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<mods:title id="A65157F2476692A4A3EFDE966155CEE4">An overview of the shallow-water calcified hydroids from Brazil (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria), including the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D287D5FF9F271B4A9BFACC402A7B55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5616268" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119382081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5616268" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287D5FF9F271B4A9BFACC402A7B55" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287D5FF9F271B4A9BFACC402A7B55" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">
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<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9F27124A9BFACC42AA7C93" blockId="3.[151,510,1386,1413]" box="[151,510,1386,1413]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="D08C81AFFF9F27124A9BFACC42AA7C93" bold="true" box="[151,510,1386,1413]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F27124A9BFACC42AA7C93" ID-CoL="43CZN" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,510,1386,1413]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F27124A9BFACC42AA7C93" bold="true" box="[151,510,1386,1413]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F27124A9BFACC420F7C92" bold="true" box="[151,347,1387,1413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">Millepora nitida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F27124B6EFACD42AA7C93" author="Verrill" box="[354,510,1386,1412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Notice of the corals and echinoderms collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt, at the Abrolhos reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science New Haven, 1, 351 - 364." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill, 1868</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9F27124A9BFA1141A57E74" blockId="3.[151,1436,1462,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F27124A9BFA11426E7CC7" author="Verrill" box="[151,314,1462,1488]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1868) Notice of the corals and echinoderms collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt, at the Abrolhos reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science New Haven, 1, 351 - 364." type="journal article" year="1868">Verrill (1868)</bibRefCitation>
described this species as having a “corallum forming low rounded clumps, four to six inches high, consisting of short, rapidly forking, rounded or slightly compressed branches” and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F27124ED9FA7946C87CEF" author="Boschma" box="[1237,1436,1502,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Boschma, H. (1962) On Milleporidae corals from Brazil. Proceedings, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 65, 302 - 313." type="journal article" year="1962">Boschma (1962)</bibRefCitation>
stated that 
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<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F27124B14F9A142D07F08" box="[280,388,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. nitida</emphasis>
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is easily distinguishable from other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F271249B8F9A1477D7F08" box="[948,1065,1542,1567]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F271249B8F9A1477D7F08" box="[948,1065,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the western Atlantic Ocean. Amaral (1997) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F27124B86F98941D37F5F" box="[394,647,1582,1608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Schlenz, E. (2002) Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 681 - 695." type="journal article">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F27124BE2F98941797F50" box="[494,557,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
observed that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F2712494CF98940FB7F50" box="[832,943,1582,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F2712494CF98940FB7F50" box="[832,943,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. nitida</emphasis>
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occurs predominantly in ramified form, although hemispheric and honeycombed forms also occur. Most colonies are smooth in texture, with few commensal cirripeds (
<tableCitation id="C6F90378FF9F27124B94F9D942A47F8F" box="[408,496,1662,1688]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,900,924]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,1034,1988]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Qualitative characters of the four Millepora species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9E27134A9BFC2346137A8B" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="DF04664BFF9E27134A9BFC2346137A8B">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F27124805F9D941A27F8F" box="[521,758,1662,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Schlenz, E. (2002) Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 681 - 695." type="journal article">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F2712486BF9D941F57F80" box="[615,673,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
showed that 
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<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F2712499DF9D940A87F80" box="[913,1020,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. nitida</emphasis>
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had shallow and isolated ampullae, mean diameters of gastropores and dactylopores comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F27124994F901471D7FA8" box="[920,1097,1702,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F27124994F901471D7FA8" box="[920,1097,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
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and a similar mean ratio of dactylopores per gastropore (
<tableCitation id="C6F90378FF9F27124BE5F96941107FFF" box="[489,580,1742,1768]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1347,277,972]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Means (± SE) [number and range of measurements pooled across specimens] of various skeletal characters of the four Millepora species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997). (-) = the characteristic was not recorded, Dia = diameter, No = number. All measurements are in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="DF04664BFF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F271248BCF969401F7FF0" box="[688,843,1742,1767]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F271248BCF969401F7FF0" box="[688,843,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F2712498FF96947647FF0" box="[899,1072,1742,1767]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F2712498FF96947647FF0" box="[899,1072,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the form of the pores was predominantly irregular (
<tableCitation id="C6F90378FF9F27124B9AF95142BA7E07" box="[406,494,1782,1808]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,900,924]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,1034,1988]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Qualitative characters of the four Millepora species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9E27134A9BFC2346137A8B" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="DF04664BFF9E27134A9BFC2346137A8B">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Compared to all other species examined, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9F271249EBF95147067E18" box="[999,1106,1782,1807]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F271249EBF95147067E18" box="[999,1106,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed a greater transverse diameter, an intermediate colony height, and had greater and fewer mean numbers of cyclosystems and gastropores per cm2, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9F2712480EF8EE41B17E74" author="Amaral" box="[514,741,1865,1891]" pageId="3" pageNumber="59" refString="Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Schlenz, E. (2002) Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 681 - 695." type="journal article" year="2002">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9F2712486FF8EE41CA7E75" box="[611,670,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3" ID-Table-UUID="DF04664BFF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[151,1347,277,972]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9827154A9BFF3041B879E3" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154A9BFF30425C79B8" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Means (±SE) [number and range of measurements pooled across specimens] of various skeletal characters of the four 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9827154AFCFF1D420E79C6" box="[240,346,186,209]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154AFCFF1D420E79C6" box="[240,346,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Millepora</emphasis>
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species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997). (-) = the characteristic was not recorded, Dia = diameter, No = number. All measurements are in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9827154A93FEB2425C7ADB" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<table id="F97BC463FF98D8EE4A9BFEB246177ADB" box="[151,1347,277,972]" gridcols="3" gridrows="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFEB24617783B" box="[151,1347,277,300]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFEB24299783B" box="[151,461,277,300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Characteristic</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FEB240F6783B" box="[588,930,277,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9827154840FEB2418F783B" box="[588,731,277,300]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154840FEB2418F783B" box="[588,731,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FEB24617783B" box="[1017,1347,277,300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF98271549F6FEB247CC783B" box="[1018,1176,277,300]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF98271549F6FEB247CC783B" box="[1018,1176,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFEE746177840" box="[151,1347,320,343]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FEE740F67840" box="[588,930,320,343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">(34 colonies)</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FEE746177840" box="[1017,1347,320,343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">(45 colonies)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFECD46177896" box="[151,1347,362,385]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFECD42997896" box="[151,461,362,385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Height of colony</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FECD40F67896" box="[588,930,362,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">138.20 (11.31) [23; 53.7–306.0]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FECD46177896" box="[1017,1347,362,385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">109.00 (7.04) [41; 36.5–217.8]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFE32461778BB" box="[151,1347,405,428]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFE32429978BB" box="[151,461,405,428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Transverse diameter</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FE3240F678BB" box="[588,930,405,428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">103.60 (8.82) [22; 35.0–188.0]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FE32461778BB" box="[1017,1347,405,428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">102.10 (5.73) [35; 50.0–190.0]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFE67461778C0" box="[151,1347,448,471]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFE67429978C0" box="[151,461,448,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No principal branches</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FE6740F678C0" box="[588,930,448,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.90 (0.22) [23; 1–5]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FE67461778C0" box="[1017,1347,448,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">3.20 (0.62) [16; 1–7]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFE4D46177B16" box="[151,1347,490,513]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFE4D42997B16" box="[151,461,490,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of principal branch</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FE4D40F67B16" box="[588,930,490,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">22.85 (1.913) [26]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FE4D46177B16" box="[1017,1347,490,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">20.20 (2.63) [50]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFDB246177B3B" box="[151,1347,533,556]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFDB242997B3B" box="[151,461,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of