378 lines
43 KiB
XML
378 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="54C63C955143F632FF3663F0692F726F" ID-DOI="10.1206/3842.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368387" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630260563853" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Tsang, Susan M., Wiantoro, Sigit & Simmons, Nancy B." docDate="2015" docId="03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD" docLanguage="en" docName="N3842.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2015 (3842)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3842.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Pteropus chrysoproctus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFEBFF92FF9AFF897E5FE013FFE7EF10" masterDocTitle="New records of flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropus sp.) from Seram, Indonesia, with notes on ecology and conservation status" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1699201058596" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A9DAF7EDF90D8EA6AD964FB026FBE872">New records of flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropus sp.) from Seram, Indonesia, with notes on ecology and conservation status</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="54D8986C45E6CDBB7C8EF811664B4772">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BAB4C027B9A612F18BC3891FA92AEDE5">Tsang, Susan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2183EC9E9A7127C19D89DAE3C1E4D2E3">Wiantoro, Sigit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9C5D4604CFBCE8ACA60946CE92F81ABF">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CA53BDB4EA6CE273EC82A0BDCDFF3039">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="885BF6FE81839EB9917046172C2CA3C8">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5CAEA791AF38EB57F2B1022C5E5E128A">
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<mods:date id="F62547CEBA49187508143FDB48439EA3">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1D1A7B15F475359BAE197567FAE5EEA6">2015-11-23</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A8BA659BD6F80DD876AAEC32C8D330DA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1085C8A564972EE5E793BD410794ED33">2015</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ED2FEEAB000279FD7A9EB1F456D6BEBE">3842</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="1133BEEDDF07F995E98077FDC8397BE4">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3842.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="00AB6F45CF3078A87B17669EAB50EF6C" type="DOI">10.1206/3842.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3669C0BAFBAD972EF697CF9DBF997B32" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C3616577FF9CFF8F7FF4E5A1FCF1EAEE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9CFF8F7FF4E5A1FC72EADC" blockId="6.[427,917,1457,1484]" box="[427,917,1457,1484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D08C8190FF9CFF8F7FF4E5A1FC72EADC" box="[427,917,1457,1484]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9CFF8F7FF4E5A1FC72EADC" authority="(Temminck, 1837)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[427,917,1457,1484]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9CFF8F7FF4E5A1FD53EADB" box="[427,692,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
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(Temminck, 1837)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9CFF8F7C75E5F7FCF1EAEE" blockId="6.[554,790,1508,1534]" box="[554,790,1508,1534]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Moluccan flying fox</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3616577FF9CFF8F7EF7E604FDB6E9B1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9CFF8F7EF7E604FCF9E921" blockId="6.[120,1224,1559,1772]" box="[168,798,1559,1585]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7EF7E604FD71E921" box="[168,662,1559,1585]" collectionCode="LOCALITY" country="Indonesia" location="Central" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF9CFF8F7EF7E604FF04E921" box="[168,227,1559,1585]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">TYPE</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7EB4E604FE85E921" box="[235,354,1559,1585]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF9CFF8F7F2EE604FE2AE921" box="[369,461,1559,1585]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ambon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<location id="8EA46027FF9CFF8F7F86E604FDD6E921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD:8EA46027FF9CFF8F7F86E604FDD6E921" box="[473,561,1559,1585]" country="Indonesia" name="Central" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">Central</location>
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<collectingRegion id="49BFF81EFF9CFF8F7C66E604FD71E921" box="[569,662,1559,1585]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maluku</collectingRegion>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF9CFF8F7CFCE604FCFDE921" box="[675,794,1559,1585]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9CFF8F7EF7E62EFDB6E9B1" blockId="6.[120,1224,1559,1772]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7EF7E62EFD1EE96C" collectionCode="NEW, MATERIAL" country="Indonesia" county="Tengah Regency" location="Pulau Raja" municipality="Sawai" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7EF7E62EFF06E947" box="[168,225,1597,1623]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93c9-w2q7" name="University of Newcastle" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">NEW</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7EB6E62FFE82E946" box="[233,357,1596,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
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:
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<location id="8EA46027FF9CFF8F7F2DE62FFE14E946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD:8EA46027FF9CFF8F7F2DE62FFE14E946" box="[370,499,1596,1622]" country="Indonesia" county="Tengah Regency" municipality="Sawai" name="Pulau Raja" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">Pulau Raja</location>
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, offshore from
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0AC86FF9CFF8F7CF9E62FFD0CE946" box="[678,747,1596,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sawai</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49BFF81EFF9CFF8F7CA9E62FFCB6E946" box="[758,849,1596,1622]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maluku</collectingRegion>
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<collectingCounty id="62A54E70FF9CFF8F7D06E62FFBFEE947" box="[857,1049,1596,1623]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tengah Regency</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49BFF81EFF9CFF8F7A7BE62FFF4CE96B" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Maluku Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF9CFF8F7EE9E672FECAE96B" box="[182,301,1633,1659]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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. Collected by Sigit Wiantoro and Susan
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7CA0E671FC0DE96B" box="[767,1002,1633,1660]" collectionCode="M" country="Indonesia" location="Tsang" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7CA0E671FCFBE96C" box="[767,796,1634,1660]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
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.
