427 lines
49 KiB
XML
427 lines
49 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FA1BFD914E4BFFF301A213AC33D4A44B">A revision of the comatulid genus Stephanometra AH Clark with a rediagnosis of the genus Lamprometra AH Clark (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFB8DBA33197D" ID-CoL="8G227" box="[151,342,1029,1055]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Stephanometra</taxonomicName>
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AH Clark, 1909
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFBD9BB95190A" box="[151,240,1105,1128]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Antedon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFBD9BB95190A" box="[151,240,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Antedon</emphasis>
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(part) Lütken, 1874:190 (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FDDAFBD8B9AA1905" author="Carpenter" box="[545,719,1104,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1879) On the genus Actinometra (Muller) with a morphological account of a new species, A. polymorpha, from the Philippine Islands. 1. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, (2) 2, 1 - 222, pl. 8." type="journal article" year="1879">Carpenter, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF6CFBF9B96419E5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1104,1352]" box="[151,513,1136,1160]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFBF9BA6519EA" box="[151,256,1137,1160]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFBF9BA6519EA" box="[151,256,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Comatula</emphasis>
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(part)
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FEB3FBF8BA9819E5" author="Smith" box="[328,509,1136,1159]" page="406" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1876">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FEB3FBF8BAA819E5" author="Smith" box="[328,461,1136,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Smith, E. A. 1876. Diagnosis of new species of Echinodermata from the island of Rodriguez. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 17, 406." type="journal article" year="1876">Smith, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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:406
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF6CFB19B93519C5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1104,1352]" box="[151,592,1168,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFB19BA4319CA" ID-CoL="8FYVV" box="[151,294,1169,1192]" class="Crinoidea" family="Himerometridae" genus="Himerometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFB19BA4319CA" box="[151,294,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Himerometra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(part) AH
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FE60FB18B92919C5" author="Clark" box="[411,588,1168,1191]" page="356" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FE60FB18B97819C5" author="Clark" box="[411,541,1168,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Clark, A. H. 1907. New genera of Recent free crinoids. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, 50, 343 - 364." type="journal article" year="1907">Clark, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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:356
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF6CFB39B92D19A5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1104,1352]" box="[151,584,1200,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6D1136FFEB7711FF6CFB39B92D19A5" box="[151,584,1200,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFB39BA4519AA" ID-CoL="87GTJ" box="[151,288,1201,1224]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Dichrometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFB39BA4519AA" box="[151,288,1201,1224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dichrometra</emphasis>
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(part) AH
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FE6EFB38B92119A5" author="Clark" box="[405,580,1200,1223]" page="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FE6EFB38B94319A5" author="Clark" box="[405,550,1200,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Clark, A. H. 1909 a. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
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:13
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6D1136FFEB7711FF6CFB59B9BF1865" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFB59BA5D198A" ID-CoL="8G227" box="[151,312,1233,1256]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFB59BA5D198A" box="[151,312,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanometra</emphasis>
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AH
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FE94FB58B9761985" author="Clark" box="[367,531,1232,1255]" page="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FE94FB58B9671985" author="Clark" box="[367,514,1232,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Clark, A. H. 1909 a. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
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:9
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1941:407–409.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FD21FB58B8EE1985" author="Gislen" box="[730,907,1232,1255]" page="59" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1924">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FD21FB58B80E1985" author="Gislen" box="[730,875,1232,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Gislen, T. 1924. Echinoderm studies. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 9, 1 - 316." type="journal article" year="1924">Gislén, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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||
:59
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 64, 66, 89, 99, 100, 235.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FB44FB58BEE81985" author="Zmarzly" box="[1215,1421,1232,1255]" page="352" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1985">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FB44FB58BE051985" author="Zmarzly" box="[1215,1376,1232,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. 1985. The shallow-water crinoid fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands: ecological observations, interatoll comparisons, and zoogeographic affinities. Pacific Science, 39 (4), 340 - 358." type="journal article" year="1985">Zmarzly, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:352