terminal branch</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FDB240F67B3B" box="[588,930,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">6.65 (0.34) [491]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FDB246177B3B" box="[1017,1347,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">24.60 (1.56) [144]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFDE746177B40" box="[151,1347,576,599]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFDE742997B40" box="[151,461,576,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of ampullae</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FDE740F67B40" box="[588,930,576,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">11.08 (2.08) [23; 1–44]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FDE746177B40" box="[1017,1347,576,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">6.50 (1.41) [23; 1–27]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFDCD46177B96" box="[151,1347,618,641]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFDCD42997B96" box="[151,461,618,641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of ampullae</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FDCD40F67B96" box="[588,930,618,641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.41 (0.02) [171]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FDCD46177B96" box="[1017,1347,618,641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.53 (0.01) [136]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFD3246177BBB" box="[151,1347,661,684]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFD3242997BBB" box="[151,461,661,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of cyclosystems</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FD3240F67BBB" box="[588,930,661,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.10 (0.037) [32; 1.0–1.5]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FD3246177BBB" box="[1017,1347,661,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">2.00 (0.10) [38; 1.0–3.5]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFD6746177BC0" box="[151,1347,704,727]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFD6742997BC0" box="[151,461,704,727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of epibionts</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FD6740F67BC0" box="[588,930,704,727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">16.80 (5.18) [12; 1–50]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FD6746177BC0" box="[1017,1347,704,727]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">5.40 (2.07) [14; 1 – 30]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFD4D46177A16" box="[151,1347,746,769]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFD4D42997A16" box="[151,461,746,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dactylopores per gastropore</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FD4D40F67A16" box="[588,930,746,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">5.20 (0.13) [8; 5.0–5.5]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FD4D46177A16" box="[1017,1347,746,769]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">7.75 (0.72) [4; 5.0–7.5]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFCB246177A3B" box="[151,1347,789,812]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFCB242997A3B" box="[151,461,789,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of dactylopores</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FCB240F67A3B" box="[588,930,789,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.14 (0.001) [872]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FCB246177A3B" box="[1017,1347,789,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.10 (0.001) [1130]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFCE746177A40" box="[151,1347,832,855]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFCE742997A40" box="[151,461,832,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of gastropores</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FCE740F67A40" box="[588,930,832,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.29 (0.002) [827]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FCE746177A40" box="[1017,1347,832,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.25 (0.001) [1152]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFCCD46177A93" box="[151,1347,874,900]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFCCD42997A93" box="[151,461,874,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of gastropores per cm2</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4840FCCD40F67A93" box="[588,930,874,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">29.25 (3.17) [35; 4–88]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F5FCCD46177A93" box="[1017,1347,874,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">18.15 (1.41) [39; 4–48]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFC1246177ADB" box="[151,1347,949,972]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFC1242997ADB" box="[151,461,949,972]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">continued.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9827154A93FC4A41FE7FE6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<table id="F97BC463FF98D8EE4A9BFC4B46047E03" box="[151,1360,1004,1812]" gridcols="3" gridrows="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFC4B46047D13" box="[151,1360,1004,1028]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFC4B42B57D13" box="[151,481,1004,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Characteristic</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FC4B40F07D13" box="[488,932,1004,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9827154840FC4A41FA7D13" box="[588,686,1005,1028]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154840FC4A41FA7D13" box="[588,686,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FC4B46047D13" box="[1018,1360,1004,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF98271549F6FC4A47267D13" box="[1018,1138,1005,1028]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF98271549F6FC4A47267D13" box="[1018,1138,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57AAFF9827154E74FC4B47E07D13" box="[1144,1204,1004,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154E74FC4B47E07D13" bold="true" box="[1144,1204,1004,1028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFBB046047D39" box="[151,1360,1047,1070]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FBB040F07D39" box="[488,932,1047,1070]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">(13 colonies)</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FBB046047D39" box="[1018,1360,1047,1070]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">(11 colonies)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFBE546047D4E" box="[151,1360,1090,1113]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFBE542B57D4E" box="[151,481,1090,1113]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Height of colony</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FBE540F07D4E" box="[488,932,1090,1113]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">102.70 (8.96) [13; 56.5–170.7]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FBE546047D4E" box="[1018,1360,1090,1113]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">162.70 (15.52) [11; 95.8–266.7]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFBCA46047D93" box="[151,1360,1133,1156]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFBCA42B57D93" box="[151,481,1133,1156]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Transverse diameter</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FBCA40F07D93" box="[488,932,1133,1156]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">129.30 (10.51) [13; 64.7–210.0]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FBCA46047D93" box="[1018,1360,1133,1156]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">83.78 (11.98) [11; 52.7–187.7]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFB3046047DB9" box="[151,1360,1175,1198]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFB3042B57DB9" box="[151,481,1175,1198]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No principal branches</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FB3040F07DB9" box="[488,932,1175,1198]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.40 (0.30) [10; 1–4]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FB3046047DB9" box="[1018,1360,1175,1198]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.00 (0.00) [11; 1–1]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFB6546047DCE" box="[151,1360,1218,1241]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFB6542B57DCE" box="[151,481,1218,1241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of principal branch</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FB6540F07DCE" box="[488,932,1218,1241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">84.10 (8.45) [15]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FB6546047DCE" box="[1018,1360,1218,1241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFB4A46047C13" box="[151,1360,1261,1284]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFB4A42B57C13" box="[151,481,1261,1284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of terminal branch</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FB4A40F07C13" box="[488,932,1261,1284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">11.55 (0.93) [72]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FB4A46047C13" box="[1018,1360,1261,1284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFAB046047C39" box="[151,1360,1303,1326]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFAB042B57C39" box="[151,481,1303,1326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of ampullae</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FAB040F07C39" box="[488,932,1303,1326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">10.60 (7.94) [6; 1–50]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FAB046047C39" box="[1018,1360,1303,1326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.00(0.00) [1; 1]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFAE546047C4E" box="[151,1360,1346,1369]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFAE542B57C4E" box="[151,481,1346,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of ampullae</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FAE540F07C4E" box="[488,932,1346,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.45 (0.02) [22]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FAE546047C4E" box="[1018,1360,1346,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.36 (0.03) [11]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFACA46047C93" box="[151,1360,1389,1412]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFACA42B57C93" box="[151,481,1389,1412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of cyclosystems</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FACA40F07C93" box="[488,932,1389,1412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">2.10 (0.07) [11; 2.0–2.5]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FACA46047C93" box="[1018,1360,1389,1412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">1.45 (0.21) [11; 1.0–3.0]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFA3046047CB9" box="[151,1360,1431,1454]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFA3042B57CB9" box="[151,481,1431,1454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of epibionts</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FA3040F07CB9" box="[488,932,1431,1454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">5.40 (2.64) [7; 1–20]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FA3046047CB9" box="[1018,1360,1431,1454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFA6546047CCE" box="[151,1360,1474,1497]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFA6542B57CCE" box="[151,481,1474,1497]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dactylopores per gastropore</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FA6540F07CCE" box="[488,932,1474,1497]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">6.80 (0.14) [6; 6.0–7.0]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FA6546047CCE" box="[1018,1360,1474,1497]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">6.30 (0.41) [11; 5.0–8.0]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BFA4A46047F13" box="[151,1360,1517,1540]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BFA4A42B57F13" box="[151,481,1517,1540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of dactylopores</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4FA4A40F07F13" box="[488,932,1517,1540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.10 (0.002) [240]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6FA4A46047F13" box="[1018,1360,1517,1540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.08 (0.002) [200]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BF9B046047F39" box="[151,1360,1559,1582]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BF9B042B57F39" box="[151,481,1559,1582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Dia of gastropores</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4F9B040F07F39" box="[488,932,1559,1582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.24 (0.003) [259]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6F9B046047F39" box="[1018,1360,1559,1582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">0.11 (0.004) [203]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BF9E546047F4B" box="[151,1360,1602,1628]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BF9E542B57F4B" box="[151,481,1602,1628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">No of gastropores per cm2</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4F9E540F07F4B" box="[488,932,1602,1628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">11.00 (1.00) [12; 8–16]</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE49F6F9E546047F4B" box="[1018,1360,1602,1628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">23.27 (2.54) [11; 12–42]</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF98D8EE4A9BF97046047E03" box="[151,1360,1751,1812]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4A9BF97042B57E03" box="[151,481,1751,1812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154A9BF97042B57FE6" bold="true" box="[151,481,1751,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9827154A9BF970428F7FE6" authority="Amaral" authorityName="Amaral" box="[151,475,1751,1777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154A9BF97042267FE6" bold="true" box="[151,370,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
Amaral
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Figures 2–6
</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF98D8EE4BE4F97040F07E03" box="[488,932,1751,1812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">this publication</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9827154A9BF8ED41537E76" blockId="4.[151,519,1866,1889]" box="[151,519,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9827154A9BF8ED42567E76" box="[151,258,1866,1889]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154A9BF8ED42567E76" box="[151,258,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. a 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9827154B4CF8ED41537E76" author="Amaral" box="[320,519,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" refString="Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Schlenz, E. (2002) Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 681 - 695." type="journal article" year="2002">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154B9AF8ED42917E76" box="[406,453,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9827144A9BF82D409379A5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9827144A9BF82D409379A5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1930,2036]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,623]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9827154A9BF82D42197EB3" bold="true" box="[151,333,1930,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9827154A9BF82D43867EB3" box="[151,210,1930,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9827154B59F82D42967EB3" box="[341,450,1930,1956]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
, Manuel Luiz Marine State Park, State of Maranhão (
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9827154E3DF82D47317EB3" box="[1073,1125,1930,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
locality), 1998, 30 m, collector Marco Hudson (
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9827154BAAF81541457EDB" box="[422,529,1970,1996]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Cnidarian Collection of the Laboratório de Ambientes Recifais da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, LAR/ 
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE06FF98271548A1F87D405C7EE3" box="[685,776,2010,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">UFRPE</collectionCode>
nº 0 95 (
<figureCitation id="13402A46FF9827154974F87D40907EE3" box="[888,964,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,683,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,683,1647]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype (a columnar specimen) of Millepora laboreli collected from the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhão, northern coast of Brazil). Photo courtesy of Fernando Azevedo." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184836/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="60">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); 10 
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9827154E04F87D47287EE3" box="[1032,1148,2010,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. One 
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9827154EC4F87D46797EE3" box="[1224,1325,2010,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(number 02957) has been deposited at the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9927144ACAFF18475878B3" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9927144ACAFF18475878B3" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144ACAFF18420379CE" bold="true" box="[198,343,191,217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Description</emphasis>
(based on 11 samples—Figs. 3 and 4): Brown in color, growing in the form of pillars or fans at a depth of 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144B23FF4F42CC7815" box="[303,408,232,258]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="m" value="31.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="30.0">30–32 m</quantity>
, with a single principal branch. Growth form always columnar (average height of 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144F56FF4F4391783D" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.627" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="162.7">162.7 mm</quantity>
± 15.5 SE—higher in the field), with a smoother and flatter texture than the other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9927144F13FEB746C0783E" box="[1311,1428,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144F13FEB746C0783E" box="[1311,1428,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Transverse of 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144B31FE9F42F27845" box="[317,422,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.379999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="83.8">83.8 mm</quantity>
(± 12). Mean gastropore diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144954FE9F40947845" box="[856,960,312,338]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
(± 0.004), gastropore density is 23.3 per cm2 (± 2.50) and dactylopore diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144875FEC541B5786B" box="[633,737,354,380]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
(± 0.002) with 6.30 (± 0.40) dactylopores and 1.45 (± 0.21) cyclosystems per gastropore. Mean ampullae diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF992714493AFE2D40CB78B3" box="[822,927,394,420]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.36">0.36 mm</quantity>
(± 0.03).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9927144ACAFE1547087B78" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9927144ACAFE1547087B78" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144ACAFE15415378DB" bold="true" box="[198,519,434,460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
Diagnosis of the 
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9927144B99FE15415678DB" box="[405,514,434,460]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
The holotype’s growth form is columnar, with two smooth projections and an irregularly textured base. It is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144BFAFE7D410378E3" box="[502,599,474,500]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="265.0">265 mm</quantity>
high, with the secondary projection measuring 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144E8EFE7D47B378E3" box="[1154,1255,474,500]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="145.0">145 mm</quantity>
. The transverse diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144B2FFDA242CB7B08" box="[291,415,517,543]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.056" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="205.6">205.6 mm</quantity>
. The average gastropore diameter and density are 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF99271449F6FDA247027B08" box="[1018,1110,517,543]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
and 20.67 per cm2, respectively. Dactylopore diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF992714480BFD8A41277B50" box="[519,627,557,583]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
, with 6.38 dactylopores and 1 cyclosystem per gastropore. Ampullae diameter is 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9927144B13FDF242297B78" box="[287,381,597,623]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
. Dactylopores and gastropores are deformed and very shallow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9927144A9BF92E474C7FD4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184836/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1435,683,1645]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9927144A9BF92E474C7FD4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1673,1731]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144A9BF92E424E7FB6" bold="true" box="[151,282,1673,1697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Holotype (a columnar specimen) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF99271448A0F92D40267FB6" box="[684,882,1674,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF99271448A0F92D40267FB6" box="[684,882,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhão, northern coast of Brazil). Photo courtesy of Fernando Azevedo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9927144ACAF956466B7E23" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9927144ACAF956466B7E23" blockId="5.[151,1436,1777,2004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144ACAF95642077E1C" bold="true" box="[198,339,1777,1803]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species’ name honors Dr. Jacques Laborel (retired professor of the Université de Aix- Marseille, 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9927144B18F8BD42327E23" box="[276,358,1818,1844]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">France</collectingCountry>
) for his pioneering work and great contribution to the knowledge of Brazilian reefs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9927174ACAF8E640A3786B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9927174ACAF8E640A3786B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1777,2004]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,380]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144ACAF8E642A07E4C" bold="true" box="[198,500,1857,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Diagnosis of the species</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13402A46FF992714480BF8E5412D7E4B" box="[519,633,1858,1884]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,255,1331,1355]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1429,317,1302]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1433,1445,1921]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,317,1305]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,1445,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Scanning microscopy showing the surface (gastropores and dactylopores) of Millepora alcicornis, M. nitida, M. braziliensis, and M. laboreli (50 x)." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Scanning microscopy of M. laboreli (200 x and 400 x)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184839/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184840/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Figs. 5–6</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF992714489FF8E5403B7E4C" box="[659,879,1858,1883]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF992714489FF8E5403B7E4C" box="[659,879,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be identified from all other specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9927144A9BF8CD42587E94" box="[151,268,1898,1923]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9927144A9BF8CD42587E94" box="[151,268,1898,1923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to its restricted distribution (it only occurs in the Manuel Luiz Coral Banks, differently from the other species which have a wider distribution within 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9927144918F83540087EBB" box="[788,860,1938,1964]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="61">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and/or the tropics); its always columnar growth form, sometimes with projections (vs. variable forms); its very smooth texture (vs. more irregular surfaces); and its reduced number of ampullae (approximately one vs. five to thirteen per colony). Overall, the characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174AE5FF67423879CE" box="[233,364,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174AE5FF67423879CE" box="[233,364,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than those of the other Brazilian 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174972FF6740A779CE" box="[894,1011,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174972FF6740A779CE" box="[894,1011,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (diameter of ampullae, dactylopores, and gastropores) and there are fewer ampullae (
<figureCitation id="13402A46FF9A27174969FF4F40867815" box="[869,978,232,258]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,255,1331,1355]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,255,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1429,317,1302]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1433,1445,1921]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,317,1305]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,1445,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Scanning microscopy showing the surface (gastropores and dactylopores) of Millepora alcicornis, M. nitida, M. braziliensis, and M. laboreli (50 x)." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Scanning microscopy of M. laboreli (200 x and 400 x)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184839/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184840/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
). Specifically in relation to the other 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174A9BFEB74258783E" box="[151,268,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174A9BFEB74258783E" box="[151,268,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174B72FEB74151783E" box="[382,517,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174B72FEB74151783E" box="[382,517,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A2717495AFEB740A3783E" box="[854,1015,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A2717495AFEB740A3783E" box="[854,1015,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174E3BFEB747BD783E" box="[1079,1257,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174E3BFEB747BD783E" box="[1079,1257,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its small, deformed and extremely shallow dactylopores and gastropores (vs. rounded, larger pores); and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174F70FE9F438F786B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174F70FE9F438F786B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to its closely located gastropores (vs. few gastropores per cm2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9A27174A9BFAC242B27CD6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184837/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[151,1435,421,1356]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9A27174A9BFAC242B27CD6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1381,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174A9BFAC2424D7C6A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1381,1405]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174BBBFAC2412F7C6B" box="[439,635,1381,1404]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174BBBFAC2412F7C6B" box="[439,635,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected at the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhão, northern coast of Brazil) deposited in Laboratório de Ambientes Recifais (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco). Photo courtesy of Fernando Azevedo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3616548FF9A271B4ACAFA57402A7B55" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9A27174ACAFA57473D7F25" blockId="6.[151,1437,1520,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174ACAFA5742337F1D" bold="true" box="[198,359,1520,1546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174B62FA5741137F1E" box="[366,583,1520,1545]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174B62FA5741137F1E" box="[366,583,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a very restricted distribution and is only known from the 
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9A27174F13FA5746057F1D" box="[1311,1361,1520,1546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
locality, the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park. However, it was very abundant in this area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9A27164ACAF9E743AE783D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1520,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,298]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174ACAF9E742B07F4D" bold="true" box="[198,484,1600,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Molecular systematics.</emphasis>
Although, in general, the amount of data collected on the physical characters of Brazilian 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174B06F9CF422B7F96" box="[266,383,1640,1665]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174B06F9CF422B7F96" box="[266,383,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has proved adequate to differentiate between species, in some cases phenotypic plasticity may preclude positive identification and/or require substantial sample sizes. A complementary technique that can be used to validate identification involves analyses of molecular characters, and in recent years this has become popular in many studies, including those concerning marine invertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174E87F94743817E35" author="Sole-Cava" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Thorpe, J. P. (1991) High levels of genetic variation in natural populations of marine lower invertebrates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 44, 65 - 80." type="journal article" year="1991">Solé-Cava and Thorpe 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174AEEF8AF42CA7E35" author="Knowlton" box="[226,414,1800,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Knowlton, N. (1993) Sibling species in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 24, 189 - 216." type="journal article" year="1993">Knowlton 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Although molecular techniques have been used in other cnidarians, such as hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174A93F897422D7E5D" author="Thorpe" box="[159,377,1840,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Thorpe, J. P., Ryland, J. S., Cornelius, P. F. S. &amp; Beardmore, J. A. (1992) Evidence for extensive genetic divergence between branched and unbranched forms of the marine thecate hydroid Aglaophenia pluma. Journal of Marine Biology, 72, 887 - 894." type="journal article" year="1992">
Thorpe 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174AF0F89742627E5E" box="[252,310,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
) and corals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174802F89741EC7E5D" author="Stoddart" box="[526,696,1840,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Stoddart, J. A. (1983) Asexual reproduction of planulae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Biology, 76, 279 - 284." type="journal article" year="1983">Stoddart 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A271748CFF89740E27E5D" author="Ayre" box="[707,950,1840,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Ayre, D. J. &amp; Wills, B. L. (1988) Population structure in the coral Pavona cactus: clonal genotypes show little phenotypic plasticity. Marine Biology, 99, 495 - 505." type="journal article" year="1988">Ayre and Wills 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A271749CEF89747E97E5D" author="Knowlton" box="[962,1213,1840,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Knowlton, N., Weil, E., Weigt, L. A. &amp; Guzman, H. M. (1992) Sibling species in Montastraea annularis, coral bleaching, and coral climate record. Science, 255, 330 - 333." type="journal article" year="1992">
Knowlton 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174E32F897472C7E5E" box="[1086,1144,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
; Weil 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174F43F89742097E65" author="Garthwaite" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Garthwaite, R. L., Potts, D. C., Veron, J. E. N. &amp; Done, T. J. (1994) Electrophoretic identification of poritid species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Coral Reefs, 13, 49 - 56." type="journal article" year="1994">
Garthwaite 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174AD1F8FF42457E66" box="[221,273,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174B65F8FF41C77E65" author="Weil" box="[361,659,1880,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Weil, E. &amp; Knowlton, N. (1994) A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. franksi (Gregory, 1895). Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 151 - 175." type="journal article" year="1994">Weil and Knowlton 1994</bibRefCitation>
), to date the only studies on the molecular systematics of calcified hydroids are by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174B59F827412E7E8D" box="[341,634,1920,1946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Manchenko, G. P., Moschenko, A. V &amp; Odintsov, V. S. (1993) Biochemical genetics and systematics of Millepora (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) from the shore of south Vietnam. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 729 - 735." type="journal article">
Manchenko 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174BEBF82741757E8E" box="[487,545,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1993)
</bibRefCitation>
, Amaral (1997), Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A271749ADF82740817E8E" box="[929,981,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. (1997), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174E4CF82746757E8D" box="[1088,1313,1920,1946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Miller, K. J., Mundy, C. N. &amp; Chadderton, W. L. (2004) Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallowwater populations of the stylasterid hydrocoral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine Freshwater Ecosystems, 14, 75 - 94." type="journal article">
Miller 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174E9DF82747987E8E" box="[1169,1228,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9A27174F57F82742037ED5" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Lindner, A., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Cunningham, C. W. (2008) From Offshore to Onshore: Multiple Origins of Shallow-Water Corals from Deep-Sea Ancestors. PLoS ONE 3, 1 - 6." type="journal article">
Lindner 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174AC8F80F43A37ED6" box="[196,247,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, the middle three being the only ones done with Brazilian species. Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174EC4F80F46577ED6" box="[1224,1283,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1997) compared 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174AE7F87742C67EFE" box="[235,402,2000,2025]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174AE7F87742C67EFE" box="[235,402,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9A27174BEFF87741C87EFE" box="[483,668,2000,2025]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9A27174BEFF87741C87EFE" box="[483,668,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="62">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by means of enzyme electrophoresis and confirmed what morphometric studies had already shown: there is no possibility of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B271649CAFF3F472379A6" box="[966,1143,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B271649CAFF3F472379A6" box="[966,1143,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being a synonym of 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164F70FF3F424079CE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164F70FF3F424479CE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">M. alcicornis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Amaral (1997) also compared 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164873FF67404F79CE" box="[639,795,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164873FF67404F79CE" box="[639,795,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164958FF67475579CE" box="[852,1025,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164958FF67475579CE" box="[852,1025,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164E2AFF6747C579CE" box="[1062,1169,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164E2AFF6747C579CE" box="[1062,1169,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, proving that these are three separate species. Molecular data should also be gathered in order to test the validity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164F2BFF4F43A7783E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164F2BFF4F43A7783E" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9B27164A9BFC8241607A48" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[502,1078,357,773]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9B27164A9BFC8241607A48" blockId="7.[151,1436,805,863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164A9BFC82424E7A2A" bold="true" box="[151,282,805,829]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Colony of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164B9BFC81410A7A2A" box="[407,606,806,829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164B9BFC81410A7A2A" box="[407,606,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhão, northern coast of Brazil). Photo courtesy of Luiz Rocha.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9B27164ACAFC3446297DFA" blockId="7.[151,1437,915,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164ACAFC34423F7ABA" bold="true" box="[198,363,915,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Nematocysts.</emphasis>
Among the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164880FC3440557ABB" box="[652,769,915,940]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164880FC3440557ABB" box="[652,769,915,940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B2716499CFC3447647ABB" box="[912,1072,915,940]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B2716499CFC3447647ABB" box="[912,1072,915,940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164EC2FC3446C37ABA" author="Boschma" box="[1230,1431,915,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Boschma, H. (1949) The ampullae of Millepora. Proceedings, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 52, 3 - 15." type="journal article" year="1949">Boschma (1949)</bibRefCitation>
, only two 
<typeStatus id="54C08861FF9B27164B1EFC1C42047AC2" box="[274,336,955,981]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">types</typeStatus>
of nematocysts were observed, which 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164931FC1C47527AC2" author="Boschma" box="[829,1030,955,981]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Boschma, H. (1949) The ampullae of Millepora. Proceedings, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 52, 3 - 15." type="journal article" year="1949">Boschma (1949)</bibRefCitation>
called “larger nematocysts” and “smaller nematocysts”. For 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9B27164BD1FC4441707AEA" box="[477,548,995,1021]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164820FC4440D77AEA" authority="Amaral (1997)" authorityName="Amaral" authorityYear="1997" box="[556,899,995,1021]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164820FC44419C7AEB" box="[556,712,995,1020]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
, Amaral (1997)
</taxonomicName>
observed stenotele nematocysts with an average length of 44.6 Μm and holotrich nematocysts with a mean length and width of 24.7 Μm and 24.2 Μm, respectively. A single exploded nematocyst was observed: a holotrich, with a capsule measuring 26.2 Μm and a 275.1 Μm filament, totaling 301.3 Μm. Stenotele and holotrich nematocysts were also observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164F4DFBFC43A17D8B" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164F4DFBFC43A17D8B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The stenotele averaged 44.5 Μm in length, while the holotrich averaged 31 Μm in length and 27.8 Μm in width. Statistical analyses showed that the differences in the average length of these two species’ nematocysts were not significant. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164BFCFB74410F7DFB" box="[496,603,1235,1260]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164BFCFB74410F7DFB" box="[496,603,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a single holotrich nematocyst was observed, but was not measured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9B27164ACAFB5C42617CCA" blockId="7.[151,1437,915,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164ACAFB5C426A7C02" bold="true" box="[198,318,1275,1301]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Medusae.</emphasis>
Amaral (1997) found medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B271648D1FB5C402F7C03" box="[733,891,1275,1300]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B271648D1FB5C402F7C03" box="[733,891,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the rainy season (June–August). Similarly, medusae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164B24FA84428C7C2B" box="[296,472,1315,1340]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164B24FA84428C7C2B" box="[296,472,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in the beginning of the rainy season (March–June). The medusae of both species fit the description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164827FAEC41B97C72" author="Boschma" box="[555,749,1355,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Boschma, H. (1956) Milleporina and Stylasterina. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America, New York, pp. 90 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1956">Boschma (1956)</bibRefCitation>
“hydromedusae of reduced structure, for they lack velum, tentacles, and radial canals”. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B2716482BFAD441907C9B" box="[551,708,1395,1420]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B2716482BFAD441907C9B" box="[551,708,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae averaged 17 μm in size, varying from 15 to 23 μm. Medusae from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164B44FA3C42A27CA3" box="[328,502,1435,1460]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164B44FA3C42A27CA3" box="[328,502,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed but not measured. Medusae from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164E3AFA3C47F47CA3" box="[1078,1184,1435,1460]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164E3AFA3C47F47CA3" box="[1078,1184,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164ED5FA3C46087CA3" box="[1241,1372,1435,1460]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164ED5FA3C46087CA3" box="[1241,1372,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9B27164ACAFA4C42DF7FB2" blockId="7.[151,1437,915,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164ACAFA4C427B7F12" bold="true" box="[198,303,1515,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Ecology.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164B3AFA4C42877F12" author="Lewis" box="[310,467,1515,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Lewis, J. B. (1989) The ecology of Millepora: a review. Coral Reefs, 8, 99 - 107." type="journal article" year="1989">Lewis (1989)</bibRefCitation>
noted the lack of information on the ecology of most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164EC9FA4C466E7F13" box="[1221,1338,1515,1540]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164EC9FA4C466E7F13" box="[1221,1338,1515,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including those occurring in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9B27164BA6F9B442A27F3A" box="[426,502,1555,1581]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Some information is available with respect to general characteristics such as preferred depth distributions and general habitats and their associated micro- and macrofauna and flora. Most of these observations are fairly recent, but compare favorably with earlier notes on 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164E97F9C446457F6B" box="[1179,1297,1635,1660]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164E97F9C446457F6B" box="[1179,1297,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other regions of the world.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9B27194AC9F91440C17815" blockId="7.[151,1437,915,2021]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,258]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164B65F914415E7FDA" author="Lewis" box="[361,522,1715,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Lewis, J. B. (1989) The ecology of Millepora: a review. Coral Reefs, 8, 99 - 107." type="journal article" year="1989">Lewis (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B2716489DF91440537FDB" box="[657,775,1715,1740]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B2716489DF91440537FDB" box="[657,775,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in depths from less than 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B27164E85F91447EC7FDA" box="[1161,1208,1715,1741]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
to about 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B27164F25F914463D7FDA" box="[1321,1385,1715,1741]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
, but Amaral (1997) cited 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164B86F97C41717FE3" box="[394,549,1755,1780]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164B86F97C41717FE3" box="[394,549,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring from 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B271648EFF97C40007FE2" box="[739,852,1755,1781]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="0.0">
0 to 
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD4AFF9B2716491AF97C40007FE2" box="[790,852,1755,1781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" type="generic">50 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Likewise, to date there have been no comprehensive studies on this topic for Brazilian species, yet some ecological data can be found in other kinds of studies. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B27164A9BF88C421C7E52" author="Laborel" box="[151,328,1835,1861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Laborel, J. (1969) Les Peuplements de madreporaires des cotes tropicales du Bresil. Annales de L'Universite D'Abidjan (Serie E), 2, 261 pp." type="book" year="1969">Laborel (1969)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the following depth ranges for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B2716495BF88C40BA7E52" box="[855,1006,1835,1861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Milleporidae</taxonomicName>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9B27164E1AF88C47367E52" box="[1046,1122,1835,1861]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B27164E62F88C47927E52" box="[1134,1222,1835,1861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="0.0">0–15 m</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164EF4F88C46C17E53" box="[1272,1429,1835,1860]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164EF4F88C46C17E53" box="[1272,1429,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B27164A9BF8F443B47E7A" box="[151,224,1875,1901]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 m</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164B1DF8F442947E7B" box="[273,448,1875,1900]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164B1DF8F442947E7B" box="[273,448,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B2716480DF8F4411E7E7A" box="[513,586,1875,1901]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">0–5 m</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164877F8F441B37E7B" box="[635,743,1875,1900]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164877F8F441B37E7B" box="[635,743,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. More recently, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9B271649A4F8F447CC7E7A" box="[936,1176,1875,1901]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" refString="Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, S. D. &amp; Schlenz, E. (2002) Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 681 - 695." type="journal article">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164E04F8F447177E7B" box="[1032,1091,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
enlarged two of these species bathymetric distribution for 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9B2716484CF8DC41D87E82" box="[576,652,1915,1941]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164894F8DC40617E83" box="[664,821,1915,1940]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164894F8DC40617E83" box="[664,821,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found up to 
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9B27164E0EF8DC476A7E82" box="[1026,1086,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
deep and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164EB4F8DC46337E83" box="[1208,1383,1915,1940]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164EB4F8DC46337E83" box="[1208,1383,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at 30 m—both at the Manuel Luiz Coral Banks. Further, the bathymetric distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9B27164F2BF80443A77EF3" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164F2BF80443A77EF3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">Millepora laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57AAFF9B27164AF6F86C42687EF2" box="[250,316,1995,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9B27164AF6F86C42687EF2" bold="true" box="[250,316,1995,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="63">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, endemic to the Manuel Luiz area, was recorded, with tall, unusually shaped colonies observed at depths of around 
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD4AFF9427194B71FF3F429479A5" box="[381,448,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" type="generic">
<quantity id="4C839B26FF9427194B71FF3F42E879A5" box="[381,444,152,178]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Although 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9427194830FF3F41B879A5" author="Laborel" box="[572,748,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" refString="Laborel, J. (1969) Les Peuplements de madreporaires des cotes tropicales du Bresil. Annales de L'Universite D'Abidjan (Serie E), 2, 261 pp." type="book" year="1969">Laborel (1969)</bibRefCitation>
appointed specific reef zones for the occurrence of the different species of Brazilian 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194BE8FF67413579CE" box="[484,609,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194BE8FF67410879CE" box="[484,604,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Millepora</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
such as the reef front for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF94271949BDFF67473079CE" box="[945,1124,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF94271949BDFF67473079CE" box="[945,1124,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these species have been observed in most reef regions and in other areas with coral fauna.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9427194A9BFA94412E7C7A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184839/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[151,1429,317,1302]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9427194A9BFA94412E7C7A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1331,1389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194A9BFA94424A7C5C" bold="true" box="[151,286,1331,1355]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Scanning microscopy showing the surface (gastropores and dactylopores) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194E80FA9446397C5D" box="[1164,1389,1331,1354]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194E80FA9446397C5D" box="[1164,1389,1331,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">Millepora alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194F73FA9443817C7A" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194F73FA9443817C7A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194AEEFAF142D57C7A" box="[226,385,1366,1389]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194AEEFAF142D57C7A" box="[226,385,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194BB7FAF141677C7A" box="[443,563,1366,1389]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194BB7FAF141677C7A" box="[443,563,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(50x).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9427194A9BF807400B7EA0" box="[151,863,1952,1976]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184840/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[151,1433,1445,1921]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9427194A9BF807400B7EA0" blockId="8.[151,863,1952,1976]" box="[151,863,1952,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194A9BF807424D7EAF" bold="true" box="[151,281,1952,1976]" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Scanning microscopy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9427194826F80641F47EAF" box="[554,672,1953,1976]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="64" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9427194826F80641F47EAF" box="[554,672,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="64">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(200x and 400x).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF04664BFF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6" ID-Table-UUID="DF04664BFF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[159,1428,242,1337]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6" blockId="9.[151,1435,151,209]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184A9BFF30425879B8" bold="true" box="[151,268,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Associated fauna and flora to three 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271848A6FF3F404179B8" box="[682,789,152,175]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271848A6FF3F404179B8" box="[682,789,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997), excluding zooxanthellae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9527184B4AFF55474C7C2E" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<table id="F97BC463FF95D8EE4A93FF5546C07C2E" box="[159,1428,242,1337]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<tr id="354B3481FF95D8EE4A93FF5546C0783B" box="[159,1428,242,300]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4B4AFF5541A1783B" box="[326,757,242,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B4AFF554280781E" box="[326,468,242,265]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B4AFF554280781E" box="[326,468,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(34 colonies)
</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4904FF554703783B" box="[776,1111,242,300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184904FF5540F2781E" box="[776,934,242,265]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184904FF5540F2781E" box="[776,934,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(45 colonies)
</th>
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4E6BFF5546C0783B" box="[1127,1428,242,300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184E6BFF55479D781E" box="[1127,1225,242,265]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E6BFF55479D781E" box="[1127,1225,242,265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(13 colonies)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF95D8EE4A93FEE746C078F6" box="[159,1428,320,481]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4A93FEE7424978F6" box="[159,285,320,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Associated microfauna</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4B4AFEE741A178F6" box="[326,757,320,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Ciliated protozoa, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718487BFEE741807840" box="[631,724,320,343]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Euplotidae" genus="Euplotes" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Euplotida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718487BFEE741807840" box="[631,724,320,343]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Euplotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; flagellated protozoa (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718485AFEC541FB786E" box="[598,687,354,377]" class="Euglenophyceae" family="Euglenaceae" genus="Euglena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Euglenales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718485AFEC541FB786E" box="[598,687,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Euglena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.); 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B4AFE2242E8788B" box="[326,444,389,412]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cyprinidae</taxonomicName>
ostracods
</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4904FEE7470378F6" box="[776,1111,320,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Ciliated protozoa, (including 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184904FEC54031786E" box="[776,869,354,377]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Euplotidae" genus="Euplotes" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Euplotida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">Euplotes</taxonomicName>
sp.), flagellated proto- zoa (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184930FE2240C1788B" box="[828,917,389,412]" class="Euglenophyceae" family="Euglenaceae" genus="Euglena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Euglenales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184930FE2240C1788B" box="[828,917,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Euglena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849DCFE224712788B" box="[976,1094,389,412]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cyprinidae</taxonomicName>
ostracods, and Tunicata 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E06FE0F400178F6" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Oiko- pleura.</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF95D8EE4A93FE5246C07AE5" box="[159,1428,501,1010]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4A93FE5242497AE5" box="[159,285,501,1010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Associated macrofauna</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4B4AFE5241A17AE5" box="[326,757,501,1010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Unidentified species from Phylum Sar- comastigophora (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BF3FDBF412A7B38" box="[511,638,536,559]" class="Globothalamea" family="Homotrematidae" genus="Homotrema" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rotaliida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BF3FDBF412A7B38" box="[511,638,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Homotrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), Phy- lum Porifera (occurring in the dead parts of some colonies), Phylum Cnidaria (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B42FD2741207B80" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[334,628,640,663]" class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Favia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B42FD2742B37B80" box="[334,487,640,663]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Favia gravida</emphasis>
Verrill, 1868
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271848ABFD2742CA7BAE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Sid- erastrea</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BA8FD0541D07BAE" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" box="[420,644,674,697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Siderastreidae" genus="Siderastrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BA8FD0542A67BAE" box="[420,498,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">stellata</emphasis>
Verrill, 1868
</taxonomicName>
), Phylum Mollusca (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BB4FD6241A57BCB" authority="Orbingny" authorityName="Orbingny" box="[440,753,709,732]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Lithophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BB4FD6241277BCB" box="[440,627,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Lithophaga nigra</emphasis>
(Orbingny)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B7FFD4F41F17BE8" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" box="[371,677,744,767]" class="Bivalvia" family="Noetiidae" genus="Noetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arcoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bisulcata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B7FFD4F41777BE8" box="[371,547,744,767]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Noetia bisulcata</emphasis>
(Lamarck))
</taxonomicName>
, Phy- lum Annelida (families 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184848FCAD41F37A36" box="[580,679,778,801]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Nereidae</taxonomicName>
, Sabel- lidae, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B8AFC8A42AF7A53" box="[390,507,813,836]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Serpulidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718483EFC8A41DA7A53" box="[562,654,813,836]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Syllidae</taxonomicName>
), Phylum Crustacea (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BB2FCF741C87A70" box="[446,668,848,871]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Megabalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stultus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BB2FCF741C87A70" box="[446,668,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Megabalanus stultus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Dar- win), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B88FCD441E07A9E" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[388,692,882,906]" class="Malacostraca" family="Eriphiidae" genus="Eriphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonogra">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B88FCD441637A9D" box="[388,567,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Eriphia gonogra</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B4AFC32429F7ABB" box="[326,459,917,940]" class="Malacostraca" family="Porcellanidae" genus="Pachycheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B4AFC32429F7ABB" box="[326,459,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Pachycheles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718487AFC3241BC7ABB" box="[630,744,917,940]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alpheidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Alpheidae</taxonomicName>
), Phylum Bryozoa, and Phylum Echino- dermata (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BA7FC7C41EC7AE6" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[427,696,986,1010]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiotrichidae" genus="Ophiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BA7FC7C41D17AE5" box="[427,645,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Ophiothrix angulata</emphasis>
Say
</taxonomicName>
).
</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4904FE5247037AE5" box="[776,1111,501,1010]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Phylum Cnidaria (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849C1FE5240BB7B38" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Anthozoa" family="Agariciidae" genus="Agaricia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agaricites">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849C1FE5240277B38" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Agaricia agaricites</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849F7FDBF40FD7B46" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Favia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849F7FDBF400F7B45" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Favia gravida</emphasis>
Verrill
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849EDFD9C40D37B63" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Sideras- trea 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184934FDFA40D37B63" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" box="[824,903,605,628]" class="Anthozoa" family="Siderastreidae" genus="Siderastrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellata">stellata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Verrill), Phylum Mollusca (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184977FD2740A27B80" box="[891,1014,640,663]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Lithophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184977FD2740A27B80" box="[891,1014,640,663]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Lithophaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849F0FD2740D77BAE" authority="Orbingny" authorityName="Orbingny" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Lithophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra (Orbingny)</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184982FD04402F7BCB" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" class="Bivalvia" family="Noetiidae" genus="Noetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arcoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bisulcata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184982FD0447697BAD" box="[910,1085,675,698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Noetia bisulcata</emphasis>
(Lamarck)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184989FD6247497BE8" authority="Carpenter" authorityName="Carpenter" class="Gastropoda" family="Vermetidae" genus="Petaloconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="macrophragma">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184989FD6240F87BE8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Petaloconchus macrophragma</emphasis>
Carpenter
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184904FCAC40947A36" authority="Dall" authorityName="Dall" box="[776,960,778,802]" class="Gastropoda" family="Vermetidae" genus="Petaloconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="erectus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184904FCAC403A7A35" box="[776,878,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">P. erectus</emphasis>
(Dall))
</taxonomicName>
, Phylum Annelida (families 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849D9FC8A471E7A53" box="[981,1098,813,836]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Serpulidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184904FCF7402E7A70" box="[776,890,848,871]" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Sabellidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849BDFCF747597A70" box="[945,1037,848,871]" class="Polychaeta" family="Syllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Syllidae</taxonomicName>
), Phy- lum Crustacea (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849BDFCD440957ABB" authority="Darwin" authorityName="Darwin" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Megabalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stultus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849BDFCD4401A7ABB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Megabalanus stultus</emphasis>
(Darwin))
</taxonomicName>
, and Phylum Bryozoa.
</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4E6BFE5246C07AE5" box="[1127,1428,501,1010]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Phylum Cnidaria (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184F20FE5246037B38" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Anthozoa" family="Agariciidae" genus="Agaricia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="agaricites">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184F20FE5247867B38" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Agaricia agaricites</emphasis>
(Linnaeus))
</taxonomicName>
, Phylum Annelida (only tubes were observed and identifi- cation was not possible), Phylum Crustacea (uniden- tified Cirripedia), and Phy- lum Bryozoa.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF95D8EE4A93FBA246C07DDE" box="[159,1428,1029,1225]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4A93FBA242497DDE" box="[159,285,1029,1225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Associated microflora</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4B4AFBA241A17DDE" box="[326,757,1029,1225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
The diatoms 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BC0FBA2429C7D28" authority="Ehrenberg" authorityName="Ehrenberg" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Climacospheniaceae" genus="Climacosphenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Climacospheniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="moniligera">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BC0FBA241A77D0B" box="[460,755,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Climacosphenia moniligera</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BDFFB8F429C7D76" authority="Ehrenberg" authorityName="Ehrenberg" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Valsaceae" genus="Cylindrotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Diaporthales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="closterium">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BDFFB8F41B67D28" box="[467,738,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Cylindrotheca closterium</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BDFFBED41197D76" box="[467,589,1098,1121]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Mastogloiaceae" genus="Mastogloia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Mastogloiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BDFFBED41197D76" box="[467,589,1098,1121]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Mastogloia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184873FBED418B7D76" box="[639,735,1098,1121]" class="Bivalvia" family="Arcidae" genus="Navicula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arcida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184873FBED418B7D76" box="[639,735,1098,1121]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Navicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184B7DFBCA42807D93" box="[369,468,1133,1156]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B7DFBCA42807D93" box="[369,468,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Nitzschia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184838FBCA423A7DB0" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184838FBCA41F77D93" box="[564,675,1133,1156]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cocconeidaceae" genus="Cocconeis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">Cocconeis</taxonomicName>
scutel- lum
</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg), and the Crysophyta algae 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184B88FB1542B27DDE" box="[388,486,1202,1225]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Symbella</emphasis>
sp.
</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4904FBA247037DDE" box="[776,1111,1029,1225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
The diatoms 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718499FFBA247527D28" authority="Ehrenberg" authorityName="Ehrenberg" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Climacospheniaceae" genus="Climacosphenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Climacospheniales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="moniligera">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718499FFBA240297D28" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Climacosphenia moniligera</emphasis>
(Ehrenberg)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E1DFB8F40897D76" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Cylin- drotheca 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184960FBED40897D76" box="[876,989,1098,1121]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Valsaceae" genus="Cylindrotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Diaporthales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="closterium">closterium</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Ehren- berg), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184947FBCA40907D93" box="[843,964,1133,1156]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Mastogloiaceae" genus="Mastogloia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Mastogloiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184947FBCA40907D93" box="[843,964,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Mastogloia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849FEFBCA47067D93" box="[1010,1106,1133,1156]" class="Bivalvia" family="Arcidae" genus="Navicula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arcida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849FEFBCA47067D93" box="[1010,1106,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Navicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718493EFB3740C17DB0" box="[818,917,1168,1191]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718493EFB3740C17DB0" box="[818,917,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Nitzschia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849E3FB3747067DB0" box="[1007,1106,1168,1191]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Catenulaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Thalassiophysales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849E3FB3747067DB0" box="[1007,1106,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Amphora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B3481FF95D8EE4A93FB7A46C07C2E" box="[159,1428,1245,1337]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4A93FB7A42497C2E" box="[159,285,1245,1337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Other</th>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4B4AFB7A41A17C2E" box="[326,757,1245,1337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Cyanobacteria: 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BE2FB7A41207DE3" box="[494,628,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Croococales</emphasis>
sp., 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271848AAFB7A42287C00" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Spir- ulina</emphasis>
sp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BD0FAA741637C00" box="[476,567,1280,1303]" class="Cyanophyceae" family="Oscillatoriaceae" genus="Lyngbya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oscillatoriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BD0FAA741637C00" box="[476,567,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Lyngbya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; unidentified bacteria.
</td>
<td id="769A5DFDFF95D8EE4904FB7A47037C2E" box="[776,1111,1245,1337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Cyanobacteria: 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849BCFB7A47627DE3" box="[944,1078,1245,1268]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Croococales</emphasis>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718493FFAA740C27C00" box="[819,918,1280,1303]" class="Granuloreticulosea" family="Peneroplidae" genus="Spirulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Foraminiferida" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718493FFAA740C27C00" box="[819,918,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Spirulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271849F9FAA747047C00" box="[1013,1104,1280,1303]" class="Cyanophyceae" family="Oscillatoriaceae" genus="Lyngbya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oscillatoriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271849F9FAA747047C00" box="[1013,1104,1280,1303]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Lyngbya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; unidentified bacteria.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF9527184AC9FA2D439E7E0F" blockId="9.[151,1436,1418,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
Amaral (1997) also observed some species of microflora associated with 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184E17FA2C47E27CB3" box="[1051,1206,1419,1444]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E17FA2C47E27CB3" box="[1051,1206,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184EE2FA2C46C87CB3" box="[1262,1436,1419,1444]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184EE2FA2C46C87CB3" box="[1262,1436,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6F90378FF9527184A92FA1543A97CDB" box="[158,253,1458,1484]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,242,1337]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. Associated fauna and flora to three Millepora species that occur in Brazil, according to Amaral (1997), excluding zooxanthellae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04664BFF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" tableUuid="DF04664BFF9527184A9BFF3042F679C6">Table 3</tableCitation>
). Special attention was paid to zooxanthellae in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184959FA1440A17CDB" box="[853,1013,1459,1484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184959FA1440A17CDB" box="[853,1013,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184E04FA1447EE7CDB" box="[1032,1210,1459,1484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E04FA1447EE7CDB" box="[1032,1210,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184F0FFA1446267CDB" box="[1283,1394,1459,1484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184F0FFA1446267CDB" box="[1283,1394,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which all the phases of the life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF952718488CFA7C407C7CE3" box="[640,808,1499,1524]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Symbiodiniaceae" genus="Symbiodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Suessiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF952718488CFA7C407C7CE3" box="[640,808,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Symbiodinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9527184E08FA7D47827CE3" author="Freudenthal" box="[1028,1238,1498,1524]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" refString="Freudenthal, H. (1962) Symbiodinium gen. nov. and Symbiodinium microadriaticum sp. nov., a zooxanthella: taxonomy, life cycle, and morphology. Journal of Protozoology, 9, 45 - 52." type="journal article" year="1962">Freudenthal 1962</bibRefCitation>
) were observed. There was a high relative density of these zooxanthellae and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184953F9A440AF7F0B" box="[863,1019,1539,1564]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184953F9A440AF7F0B" box="[863,1019,1539,1564]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had the highest density of the three species: the mean densities were 14.4 
<date id="FFC51003FF9527184855F98A41C17F2F" box="[601,661,1578,1607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" value="1910-10-05">x 10 5</date>
cells/cm2 for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184935F98940817F50" box="[825,981,1582,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184935F98940817F50" box="[825,981,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 4.5 
<date id="FFC51003FF9527184E1DF98A47197F2F" box="[1041,1101,1578,1607]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" value="1910-10-05">x 10 5</date>
cells/cm2 for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184EE1F98946C87F50" box="[1261,1436,1582,1607]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184EE1F98946C87F50" box="[1261,1436,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 3.3 
<date id="FFC51003FF9527184AF2F9FF426A7F74" box="[254,318,1621,1650]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" value="1910-10-05">x 10 5</date>
cells/cm2 for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BE2F9FE410A7F65" box="[494,606,1625,1650]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BE2F9FE410A7F65" box="[494,606,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Statistical analyses showed that these differences were significant, although the low value for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BD9F92641147F8D" box="[469,576,1665,1690]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BD9F92641147F8D" box="[469,576,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might have been due to the fact that the studied specimens had been frozen, unlike the two other species, which were alive. In a study of the scleractinian coral 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184EA9F90E43947FFB" class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Montastraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184EA9F90E43947FFB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Montastraea cavernosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF9527184B00F974423D7FFA" box="[268,361,1747,1773]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF9527184B7BF97440D37FFA" author="Carricart-Ganivet" box="[375,903,1747,1773]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" refString="Carricart-Ganivet, J. P. &amp; Beltran-Torres, A. U. (1993) Skeletal morphologic variation in Montastrea cavernosa (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) at Isla Verde Coral Reef, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 41, 559 - 562." type="journal article" year="1993">Carricart-Ganivet and Beltrán-Torres (1993)</bibRefCitation>
found that the density was 1.99 
<date id="FFC51003FF9527184F1AF97446007FC9" box="[1302,1364,1744,1773]" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" value="1910-10-05">x 10 5</date>
cells/ cm2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF95271B4ACAF88140067815" blockId="9.[151,1436,1418,2016]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,152,578]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">
The diameters of the zooxanthellae were also examined by Amaral (1997). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184E7CF881465A7E28" box="[1136,1294,1830,1855]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184E7CF881465A7E28" box="[1136,1294,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they varied from 7.9 to 26.2 Μm (12.5 Μm on average); in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF95271848B1F8E940387E70" box="[701,876,1870,1895]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF95271848B1F8E940387E70" box="[701,876,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the diameter ranged from 7.9 to 18.3 Μm (14.7 Μm on average); and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF9527184BBAF8D141767E98" box="[438,546,1910,1935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="65" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF9527184BBAF8D141767E98" box="[438,546,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="65">M. nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the variation was from 10.5 to 18.3 Μm (15.1 Μm on average). The differences among the zooxanthellae diameters of the three species were found to be statistically significant. In addition, when compared to scleractinian corals the diameter of these zooxanthellae can be considered large (William Fitt, pers. comm.). For example, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF96271B489EFF3F409479A5" author="Amaral" box="[658,960,152,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" refString="Amaral, F. D. &amp; Costa, C. F. (1998) Zooxantelas dos hidrocorais Millepora alcicornis e Millepora braziliensis e dos corais Favia gravida e Siderastrea stellata de Pernambuco. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 26 (1), 123 - 133." type="journal article" year="1998">Amaral and Costa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
compared the zooxanthellae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4F31FF3F43B479CE" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4F31FF3F43B479CE" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4B16FF67429D79CE" box="[282,457,192,217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4B16FF67429D79CE" box="[282,457,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to that of the scleractinian corals 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4954FF67475479CE" box="[856,1024,192,217]" class="Anthozoa" family="Faviidae" genus="Favia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4954FF67475479CE" box="[856,1024,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">Favia gravida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4E36FF67464979CE" box="[1082,1309,192,217]" class="Anthozoa" family="Siderastreidae" genus="Siderastrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellata">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4E36FF67464979CE" box="[1082,1309,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">Siderastrea stellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and found that zooxanthellae of the latter had smaller mean diameters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436C3FF96271B4AC9FEB7402A7B55" blockId="10.[151,1436,152,578]" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">
Few other aspects of the ecology or life histories of Brazilian 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4995FEB7475A783E" box="[921,1038,272,297]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4995FEB7475A783E" box="[921,1038,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been documented; a bleaching event was observed for calcified hydroids in 
<collectingCountry id="F36C7653FF96271B48C1FE9F40407845" box="[717,788,312,338]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">Brazil</collectingCountry>
during a survey done in 
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the Manuel Luiz Coral Banks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF96271B4AFCFEC74287786D" author="Amaral" box="[240,467,352,378]" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" refString="Amaral, F. D., Hudson, M. M. &amp; Steiner, A. Q. (2006) Note on the widespread bleaching observed at the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park, Maranhao, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 39, 138 - 141." type="journal article" year="2006">
Amaral 
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4B5EFEC742D2786E" box="[338,390,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B32FF96271B4BD3FEC7414B786D" author="Amaral" box="[479,543,352,378]" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" refString="Amaral, F. D., Hudson, M. M., Steiner, A. Q. &amp; Ramos, C. A. C. (2007) Corals and calcified hydroids of the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhao, Northeast Brazil). Biota Neotropica, 7, 73 - 81." type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
). All of the observed 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4912FEC740E1786D" box="[798,949,352,378]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Milleporidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B49C4FEC74731786E" box="[968,1125,352,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alcicornis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B49C4FEC74731786E" box="[968,1125,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">M. alcicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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; 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4ECCFEC7463B786E" box="[1216,1391,352,377]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4ECCFEC7463B786E" box="[1216,1391,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">M. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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; 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4AB1FE2F421478B6" box="[189,320,392,417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laboreli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4AB1FE2F421478B6" box="[189,320,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">M. laboreli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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) were bleached or dead and covered by algae and/or other organisms; only 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B4EF2FE2F463378B6" box="[1278,1383,392,417]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B4EF2FE2F463378B6" box="[1278,1383,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">S. roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was unaffected. According to the authors, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D40FF96271B488EFE1741A378DE" box="[642,759,432,457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Milleporidae" genus="Millepora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90FEAD1FF96271B488EFE1741A378DE" box="[642,759,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="66">Millepora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bleaching coincided with that of co-occurring scleractinians observed, apparently due to the same factors – an increase in the average sea surface temperature of at least 1°C higher than the previous year. Future studies should point to the impact of these bleaching events and overall climate change on the Brazilian hydrocoral species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>