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<location id="8EA46027FF9CFF8F7D78E671FC89E96C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287EAFF9CFF837FF4E5A1FC0EEAFD:8EA46027FF9CFF8F7D78E671FC89E96C" box="[807,878,1634,1660]" country="Indonesia" name="Tsang" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">Tsang</location>
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,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD75FF9CFF8F7D26E671FC0DE96B" box="[889,1002,1633,1660]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7DABE671FB63E96B" accessionNumber="MZB 36908" box="[1012,1156,1633,1660]" collectionCode="MZB" country="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7DABE671FBD6E96C" box="[1012,1073,1634,1660]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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36908,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7AD4E671FF22E9B1" accessionNumber="MZB 36909" collectionCode="MZB" country="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7AD4E671FB2FE96C" box="[1163,1224,1634,1660]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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36909,
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7E92E694FEBCE9B1" accessionNumber="MZB 36910" box="[205,347,1671,1697]" collectionCode="MZB" country="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7E92E694FEEDE9B1" box="[205,266,1671,1697]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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36910
|
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD75FF9CFF8F7F38E694FE51E9B1" box="[359,438,1671,1697]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CA1FF9CFF8F7FE1E694FDAAE9B1" accessionNumber="MZB 36911" box="[446,589,1671,1697]" collectionCode="MZB" country="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE39FF9CFF8F7FE1E694FE1CE9B1" box="[446,507,1671,1697]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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36911
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||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3616577FF9CFF837EF7E6BFFC0EEAFD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9CFF8F7EF7E6BFFED6E9FB" blockId="6.[120,1224,1559,1772]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MZB 0219, MZB 1076, MZB 1077, MZB 1078, MZB 13568, and ZMB 2626.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9DFF8E7EF7E0F2FC09EDAC" blockId="7.[120,1229,225,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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OCCURRENCE AND IDENTIFICATION:
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7C09E0F1FCBEEFEB" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[598,857,225,251]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7C09E0F1FCBEEFEB" box="[598,857,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is rare in collections, but likely not uncommon despite anecdotal evidence of historical decline according to the IUCN red list assessment (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B0DFF9DFF8E7F55E13FFDA5EE56" author="Huston, M. A. & K. M. Helgen" box="[266,578,300,326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8879" refString="Huston, M. A., and K. M. Helgen. 2013. Pteropus chrysoproctus: IUCN red list of threatened species. Internet resource (http: // www. iucnredlist. org / details / 18720), accessed December 27, 2014." type="url" year="2013">Huston and Helgen, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The individuals encountered at Pulau Raja in Seram resemble specimens from older collections purportedly from
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<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF9DFF8E7D1DE142FC7CEE7B" box="[834,923,337,363]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Seram, including the poorly preserved
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF9DFF8E7F19E164FE78EE81" box="[326,415,375,401]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
in Berlin (ZMB 2626). Unlike the other three sympatric species, the ears (>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7E9AE18FFEFDEEA7" box="[197,282,412,439]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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||
) are distinctly longer than the CM2 length. The pelage is dark reddish brown over most of the body, appearing a bit brighter on the ruff and darker red on the belly—another unique characteristic among Moluccan species. Compared to the sympatric
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7DC6E1FBFBACED11" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[921,1099,487,513]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7DC6E1FBFBACED11" box="[921,1099,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7A04E1FBFF2DED36" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7A04E1FBFF2DED36" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller in size and has a much narrower skull: FA
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7D67E21FFC33ED37" box="[824,980,524,551]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="175.0" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="170.0">170–180 mm</quantity>
|
||
, GSL
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7A46E21FFB7EED37" box="[1049,1177,524,551]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="6.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="70.0" valueMax="77.0" valueMin="63.0">63–77 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ZB
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7E27E221FF1EED5C" box="[120,249,562,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="31.0">31–42 mm</quantity>
|
||
, LIOW
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7F07E222FE3AED5C" box="[344,477,561,588]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="10.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="9.25" valueMax="10.5" valueMin="8.0">8–10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(compared to FA>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7C9CE222FCC0ED5C" box="[707,807,561,588]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
|
||
, GSL>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7D22E222FC33ED5C" box="[893,980,561,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ZB>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7A45E221FB96ED5C" box="[1050,1137,562,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
, LIOW>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF9DFF8E7ED7E244FF3BED61" box="[136,220,599,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7F5AE24BFE50ED61" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[261,439,599,625]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7F5AE24BFE50ED61" box="[261,439,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F90347FF9DFF8E7F8DE244FDCBED61" box="[466,556,599,625]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[120,194,224,248]" captionText="TABLE 2. Skull and dental measurements of Moluccan Pteropus. All measurements in mm, blanks represent unavailable data. Asterisks indicate type specimens." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F90347FF9DFF8E7C36E244FD9EED61" box="[617,633,599,625]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="13.[120,195,224,248]" captionText="TABLE 3. External measurements of Moluccan Pteropus. Most external character data are not available for the specimen, as skins are difficult to manipulate. Weight is in grams, all other measurements are in mm, blanks represent unavailable data. Asterisks indicate type specimens." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Similarity between individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF9DFF8E7A64E244FB73ED61" box="[1083,1172,599,625]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Seram is important to note, as populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7CCAE26EFCAEED86" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[661,841,636,662]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7CCAE26EFCAEED86" box="[661,841,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from different Moluccan islands may represent distinct subspecies or species (K. Helgen, personal commun.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9DFF8E7EF7E2D4FCB3ECF6" blockId="7.[120,1229,225,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
HUMAN DISTURBANCE: Hunting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7C11E2DBFCE1EDF1" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[590,774,711,737]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7C11E2DBFCE1EDF1" box="[590,774,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with habitat loss, threatens the species. Thought to occur only in small groups, our survey found a roost of approximately 300 individuals in a patch of mangrove trees (primarily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7CB7E302FC7FEC3C" box="[744,920,785,812]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7CB7E302FC8AEC3B" box="[744,877,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Rhizophora</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) near Manusela National Park. According to the local villagers in Sawai and forestry rangers, the roost is present yearround and will likely not be lost to development in the near future since it is protected as an ecotourism attraction by local resorts. However, according to forestry rangers, this is the only roost site for this species currently known on Seram. There were no indications of presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7E27E3DEFEC8ECF6" box="[120,303,972,998]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chyrsoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7E27E3DEFEC8ECF6" box="[120,303,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chyrsoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies at any of the other sites we surveyed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9DFF8E7EF7E3E2FBEBEAE1" blockId="7.[120,1229,225,1746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Anecdotal evidence suggests that these bats have been hunted intensely and have either moved permanently or are locally extirpated at other sites. According to the local people,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7AEAE40BFEF2EB46" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7AEAE40BFEF2EB46" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7FFBE42EFDD9EB46" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[420,574,1084,1110]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7FFBE42EFDD9EB46" box="[420,574,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were once the most commonly encountered species by hunting parties seeking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7FD0E471FE14EB6B" box="[399,499,1122,1147]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7FD0E471FE14EB6B" box="[399,499,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly at their foraging sites. Patchy forests near villages such as Mosso in Central Seram were known to be foraging areas for many pteropodids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7EAEE4BEFEB2EBD6" box="[241,341,1197,1222]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7EAEE4BEFEB2EBD6" box="[241,341,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7F3AE4BEFE38EBD6" authorityName="Borkhausen" authorityYear="1797" box="[357,479,1197,1222]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7F3AE4BEFE38EBD6" box="[357,479,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nyctimene</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7C7BE4BEFD48EBD7" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" box="[548,687,1197,1223]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Syconycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7C7BE4BEFD48EBD7" box="[548,687,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Syconycteris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Through interviews with local residents, we learned that Muslim villagers do not enter the forest to forage because of their belief that it is a sacred area, but Christian villagers from the other side of the forest enter often to hunt bats. The Christian villagers stated that there were more bats in the area in the past decades than there are now, and described three distinct
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C0885EFF9DFF8E7CDAE551FD22EA4C" box="[645,709,1346,1372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: the “red one” (likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7D90E551FB6EEA4C" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[975,1161,1346,1372]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7D90E551FB6EEA4C" box="[975,1161,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the “white one” (likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7F04E57BFE11EA91" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[347,502,1383,1409]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7F04E57BFE11EA91" box="[347,502,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the “black one” (likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7D0DE57BFBEFEA91" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[850,1032,1383,1409]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7D0DE57BFBEFEA91" box="[850,1032,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We concluded that the “black one” was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7FFFE59EFDB1EAB6" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[416,598,1420,1446]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7FFFE59EFDB1EAB6" box="[416,598,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7C9DE59EFCDFEAB6" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[706,824,1420,1446]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7C9DE59EFCDFEAB6" box="[706,824,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on size descriptions (“very big”) and distinct markings (“white belly”), and we were able to confirm this visually when we were shown a small group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7F8AE5CBFD6EEAE1" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[469,649,1495,1521]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7F8AE5CBFD6EEAE1" box="[469,649,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by villagers in the nearby forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF9DFF837EF7E5EFFE41EB8E" blockId="7.[120,1229,225,1746]" lastBlockId="10.[120,1224,1081,1517]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Villagers near Manusela National Park customarily go into stands of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7DB4E5EFFBD7E906" box="[1003,1072,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">kapok</emphasis>
|
||
trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7ADAE5EFFF09E92C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7ADAE5EFFF09E92C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ceiba pentandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7F11E631FE55E92B" box="[334,434,1570,1595]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7F11E631FE55E92B" box="[334,434,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were known to forage in order to shoot bats for food. It is customary for the men to hunt
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7FCCE65BFE10E971" box="[403,503,1608,1633]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7FCCE65BFE10E971" box="[403,503,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an appetizer for drinking parties. Even if roosting sites are within the limits of a national park, there is no guarantee of protection for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF8E7A58E67EFB2FE996" box="[1031,1224,1644,1670]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF8E7A58E67EFB8CE996" box="[1031,1131,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pteropus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the bats may be vulnerable to hunters when foraging outside park boundaries. Forestry rangers indicated that after severe storms battered the mangroves in 2010, the colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF9DFF837AEAE6ABFEF1EB43" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF9DFF837AEAE6ABFEF1EB43" italics="true" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
temporarily moved to areas surrounding the national park, including villages where bat consumption is common. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837C35E44CFCC3EB68" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[618,804,1118,1144]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837C35E44CFCC3EB68" box="[618,804,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population was purportedly much larger prior to this storm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF046674FF92FF817E27E6B9FC00E9CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368389" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368389/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[120,162,1706,1727]" targetBox="[120,1220,226,1679]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF92FF817E27E6B9FC00E9CD" blockId="8.[120,1224,1703,1757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
FIG. 2. Dorsal views of skulls of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817F96E6B4FE06E9AF" bold="true" box="[457,481,1703,1727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF92FF817FB6E6BBFD29E9D0" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[489,718,1704,1728]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817FB6E6BBFD29E9D0" box="[489,718,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 36909♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817DDCE6BBFC7EE9D0" bold="true" box="[899,921,1704,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF92FF817DFFE6BBFB64E9D0" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[928,1155,1704,1728]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817DFFE6BBFB64E9D0" box="[928,1155,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pteropus melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 10753);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817E8CE6D6FF0DE9CD" bold="true" box="[211,234,1733,1757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF92FF817EAEE6D5FE7AE9CD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[241,413,1733,1757]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817EAEE6D5FE7AE9CD" box="[241,413,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pteropus ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369283);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817C0FE6D6FD8FE9CD" bold="true" box="[592,616,1733,1757]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF92FF817C30E6D5FCDBE9CD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[623,828,1733,1757]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF92FF817C30E6D5FCDBE9CD" box="[623,828,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pteropus temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369253).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF046674FF93FF807E26E699FC0FE9AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368391" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368391" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368391/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[121,163,1674,1695]" targetBox="[119,1224,224,1647]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF93FF807E26E699FC0FE9AE" blockId="9.[121,1225,1672,1726]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
FIG. 3. Ventral views of skulls of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807F92E69BFE02E9B0" bold="true" box="[461,485,1672,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF93FF807FB3E69AFD36E9B0" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[492,721,1672,1696]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807FB3E69AFD36E9B0" box="[492,721,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 36909♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807DDAE69BFC7CE9B0" bold="true" box="[901,923,1672,1696]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF93FF807DFDE69AFB63E9B0" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[930,1156,1672,1696]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807DFDE69AFB63E9B0" box="[930,1156,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pteropus melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 10753);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807E8BE6B6FF0CE9AD" bold="true" box="[212,235,1701,1725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF93FF807EADE6B5FE79E9AE" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[242,414,1702,1726]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807EADE6B5FE79E9AE" box="[242,414,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pteropus ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369283);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807C0FE6B5FD8EE9AE" bold="true" box="[592,617,1702,1726]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF93FF807C2FE6B5FCDAE9AE" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[624,829,1702,1726]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF93FF807C2FE6B5FCDAE9AE" box="[624,829,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pteropus temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369253).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF046674FF90FF837E27E3E3FC00EB34" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368393" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368393" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368393/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[120,162,1008,1029]" targetBox="[120,1225,226,979]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF90FF837E27E3E3FC00EB34" blockId="10.[120,1224,1006,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
FIG. 4. Lateral views of skulls of
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837F95E3FDFE05EB16" bold="true" box="[458,482,1006,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837FB5E3FCFD28EB16" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[490,719,1006,1030]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837FB5E3FCFD28EB16" box="[490,719,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 36909♀);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837DDCE3FDFC7EEB16" bold="true" box="[899,921,1006,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837DFEE3FCFB63EB16" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[929,1156,1006,1030]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanopogon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837DFEE3FCFB63EB16" box="[929,1156,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pteropus melanopogon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 10753);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837E8CE418FF0DEB33" bold="true" box="[211,234,1035,1059]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837EAEE41FFE7AEB34" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[241,413,1036,1060]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837EAEE41FFE7AEB34" box="[241,413,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pteropus ocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369283);
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837C0FE41FFD8FEB34" bold="true" box="[592,616,1036,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837C30E41FFCDBEB34" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[623,828,1036,1060]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="temminckii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837C30E41FFCDBEB34" box="[623,828,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pteropus temminckii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZB 369253).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436FCFF90FF837EF7E4BAFC0EEAFD" blockId="10.[120,1224,1081,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
CONSERVATION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837F37E4BAFD88EBD3" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[360,623,1193,1219]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837F37E4BAFD88EBD3" box="[360,623,1193,1219]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pteropus chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN, but our data suggests that the species should be listed as Vulnerable under criteria B1a, b (iii, iv). This categorization means that the extent of the species occurrence is less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B19FF90FF837A61E4E0FB5FEA1D" box="[1086,1208,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="km" value="20000.0">20,000 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C0E9BB4FF90FF837AE7E4E1FB26EA13" attach="left" box="[1208,1217,1266,1283]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</superScript>
|
||
, with fewer than 10 known localities, and continuing decline in both habitat and number of subpopulations. It is extremely unlikely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837C03E52CFCF1EA48" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[604,790,1342,1368]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837C03E52CFCF1EA48" box="[604,790,1342,1368]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is still on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C766CFF90FF837DC4E52DFC12EA48" box="[923,1013,1342,1368]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ambon</collectingCountry>
|
||
since its colonial behavior would attract the attention of the local forestry rangers. While the colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D7FFF90FF837A04E577FF2CEAB2" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="chrysoproctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAEEFF90FF837A04E577FF2CEAB2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. chrysoproctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Sawai is an ecotourism attraction and will likely remain undisturbed, it is not under the protection of Manusela National Park nor local forestry services. The site merits some official level of recognition for its uniqueness and high conservation value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |