphasis>
Guinea
</location>
[=
<collectingRegion id="49B8F806FFC54C0EF4603CB7F35EF60E" box="[3013,3238,2496,2535]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4603CB7F3DAF60E" box="[3013,3106,2496,2535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">West</emphasis>
Papua
</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFC54C0EF31D3CB7F278F60E" box="[3256,3456,2496,2535]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
].
</materialsCitation>
”
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF5393C82F250F555" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF5393C82F250F555" blockId="10.[2714,3518,2284,2852]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">D. J. Colgan and S. Soheili in 2008 suggested that the New Ireland population might represent an undescribed subspecies. Three subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF5393FBDF4C7F388" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF03666CFFC54C0EF5393FBDF4C7F388" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749234" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749234/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" targetBox="[1889,2686,2283,2842]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF5393FBDF340F518" blockId="10.[2714,3518,2284,2852]" box="[2716,3256,2762,2801]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5393FBDF340F518" bold="true" box="[2716,3256,2762,2801]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF53F3F8AF669F467" blockId="10.[2714,3518,2284,2852]" lastBlockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF53F3F8AF337F4CD" authority="Dobson, 1878" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1878" box="[2714,3279,2813,2852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Etnoaaebnura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="raffrayana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF53F3F8AF44DF4CD" box="[2714,2997,2813,2852]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">E. r. raffrayana</emphasis>
Dobson, 1878
</taxonomicName>
— Moluccas
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8CD3E46F88CF4B1" bold="true" box="[1896,1908,2865,2904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
Halmahera, Gebe, Ambon) and New Guinea, including Schouten Is
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3023E46F34BF4B1" bold="true" box="[3239,3251,2865,2904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
Biak, Supiori, and Numfor Is), and Yapen I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C73EECF674F3C5" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF8C73EECF6F1F42B" authority="Thomas, 1915" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1890,2313,2971,3010]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Etnoaaebnura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="cor">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C73EECF80BF42B" box="[1890,2035,2971,3010]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">E. r. cor</emphasis>
Thomas, 1915
</taxonomicName>
— Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland and Tabar and Lihir
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF2393EECF242F42B" bold="true" box="[3484,3514,2971,3010]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Is</emphasis>
groups) and Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, and Guadalcanal Is).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C7394DF4C7F388" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" box="[1890,2879,3130,3169]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C7394DF87DF388" box="[1890,1925,3130,3169]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">E.</emphasis>
r. stresemanniThomas, 1914 - Moluccas (Seram I).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EF8C7391AF2AFF14F" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C7391AF2AFF14F" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C7391AF74BF37D" bold="true" box="[1890,2227,3181,3220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 37-5-58 mm, tail 10-
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF488391AF4BCF37D" bold="true" box="[2861,2884,3181,3220]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">5</emphasis>
-14 mm, ear 11-17 mm, hindfoot 5 9 mm, forearm 37-5-47-2 mm; weight 4-2-10-2 g. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C739AFF801F316" box="[1890,2041,3288,3327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">sexually</emphasis>
dimorphic in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF6B639AFF68AF316" box="[2323,2418,3288,3327]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">body</emphasis>
size; females tend to be larger than males. There is also variation among subspecies, with corfrom Bismark Archipelago consistently larger on average in body measurements than
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF5893835F51CF280" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1879" box="[2604,2788,3394,3433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Etnoaaebnura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="raffrayana">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5893835F51CF280" box="[2604,2788,3394,3433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">raffrayana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from New Guinea.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3C13835F334F280" box="[3172,3276,3394,3433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Long</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3473835F2CFF280" box="[3298,3383,3394,3433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">silky</emphasis>
dorsal fur consists of bicolored hairs: red-brown to dark brown hairs over white bases. Venter is pale gray-brown, with scattered white hairs and some white frosting on hair tips. Exposed skin including flight membranes is blackish brown. Claws on hindfeet are bicolored: brown at bases,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF6C63B62F64DF1D5" bold="true" box="[2403,2485,3605,3644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">with</emphasis>
white tips. Narrow ear rises
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF47F3B62F39AF1D5" box="[3034,3170,3605,3644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">slightly</emphasis>
above crown and terminates in rounded margin. Median channel separates nostrils. Muzzle is nearly hairless. Eyes are conspicuous and larger than most other species of
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3CB3B08F351F14F" box="[3182,3241,3711,3750]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Em</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF36D3B08F2A9F14F" box="[3272,3409,3711,3750]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">zöonura</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0FF8C73BC3FDDBFDC1" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C73BC3F299F132" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" box="[1890,3425,3764,3803]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C73BC3F809F132" box="[1890,2033,3764,3803]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Habitat</emphasis>
. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat occupies limestone caves and mining tunnels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C43B9EF604F0AD" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C43B9EF732F0F9" bold="true" box="[1889,2250,3817,3856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C43B9EF73AF0F9" box="[1889,2242,3817,3856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is insectivorous and is believed to use aerial feeding and foliage-gleaning.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8C73A25F614EFFE" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C73A25F7E9F090" box="[1890,2065,3922,3961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Breeding</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF7823A25F720F090" box="[2087,2264,3922,3961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Breeding</emphasis>
groups Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bats consist of males, females, and dependent young
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF71A3AF1F664F044" box="[2239,2460,3974,4013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">individually</emphasis>
spaced a few centimeters apart. In Papua New Guinea, females
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF85B3ACCF7B6F00B" bold="true" box="[2046,2126,4027,4066]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">with</emphasis>
nursing young are known from May in Sandaun (
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3BE3ACCF38FF00B" box="[3099,3191,4027,4066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">West</emphasis>
Sepik) Province andJune in New Ireland Province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EF8FA2552F3F3EF69" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8FA2552F75BEFA5" bold="true" box="[1887,2211,4133,4172]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF54B2552F433EFA5" box="[2798,3019,4133,4172]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">presumably</emphasis>
crepuscular.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3772552F309EFA5" bold="true" box="[3282,3313,4133,4172]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">It</emphasis>
roosts on vertical walls with all four appendages in contact with substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0FF8C425F8FDDBFDC1" blockId="10.[1887,3515,2865,4330]" lastBlockId="11.[192,1817,353,924]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8C425F8F4F2EF5F" bold="true" box="[1889,2826,4239,4278]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
All male groups of
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3DC25F8F2E4EF5F" bold="true" box="[3193,3356,4239,4278]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Raffray’s</emphasis>
Sheathtailed Bats are reported from Sandaun
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5EB25B4F500EF03" box="[2638,2808,4291,4330]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Province</emphasis>
. Roosting groups typically consisting of 10-30 individuals, but
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFD313415FC82FE60" box="[660,890,354,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">occasionally</emphasis>
solitary individuals are found. They often cohabit cave
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFE8534E0FE54FE57" box="[288,428,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">twilight</emphasis>
zones with other species of emballonurids including Small
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FF9B134E0F985FE57" box="[1556,1661,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Asian</emphasis>
Sheathtailed Bats
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFE0534BBFDA5FE1A" box="[416,605,460,499]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC44C0FFE0834BBFDB2FE1A" authorityName="Eydoux &amp; P. Gervais" authorityYear="1836" box="[429,586,460,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alecto">E. alecto</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFB7634BBFA50FE1A" box="[1235,1448,460,499]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC44C0FFB4534BBFA6DFE1A" authorityName="Hill in Wolff" authorityYear="1956" box="[1248,1429,460,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dianae">E. dianae</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
and Seri’s Sheathtailed Bat (
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC44C0FFE373776FDE8FDC1" authorityName="Flannery" authorityYear="1994" box="[402,528,513,552]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="360" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serii">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFE373776FE48FDC1" box="[402,432,513,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFE613776FDE8FDC1" box="[452,528,513,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">serii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFDB53776FDDBFDC1" box="[528,547,513,552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF03666CFFC54C0EFF172412F66BEDF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" targetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF172412F66BEDF7" blockId="10.[175,3510,4423,4649]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFF172412FE97EE69" box="[178,367,4453,4480]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Orbignya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="following">On following</taxonomicName>
pages: 22. New
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFDC92412FD2AEE69" box="[620,722,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Guinea</emphasis>
Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC472412FC14EE69" box="[994,1004,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFC492412FB5BEE69" box="[1004,1187,4453,4480]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emballonura</taxonomicName>
furati
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB5B2412FAFDEE69" box="[1278,1285,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF9792412F91EEE69" box="[1756,1766,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF9432412F865EE69" box="[1766,1949,4453,4480]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emballonura</taxonomicName>
beccarti
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF7BA2412F7DEEE69" box="[2079,2086,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF58C2412F5CBEE69" box="[2601,2611,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF5962412F4A9EE69" authorityName="Hill in Wolff" authorityYear="1956" box="[2611,2897,4453,4480]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dianae">Emballonura dianae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4F42412F49BEE69" box="[2897,2915,4453,4480]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
25. Seri'sSheath-tailed
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF36B2412FF44EE5C" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Bat (</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFF1924EDFE8DEE5C" box="[188,373,4506,4533]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emballonura</taxonomicName>
sertii
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFE1E24EDFE34EE5C" box="[443,460,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFCD824EDFC7FEE5C" box="[893,903,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFC2224EDFB07EE5C" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[903,1279,4506,4533]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudata">
Emballonura
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFBE224EDFB07EE5C" box="[1095,1279,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">semicaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB5A24EDFAEBEE5C" box="[1279,1299,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF97F24EDF91CEE5C" box="[1754,1764,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF94124EDF7C8EE5C" baseAuthorityName="Goodman, Cardiff, Ranivo, Russell &amp; Yoder" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1764,2096,4506,4533]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Paremballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tiavato">
Paremballonura
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF87624EDF7C8EE5C" box="[2003,2096,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">tiavato</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF79524EDF7BAEE5C" box="[2096,2114,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF5AD24EDF5EAEE5C" box="[2568,2578,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF5B724EDF4AAEE5C" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[2578,2898,4506,4533]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Paremballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrata">Paremballonura atrata</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF4F724EDF49CEE5C" box="[2898,2916,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
29. African Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF2BA24EDF2D1EE5C" box="[3359,3369,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF28C24EDFF13EE00" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1852" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Coleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="afra">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF28C24EDF262EE5C" box="[3369,3482,4506,4533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Coleura</emphasis>
afra
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF4E24B9FF04EE00" box="[235,252,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFD4E24B9FD0DEE00" box="[747,757,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFD5024B9FBD3EE00" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[757,1067,4558,4585]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Coleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seychellensis">Coleura seychellensis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB8E24B9FBC7EE00" box="[1067,1087,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF9E724B9F9B4EE00" box="[1602,1612,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF9E924B9F884EE00" box="[1612,1916,4558,4585]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Coleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kibomalandy">Coleura kibomalandy</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF8D924B9F876EE00" box="[1916,1934,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF68324B9F5BCEE00" box="[2342,2628,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF69524B9F5C8EE00" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[2352,2608,4558,4585]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Mosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrescens">Mosia nigrescens</taxonomicName>
);
</emphasis>
33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF3AF24B9F2A9EE00" box="[3082,3409,4558,4585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF3B124B9F2C6EE00" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[3092,3390,4558,4585]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Cormura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">Cormura brevirostris</taxonomicName>
);
</emphasis>
34. Gray Sac-winged Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFD8F2774FDCCEDF7" box="[554,564,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFD912774FC95EDF7" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[564,877,4611,4638]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Balantiopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plicata">Balantiopteryx plicata</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFCC82774FC87EDF7" box="[877,895,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">);</emphasis>
35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFAE62774FAB5EDF7" box="[1347,1357,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFAE82774F9D9EDF7" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[1357,1569,4611,4638]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Balantiopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Balantiopteryx</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF98F2774F9ABEDF7" box="[1578,1619,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">io);</emphasis>
36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF7962774F7C5EDF7" box="[2099,2109,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">(</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF7982774F67DEDF7" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[2109,2437,4611,4638]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Balantiopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infusca">Balantiopteryx infusca</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF6202774F66BEDF7" box="[2437,2451,4611,4638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">).</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC44C0FFF673740FCECFCDB" pageId="11" pageNumber="360" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC44C0FFF673740FCECFCDB" blockId="11.[192,1817,353,924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFF673740FD67FDB7" bold="true" box="[194,671,567,606]" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFF673740FD6FFDB7" box="[194,663,567,606]" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFAB53740FAB6FDB7" box="[1296,1358,567,606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">The</emphasis>
IUCN
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFA6B3740F99EFDB7" box="[1486,1638,567,606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Red List.</emphasis>
Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it does not face major threats. Beneficial conservation actions would include protection of roosting caves and use of acoustic surveys to improve understanding the distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC44C0FFF673630FB2EFC7F" pageId="11" pageNumber="360" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC44C0FFF673630FB2EFC7F" blockId="11.[192,1817,353,924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFF673630FE68FC8B" bold="true" box="[194,400,839,866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bonaccorso (1998), Colgan &amp; Soheili (2008),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFBFF3630FB20FC8B" box="[1114,1240,839,866]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Flannery</emphasis>
(1995a, 1995b), Leary &amp; Bonaccorso (2008),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFE94360CFE7EFC7F" box="[305,390,891,918]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">Smith</emphasis>
&amp; Hood (1981), Tate &amp; Archbold (1939
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC44C0FFC18360CFC35FC7F" box="[957,973,891,918]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="360">a</emphasis>
), Thomas (1914a).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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