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
– 353.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FEF5FB78BA8D1865" author="Chen" box="[270,488,1264,1288]" page="78" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1988">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FEF5FB78BAAC1865" author="Chen" box="[270,457,1264,1288]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Chen, J. - C. Chang, K. - H. & Chen, C. - P. (1988) Shallow water crinoids of the Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 27 (2), 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">
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||
Chen
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||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FEB4FB79BAE0186A" box="[335,389,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:78
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FDF2FB78B9CF1865" author="Kogo" box="[521,682,1264,1287]" page="61" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1998">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FDF2FB78B9E91865" author="Kogo" box="[521,652,1264,1287]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Kogo, I. 1998. Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Osaka Museum of Natural History, 30, 1 - 148, figs. 49 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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:61
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</treatmentCitation>
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–63.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF6CFA99B8031825" blockId="2.[151,1436,1104,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6D1136FFEB7711FF6CFA99B8031825" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FF6CFA99BA4C184A" ID-CoL="a5789933-191a-4a55-978a-ce22cd331aac" box="[151,297,1297,1320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFA99BA4C184A" box="[151,297,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(part) HL
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FE5EFA98B9051845" author="Clark" box="[421,608,1296,1319]" page="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1915">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FE5EFA98B9501845" author="Clark" box="[421,565,1296,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, H. L. 1915 b. The comatulids of Torres Strait with special reference to their habits and reactions. Carnegie Institute of Washington publication, 212, 97 - 125." type="journal article" year="1915" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1915b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:104
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—AH
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FD4FFA98B83C1845" author="Clark" box="[692,857,1296,1319]" page="472" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1941">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FD4FFA98B8491845" author="Clark" box="[692,812,1296,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. H. 1941. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82) 1 (4 a), vii + 603, 61 pls." type="journal article" year="1941">Clark 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:472
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–475.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FC4BFA98BF871845" author="Utinomi" box="[944,1250,1296,1319]" page="274" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1965">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FC4BFA98BFD01845" author="Utinomi" box="[944,1205,1296,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Utinomi, H. & Kogo, I. 1965. On some comatulids from the coastal sea of Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 13 (4), 263 - 286." type="journal article" year="1965">Utinomi & Kogo, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:274
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–276.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FAC2FA98BA4C1825" author="Zmarzly" page="352" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FAC2FA98BB991825" author="Zmarzly" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. 1985. The shallow-water crinoid fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands: ecological observations, interatoll comparisons, and zoogeographic affinities. Pacific Science, 39 (4), 340 - 358." type="journal article" year="1985">Zmarzly, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:352
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FEB2FAB8B9401825" author="Chen" box="[329,549,1328,1352]" page="78" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FEB2FAB8B9601825" author="Chen" box="[329,517,1328,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="34" refString="Chen, J. - C. Chang, K. - H. & Chen, C. - P. (1988) Shallow water crinoids of the Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 27 (2), 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FE77FAB9BAA4182A" box="[396,449,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
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, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:78
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADC1009FFEB7711FDBDFAB8B9821825" author="Kogo" box="[582,743,1328,1351]" page="61" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1998">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FDBDFAB8B9AC1825" author="Kogo" box="[582,713,1328,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Kogo, I. 1998. Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Osaka Museum of Natural History, 30, 1 - 148, figs. 49 - 53." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
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:61
|
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</treatmentCitation>
|
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–63, 65–67.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3676593FFEB7711FF6CFAF1BAD71B9F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF6CFAF1B9581BE1" blockId="2.[151,1436,1401,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF6CFAF1BA6B18F0" box="[151,270,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. A genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FE5FFAF1B93518F1" box="[420,592,1401,1427]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Mariametridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
having the centrodorsal convex discoidal with gently sloping sides, and with cirrus sockets encroaching on aboral pole; brachitaxes well-separated; brachitaxis ossicles bearing rounded adambulacral processes oriented parallel or oblique to longitudinal axis of ossicle and producing characteristically scalloped or knobbed lateral margins; cirrals <40; distal cirrals with aboral ornamentation ranging from prominent spine to slight carination; one or more pairs of oral pinnules with reduced ambulacral groove, flattened articular facets, reduced tissue between pinnulars, conical tip and with LW of middle pinnulars 1.5–4.0; P2 of 8 to 18 pinnulars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF3EF91CBAD71B9F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1401,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF3EF91CBA841BCF" box="[197,481,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. From the Red Sea to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEB7711FD1FF91BB8281BCF" box="[740,845,1683,1709]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the west to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEB7711FBDBF91BBEF91BCF" box="[1056,1436,1683,1709]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Republic of the Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEB7711FF32F933BB971BB7" box="[201,242,1723,1749]" name="Fiji" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the east, including tropical
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEB7711FDADF933B9A41BB7" box="[598,705,1723,1749]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
as far south as the Capricorn Channel, Queensland, and as far north as southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEB7711FE93F96BBACB1B9F" box="[360,430,1763,1789]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3676593FFEB7711FF3EF884B90A1A47" box="[197,623,1803,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7711FF3EF884B90A1A47" blockId="2.[151,1436,1401,2036]" box="[197,623,1803,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF3EF884BAC51A47" box="[197,416,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bathymetric range</emphasis>
|
||
. Littoral to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7BFD91FFEB7711FDD7F883B90A1A47" box="[556,623,1803,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFEB7711FDD7F883B90E1A47" box="[556,619,1803,1829]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="62.0">62 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3676593FFEB7717FF3EF8BCB9C41883" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEB7710FF3EF8BCB9E71F4A" blockId="2.[151,1436,1401,2036]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FF3EF8BCBA4E1A2F" box="[197,299,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEB7711FE89F8BBB95A1A2F" author="Clark" box="[370,575,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. H. 1941. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82) 1 (4 a), vii + 603, 61 pls." type="journal article" year="1941">Clark (1941:407)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FD14F8BCB8FA1A2F" box="[751,927,1844,1869]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FD14F8BCB8FA1A2F" box="[751,927,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other mariametrid genera chiefly on the basis of “one or more of the oral pinnules enlarged, greatly stiffened, sharp pointed, and spinelike…” His diagnosis of the most closely similar genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FD5AF80CB8241AFF" box="[673,833,1924,1949]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FD5AF80CB8241AFF" box="[673,833,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, referred to its longest stoutest pinnule (P2) as very stout to slender. Unfortunately, his species descriptions included substantial overlap between the two. He referred to P2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEB7711FEA7F85FBAA11A92" box="[348,452,2007,2032]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FEA7F85FBAA11A92" box="[348,452,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in comparison with other members of S
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEB7711FC53F85FBF2E1A92" box="[936,1099,2007,2032]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">tephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
as “somewhat less enlarged and stiffened, usually more or less strongly recurved distally becoming slender and delicate, though not flagellate” (1941:409). P2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FE4BFF4BB8421DBE" box="[432,807,195,220]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="palmata" subSpecies="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FE4BFF4BB8421DBE" box="[432,807,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra palmata palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “though tapering... may be straight and almost spinelike.”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEA7710FEDAFF65BA271C65" box="[289,322,237,263]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a result, AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FE0CFF65B9F71C65" author="Clark" box="[503,658,237,263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. M. 1972. Some crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 24 (2), 75 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Clark (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found it difficult to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FBDEFF66BFCD1C65" box="[1061,1192,238,263]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FBDEFF66BFCD1C65" box="[1061,1192,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB01FF66BE001C65" box="[1274,1381,238,263]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB01FF66BE001C65" box="[1274,1381,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thought that the two genera intergraded. She noted that a specimen from Muhlos,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36A7688FFEA7710FBA9FE9DBFA71C4D" box="[1106,1218,277,303]" name="Maldives" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
, appeared twice in AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FF31FEB5BA011C35" author="Clark" box="[202,356,317,343]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. H. 1941. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82) 1 (4 a), vii + 603, 61 pls." type="journal article" year="1941">Clark (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, once as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FE2AFEB6B95C1C35" box="[465,569,318,343]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FE2AFEB6B95C1C35" box="[465,569,318,343]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 453) and once as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FCC0FEB6B8DE1C35" box="[827,955,318,343]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FCC0FEB6B8DE1C35" box="[827,955,318,343]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 502). She compared P2 of this specimen, composed of elongated pinnulars, tapering to a fine point and identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FBB5FEE1BF8E1CE0" box="[1102,1259,361,386]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="palmata" subSpecies="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FBB5FEE1BF8E1CE0" box="[1102,1259,361,386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. p. palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(her
|
||
<figureCitation id="13462A9DFFEA7710FAD1FEE1BE1A1CE1" box="[1322,1407,361,387]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1806,1830]" captionTargetBox="[244,1358,193,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[224,1376,186,1783]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Stephanometra indica (original identifications in parentheses). a – d. Centrodorsal, aboral view. a. NSUOC 313 (S. spinipinna). USNM 1094093 (S. indica). c. FLMNH 6822 (S. spicata). d. IRSNB / CRI 407 (S. oxyacantha). e – g. Centrodorsal, lateral view. e. IRSNB / CRI 409 (S. indica). f. NSUOC 313. g. USNM E 5269 (S. spicata). h – o. Proximal brachitaxes. h. NSUOC 323 (S. spicata). i. USNM 1094116 (S. indica). j. NSUOC 313 (S. spinipinna). k. IRSNB / CRI 409 (S. indica). l. USNM 1094092 (S. spicata). m. NSUOC 316 (S. spicata). n. IRSNB / CRI 400 (S. oxyacantha). o. Same, adjacent lateral adambulacral margins of brachitaxes. Scale bars: upper left (b, d, e), right (a, f, g), lower left (h – o), all 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184300/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
e), with P2 of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C688BAFFEA7710FEBBFE19BAC21CC9" box="[320,423,401,427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FE34FE19B9521CC8" box="[463,567,401,426]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FE34FE19B9521CC8" box="[463,567,401,426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(her
|
||
<figureCitation id="13462A9DFFEA7710FD8DFE19B9AE1CC9" box="[630,715,401,427]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,255,1806,1830]" captionTargetBox="[244,1358,193,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[224,1376,186,1783]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Stephanometra indica (original identifications in parentheses). a – d. Centrodorsal, aboral view. a. NSUOC 313 (S. spinipinna). USNM 1094093 (S. indica). c. FLMNH 6822 (S. spicata). d. IRSNB / CRI 407 (S. oxyacantha). e – g. Centrodorsal, lateral view. e. IRSNB / CRI 409 (S. indica). f. NSUOC 313. g. USNM E 5269 (S. spicata). h – o. Proximal brachitaxes. h. NSUOC 323 (S. spicata). i. USNM 1094116 (S. indica). j. NSUOC 313 (S. spinipinna). k. IRSNB / CRI 409 (S. indica). l. USNM 1094092 (S. spicata). m. NSUOC 316 (S. spicata). n. IRSNB / CRI 400 (S. oxyacantha). o. Same, adjacent lateral adambulacral margins of brachitaxes. Scale bars: upper left (b, d, e), right (a, f, g), lower left (h – o), all 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184300/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFEA7710FD56FE19B9AE1CC9" box="[685,715,401,427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="10.0">10</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g) to distinguish flagellate versus spine-like forms. However, the Mulhos specimen is actually a much smaller specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FC99FE34B8AD1CB7" box="[866,968,444,469]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FC99FE34B8AD1CB7" box="[866,968,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C688BAFFEA7710FBC8FE33BFF91CB7" box="[1075,1180,443,469]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which bears the third largest P
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFEA7710FF04FE7BBA461C9F" box="[255,291,483,513]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
the current study. Figure 1 more clearly illustrates the difference between “stiff and spinelike” (Figs. 1b–d) and “flagellate” (Figs. 1e–g).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7710FF3EFDBEBA511969" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
After noting the unreliability of the pinnules as a diagnostic character, AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FBD5FDBEBFA11F32" author="Clark" box="[1070,1220,566,592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. M. 1972. Some crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 24 (2), 75 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Clark (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the lateral adambulacral margins of the brachitaxes ossicles might distinguish the two genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB41FDD7BE0E1F1A" box="[1210,1387,607,632]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB41FDD7BE0E1F1A" box="[1210,1387,607,632]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had lateral processes, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FE43FD0FB93D1FC2" box="[440,600,647,672]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FE43FD0FB93D1FC2" box="[440,600,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tended to have smooth margins. AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FBDEFD0EBF961FC2" author="Clark" box="[1061,1267,646,672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. H. 1941. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82) 1 (4 a), vii + 603, 61 pls." type="journal article" year="1941">Clark (1941:407)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the brachitaxes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FEABFD27B9641FAA" box="[336,513,687,712]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FEABFD27B9641FAA" box="[336,513,687,712]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well separated, with component ossicles bearing rounded ventrolateral (=adambulacral) extensions. Those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FD9BFD5FB8651F92" box="[608,768,727,752]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FD9BFD5FB8651F92" box="[608,768,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were typically in close lateral contact and composed of flat-sided ossicles (or, rarely, just in contact with sides slightly or not at all flattened). According to AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FAA1FD76BB8D1E22" author="Clark" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. M. 1972. Some crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 24 (2), 75 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Clark (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the lateral adambulacral margins in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FD50FCAFB82E1E22" box="[683,843,807,832]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FD50FCAFB82E1E22" box="[683,843,807,832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a straight continuous edge and were blunter than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FECEFCC7BA801E0A" box="[309,485,847,872]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FECEFCC7BA801E0A" box="[309,485,847,872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which flanged margins rounded off at each end produced a scalloped appearance. However, she also noted specimens in which these margins were slightly scalloped as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB1FFCFFBEF11EF2" box="[1252,1428,887,912]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB1FFCFFBEF11EF2" box="[1252,1428,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while P2 had a flagellate tip as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FDD1FC17B9B71EDA" box="[554,722,927,952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FDD1FC17B9AB1EDA" box="[554,718,927,952]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Lamprometra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
She concluded that, because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FBCFFC17BF801EDA" box="[1076,1253,927,952]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FBCFFC17BF801EDA" box="[1076,1253,927,952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tended to integrate with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FEDDFC41BACB1E80" box="[294,430,969,994]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FEDDFC41BACB1E80" box="[294,430,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it should be synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FC99FC41BF671E80" box="[866,1026,969,994]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FC99FC41BF671E80" box="[866,1026,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB35FC41BE041E80" box="[1230,1377,969,994]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Liparometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB35FC41BE041E80" box="[1230,1377,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liparometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FF6CFC79BA481968" box="[151,301,1009,1034]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Dichrometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FF6CFC79BA481968" box="[151,301,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dichrometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7710FF3EFB91B8951829" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The current study reveals that, while specimens of both genera may bear robust, straight oral pinnules, several additional features consistently distinguish the two. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FC8FFBC9BF411938" box="[884,1060,1089,1114]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FC8FFBC9BF411938" box="[884,1060,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the enlarged oral pinnules bear middle pinnulars chiefly 2–3 times longer than wide. The tight articulations between these ossicles, characterized by flattened, often almost smooth facets joined by reduced tissue, generate the stiffness and styliform appearance (Fig. 2a–c, 3a, c). The terminal pinnular is short and conical (Fig. 2d). Scallop-like processes along the lateral adambulacral margins of the brachitaxes orient obliquely and may produce elongated knobs proximolaterally on the axils (Fig. 3b, e, f, 4a). In addition, the centrodorsal is convex with sloping sides, and apical cirrus sockets encroach on a reduced aboral pole (Fig. 3e, f, 4b–c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7710FF3EFAD1BFF61B5C" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
By contrast, the pinnulars of the robust and occasionally spine-like P
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFEA7710FC09FAE1BF7C1811" box="[1010,1049,1369,1399]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FBDAFAD1BFA41810" box="[1057,1217,1369,1394]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FBDAFAD1BFA41810" box="[1057,1217,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are proportionally shorter (LW of middle pinnulars 1.0–1.5, rarely longer) and bear well-developed articular facets (Fig. 2e–f). The pinnule tapers to a slender flagellate tip, and the distal pinnulars bear small spines (Fig. 1h). The lateral adambulacral margins of the brachitaxis ossicles may be weakly thickened but lack scalloped processes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13462A9DFFEA7710FA96FA5CBBCD1B74" captionStart="FIGURE 4. a – c" captionStartId="8.[151,255,890,914]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,193,877]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1368,183,881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. a – c. Stephanometra indica. d – f. Lamprometra palmata. a, d. Ray base with brachitaxes IBr 2 and IIBr 2. b, e. Centrodorsal aboral view. c, f. Centrodorsal lateral view. Scale bars: upper left (a, d), upper right (b, c), lower right (e, f), all 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184296/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
d); ossicles of adjacent brachitaxes range from flattened against each other to separate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13462A9DFFEA7710FB53FA74BF8B1B74" box="[1192,1262,1532,1558]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[215,1371,1020,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[215,1372,1018,1885]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Lamprometra palmata. a. Specimen from Ngederrak Reef, E entrance to Malakal Harbor, Palau, 07 º 17.900 ’ N, 134 º 28.340 ’ E; 1 m, sea-grass bed; showing flat-sided bases of rays (arrows). b – c. Specimens from Iro Lake Tunnel, W of Ngeruktabel I., Palau, 07 º 17.390 ’ N, 134 º 25.020 ’ E; 1 m; showing concentric color patterns. d. Same, L. palmata cf. form brachypecha. No scales recorded." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184297/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
a). The centrodorsal bears a broad aboral pole with cirrus sockets restricted to the margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13462A9DFFEA7710FBEDF9ACBF391B5C" box="[1046,1116,1572,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. a – c" captionStartId="8.[151,255,890,914]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,193,877]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[216,1368,183,881]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. a – c. Stephanometra indica. d – f. Lamprometra palmata. a, d. Ray base with brachitaxes IBr 2 and IIBr 2. b, e. Centrodorsal aboral view. c, f. Centrodorsal lateral view. Scale bars: upper left (a, d), upper right (b, c), lower right (e, f), all 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184296/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
e–f).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7710FF3EF9C4BAA01BBC" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
A plot of aboral pole diameter against centrodorsal diameter for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FC36F9C4BF1B1B07" box="[973,1150,1612,1637]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FC36F9C4BF1B1B07" box="[973,1150,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB40F9C4BE3E1B07" box="[1211,1371,1612,1637]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB40F9C4BE3E1B07" box="[1211,1371,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lamprometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates that, for a given aboral pole diameter,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FD5AF9FCB8441BEF" box="[673,801,1652,1677]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FD5AF9FCB8441BEF" box="[673,801,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens have a greater centrodorsal diameter (Fig. 6a). Although slight overlap exists among several juvenile specimens, the two genera otherwise fall out as separate character spaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7710FF3EF964BA321ACB" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
In plots of the length of pinnular 6 of P2 against several growth-related characters [axil (Ibr2) width, maximum cirrus length and arm radius], the two genera form distinctly separate character spaces with little overlap. Only the plot of pinnular length versus axil width is shown (Fig. 6b). Of the two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FB17F8C8BEF91A3B" box="[1260,1436,1856,1881]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FB17F8C8BEF91A3B" box="[1260,1436,1856,1881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized here (see below),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FE0BF8E0B9EE1AE3" box="[496,651,1896,1921]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenuipinna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FE0BF8E0B9EE1AE3" box="[496,651,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. tenuipinna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a continuum with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFEA7710FC4FF8E0BF7E1AE3" box="[948,1051,1896,1921]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFEA7710FC4FF8E0BF7E1AE3" box="[948,1051,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reflecting the close relationship of these species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFEA7717FF3EF83FBA771DB8" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,218]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Finally, AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEC4BE9FFEA7710FEA4F83FBA9C1AB3" author="Clark" box="[351,505,1975,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" refString="Clark, A. H. 1941. A monograph of the existing crinoids. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (82) 1 (4 a), vii + 603, 61 pls." type="journal article" year="1941">Clark (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that the IIIBr series was more frequently internal than external in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFED7717FF6CFF10BA221DD3" box="[151,327,152,177]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFED7717FF6CFF10BA221DD3" box="[151,327,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the specimens in this study develop IIIBr either externally or both internally and externally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC23618FFED7717FF6CFAF7B9C41883" blockId="4.[151,1436,1407,1505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFED7717FF6CFAF7BA7E18F5" bold="true" box="[151,283,1407,1431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
a–d.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFED7717FEA0FAF7B92318F4" box="[347,582,1407,1430]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Stephanometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFED7717FEA0FAF7B92318F4" box="[347,582,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stephanometra indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with P2-P4 stiff and spine-like, IRSNB/CRI 396. a. P1, b. P2. c. P3. d. P4. e–g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7D4D9BFFED7717FF6CFA2CBAE318D9" box="[151,390,1444,1467]" class="Crinoidea" family="Mariametridae" genus="Lamprometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="palmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B909EA0AFFED7717FF6CFA2CBAE318D9" box="[151,390,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lamprometra palmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with flagellate pinnules, IRSNB/CRI 413. e. P1. f. P2. g. P3. h. Distal pinnulars of P2, NSUOC 345. Scale bars: upper (a–g)
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFED7717FE6FFA42BAB01883" box="[404,469,1482,1505]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; lower (h)
|
||
<quantity id="4C859BFDFFED7717FDB2FA42B9FB1883" box="[585,670,1482,1505]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |