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<document id="8A893AA89822B618CAC02B3CF4223E28" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3628.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261270" ID-ZooBank="37D2D7F2-FA0C-40E9-B6D0-9C74EBB6C7F0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629845627142" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Reiswig, Henry M. &amp; Stone, Robert P." docDate="2013" docId="03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03628p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3628 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3628.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima. The 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFEBFFCAFFB836299A40FF842E67FFFC" masterDocTitle="&lt;strong&gt; New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska &lt;/ strong&gt;" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1699120432012" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5FF0F98CA5F4E80C8EB28CA1F28CE04E">&lt;strong&gt; New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska &lt;/ strong&gt;</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A7A78D1B3C61F6C2072EAB965195AEE">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D165AAAE079F79ED8EB195217306A155">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="42D0C874C536BCAFE5EF57FD036E0316" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3628.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CF6EAA2E6703A84E896DCA0B4DDF7BD5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261626" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="C361652FFFA436359AD7FCCD2C79FC9E" box="[151,542,840,867]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359AD7FCCD2C79FC9E" blockId="28.[151,542,840,900]" box="[151,542,840,867]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D08C81C8FFA436359AD7FCCD2C79FC9E" bold="true" box="[151,542,840,867]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA436359AD7FCCD2C79FC9E" ID-CoL="689VG" authority="Ijima, 1896" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,542,840,867]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359AD7FCCD2C79FC9E" bold="true" box="[151,542,840,867]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359AD7FCCD2FEDFC9F" bold="true" box="[151,394,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aulosaccus schulzei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA436359BD2FCCC2C79FC9E" author="Ijima, I." box="[402,542,840,866]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="249 - 254" refId="ref35619" refString="Ijima, I. (1896) Notice of new Hexactinellida from Sagami Bay. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19 (504), 249 - 254." type="journal article" year="1896">Ijima, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361652FFFA436359AD7FCE82C43FC14" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359AD7FCE82FC3FC78" blockId="28.[151,542,840,900]" box="[151,420,876,900]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
(
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359ADFFCE82E9CFC78" box="[159,251,876,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359B5EFCE82F5BFC78" box="[286,316,876,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">15</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFA436359B08FCE82FFBFC78" box="[328,412,876,900]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="29.[151,239,396,420]" captionText="TABLE 7. Spicule dimensions of Aulosaccus schulzei, USNM# 1196554, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska (dimensions in" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 7</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359AD7FC372C43FC14" blockId="28.[151,1436,947,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Synonymy.
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA436359B51FC302CF2FC35" authority="Ijima, 1896: 252" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityPageNumber="252" authorityYear="1896" box="[273,661,947,970]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359B51FC302FB9FC36" box="[273,478,948,970]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aulosaccus schulzei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA436359BA6FC372CF2FC35" author="Ijima, I." box="[486,661,947,969]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="249 - 254" refId="ref35619" refString="Ijima, I. (1896) Notice of new Hexactinellida from Sagami Bay. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19 (504), 249 - 254." type="journal article" year="1896">Ijima, 1896: 252</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA4363598E1FC372C98FC35" author="Ijima, I." box="[673,767,947,969]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="41 - 55" refId="ref35681" refString="Ijima, I. (1898) The genera and species of Rossellidae. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 2 (2), 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1898">1898: 51</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA43635994BFC372D12FC35" author="Ijima, I." box="[779,885,947,969]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 307" refId="ref35803" refString="Ijima, I. (1904) Studies on the Hexactinellida. Contribution IV. (Rossellidae). Journal of the College of Sciences, Imperial University of Tokyo, 18 (7), 1 - 307, pls I - XXIII." type="journal article" year="1904">1904: 110</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA4363599C1FC372A4AFC35" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[897,1069,947,969]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref35944" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1967) Glass, or hexactinellid sponges of the northern and far-eastern seas of the USSR (Class Hyalospongiae). [In Russian]. Opredeliteli po faune SSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim muzeem Akademii nauk, 94, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1967">Koltun 1967: 68</bibRefCitation>
; Tabachnick 2002: 1447;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA436359F7AFC302E9AFC14" author="Lee, W. L. &amp; Elvin, D. W. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref36248" refString="Lee, W. L., Elvin, D. W., &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2007) The Sponges of California: A Guide and Key to the Marine Sponges of California. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, Monterey, California, x + 395 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Lee
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359F27FC302BFBFC36" box="[1383,1436,948,970]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
: K257;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA436359B0CFC562C47FC14" author="Stone, R. P. &amp; Lehnert, H. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." box="[332,544,978,1000]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 187" refId="ref37879" refString="Stone, R. P., Lehnert, H. &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2011) A guide to the deep-water sponges of the Aleutian Island Archipelago. NOAA Professional Paper NMFS, 12, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2011">
Stone
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359BCCFC572FD8FC14" box="[396,447,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
2011: 33
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361652FFFA436359AD7FC752CB0FBFB" box="[151,727,1009,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359AD7FC752CB0FBFB" blockId="28.[151,1436,947,1031]" box="[151,727,1009,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B118AFFA436359AD7FC752CB0FBFB" box="[151,727,1009,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10B5FFA436359AD7FC752C78FBFB" author="Okada, Y." box="[151,543,1009,1031]" page="78" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1932">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA436359AD7FC752C78FBFB" ID-CoL="5VXVG" authority="Okada, 1932: 78" authorityName=", Okada" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,543,1009,1031]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359AD7FC752F12FBFB" box="[151,373,1009,1031]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aulosaccus albatrossi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA436359B3BFC752C78FBFB" author="Okada, Y." box="[379,543,1009,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932:78</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ADA10B5FFA43635986AFC752CB5FBFB" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[554,722,1009,1031]" page="68" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA43635986AFC752CB5FBFB" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[554,722,1009,1031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref35944" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1967) Glass, or hexactinellid sponges of the northern and far-eastern seas of the USSR (Class Hyalospongiae). [In Russian]. Opredeliteli po faune SSR, izdavaemye Zoologicheskim muzeem Akademii nauk, 94, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1967">Koltun 1967: 68</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361652FFFA436099AD7FBB02F61FEE7" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359AD7FBB02CE3FB68" blockId="28.[151,1437,1076,2036]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<materialsCitation id="3B133CF9FFA436359AD7FBB02CE7FB68" collectingDate="2004-08-06" collectionCode="RV" county="Jason" elevation="1320" latitude="51.867016" location="Tanaga Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-178.29533" municipality="Roger Revelle'" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="USNM# 1196554" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alaska">
Material examined.
<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDFFFA436359B3CFBB02C20FBB0" box="[380,583,1076,1100]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">USNM# 1196554</specimenCode>
, ROV '
<collectingCounty id="62A54E28FFA4363598D9FBB02CBDFBB0" box="[665,730,1076,1100]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Jason</collectingCounty>
II' from
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE61FFA436359902FBB02D00FBB7" box="[834,871,1076,1099]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">RV</collectionCode>
'
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0ACDEFFA436359931FBB02A79FBB0" box="[881,1054,1076,1100]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Roger Revelle'</collectingMunicipality>
, dive J2105,
<date id="FFC51064FFA436359EF5FBB02B0AFBB0" box="[1205,1389,1076,1100]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2004-08-06">
<collectingDate id="EF81E98CFFA436359EF5FBB02B0AFBB0" box="[1205,1389,1076,1100]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="2004-08-06">06 August 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<locationDeviation id="9A762F86FFA436359F3AFBB02FFAFB93" location="Cape Sajaka" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359F3AFBB02EDCFB93" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="km" value="4.5">4.5 km</quantity>
W of Cape Sajaka
</locationDeviation>
,
<location id="8EA4607FFFA436359BECFBDC2C29FB93" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7:8EA4607FFFA436359BECFBDC2C29FB93" box="[428,590,1111,1136]" county="Jason" latitude="51.867016" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-178.29533" municipality="Roger Revelle'" name="Tanaga Island" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Alaska">Tanaga Island</location>
,
<location id="8EA4607FFFA43635981DFBD32D7DFB93" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B2FFA436099AD7FCCD2F61FEE7:8EA4607FFFA43635981DFBD32D7DFB93" box="[605,794,1111,1135]" county="Jason" latitude="51.867016" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-178.29533" municipality="Roger Revelle'" name="Aleutian Islands" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Alaska">Aleutian Islands</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49BFF846FFA436359968FBD32D1EFB93" box="[808,889,1111,1135]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Alaska</collectingRegion>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5063FFA4363599C8FBD32A71FB93" box="[904,1046,1111,1135]" degrees="51" direction="north" minutes="52.021" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="51.867016">51º52.021'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5063FFA436359E64FBD32AA4FB93" box="[1060,1219,1111,1135]" degrees="178" direction="west" minutes="17.720" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" precision="1" value="-178.29533">178º17.720'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359E92FBD32B4BFB93" box="[1234,1324,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1320.0">
<elevation id="0056D197FFA436359E92FBD32B4BFB93" box="[1234,1324,1111,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1320.0">1320 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 1 partial specimen attached to cobble, dry &amp; ethanol
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359A87FB1B2D34FB03" blockId="28.[151,1437,1076,2036]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Comparative material examined.
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA43635987EFB242CDFFB44" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[574,696,1184,1208]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA43635987EFB242CDFFB44" box="[574,696,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA436359880FB1B2D42FB4B" box="[704,805,1183,1207]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE61FFA436359971FB1B2D0AFB4B" box="[817,877,1183,1207]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
10004, Sagami Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7634FFA436359E20FB242AC4FB4B" box="[1120,1187,1184,1207]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Japan</collectingCountry>
, prior to 1896, dry.
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA436359FC4FB242F61FB20" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA436359FC4FB242F61FB20" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. albatrossi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA436359B54FB402F1EFB20" box="[276,377,1220,1244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE61FFA436359BCAFB402FBCFB20" box="[394,475,1220,1244]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
22111, USFS 'Albatross' stn 4797,
<date id="FFC51064FFA4363599D0FB402A53FB20" box="[912,1076,1220,1244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" value="1906-06-20">20 June 1906</date>
, Staritschkof Island off South Kamchatka Peninsula, 52˚37.8'N, 158˚49.8'E,
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA4363598DEFB632C92FB03" box="[670,757,1255,1279]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.248" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="1248.0">1248 m</quantity>
, ethanol
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436359A87FA882C6EF8E0" blockId="28.[151,1437,1076,2036]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Description. The collected fragment is the top quarter of a slightly flattened sac,
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359ED4FA882AB9FADF" box="[1172,1246,1292,1316]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="53.0">53 cm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359F11FA882BFBFADF" box="[1361,1436,1292,1316]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
diameter, with large flared oscular margin (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA43635983FFAAB2D75FABB" box="[639,786,1327,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 14A, B</figureCitation>
); dimensions of the fragment (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359E2EFAAB2AB4FABB" box="[1134,1235,1327,1351]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
) are
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359F4CFAAB2B0DFABB" box="[1292,1386,1327,1351]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
tall,
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359AD7FAD02E92FA97" box="[151,245,1364,1388]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
wide, and
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA436359B3BFAD02FA9FA97" box="[379,462,1364,1388]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="34.0">34 mm</quantity>
in wall thickness in the middle. All surfaces are smooth, without prostalia, veil, or conules. The oscular margin is thin and without marginalia. The dermal surface has visible strands of hypodermal pentactins and diactins, oriented in all directions, forming a subsurface network supporting the dermal spicule lattice and obscuring the apertures of the subdermal inhalant canals (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA4363599DEFA3B2A54FA2B" box="[926,1075,1471,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 14C, D</figureCitation>
). The dermal lattice (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359F65FA3B2ECEFA00" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs. 14D, E</figureCitation>
) is a rectangular meshwork with mean side length of 122 µm, composed of about equal numbers of hexactins, pentactins, and stauractins. The atrial surface has openings of exhalant canals generally visible through the less regularly organized atrial lattice (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359850F9A82C13F9B8" box="[528,628,1580,1604]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" captionTargetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" captionTargetId="figure-347@30.[174,1410,151,1373]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, body and surfaces. A. In situ lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
). Meshes of the atrial lattice, composed mainly of hexactins with a few stauractins and pentactins, are not rectangular and microscleres, not present in the dermal lattice, make up a significant component of this structure. The main supporting skeleton is a network of loose interwoven unfused diactins occurring in bundles or singly and oriented without order. Spicule fusion probably occurs only in the basidictyonal skeleton, not collected. Within the moderately firm surface layers, the main parenchyma is cavernous, resulting in a very soft overall body texture. Color of the fresh specimen was white; when preserved in ethanol or dried it is light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA436349A87F8A32B6BFE98" blockId="28.[151,1437,1076,2036]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Megascleres: (spicule dimensions are given in
<tableCitation id="C6F9031FFFA4363598A4F8A32D5CF8C3" box="[740,827,1831,1855]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="29.[151,239,396,420]" captionText="TABLE 7. Spicule dimensions of Aulosaccus schulzei, USNM# 1196554, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska (dimensions in" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 7</tableCitation>
). Hypodermal pentactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA436359E2CF8A32AB1F8C3" box="[1132,1238,1831,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
), and a very few triactins and irregular tetractins, are mostly crucial, rarely semi-paratropal, and smooth, with long tapered rays ending in rough sharp tips. Their tangential rays are bundled with thick and thin diactins to form primary support for hexactine dermalia. Dermalia (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA43635985BF8102C18F850" box="[539,639,1940,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
) are entirely rough spicules with cylindric rays ending in rounded and sometimes inflated tips; 37% are hexactins, 31% pentactins, and 32% stauractins. Hexactins are distributed mainly over the hypodermal strands, pentactins at edges of strands, and stauractins over the unsupported middle of the larger lattice fields. Atrialia are composed of the same three spicule
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA5363499FAFF1C2D92FF4C" box="[954,1013,152,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">types</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349E48FF132A15FF53" box="[1032,1138,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
), but they are larger than dermalia, tend to have elongate proximal rays in pentactins and one axis elongate in hexactins. Parenchymal megascleres are all diactins, including thick principal diactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349915FF5B2DDDFF0B" box="[853,954,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
) and thin intermediate and comital diactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349ADFFE802F6FFEE0" box="[159,264,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
). Thick principal diactins are slightly curved, generally smooth, with no medial swelling and rough rounded or parabolic tips. Thin diactins are straight to sinuous, generally smooth with a significant medial swelling and rough parabolic tips. Short straight diactins (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA5363498F9FEC82D7EFE98" box="[697,793,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
) are associated with only the atrial surfaces.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFA536349AD7FE082BFBFE58" box="[151,1436,396,420]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[151,239,396,420]">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA536349AD7FE082BFBFE58" blockId="29.[151,1436,396,452]" box="[151,1436,396,420]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA536349AD7FE082F6DFE58" bold="true" box="[151,266,396,420]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">TABLE 7.</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA536349846FE092D50FE58" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[518,823,397,420]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA536349846FE092CBAFE58" box="[518,733,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Aulosaccus schulzei</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
# 1196554, from Aleutian Islands, Alaska (dimensions in
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA536349AD7FE292F8CFE38" blockId="29.[151,1436,396,452]" box="[151,491,429,452]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">µm unless otherwise indicated).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA536349B2FFE612B2DF9D0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<table id="F97BC404FFA5C9D69AE5FE602B36F9D0" box="[165,1361,484,1580]" colsContinueFrom="25.[165,1366,240,1759]" colsContinueIn="35.[165,1354,239,1517]" gridcols="5" gridrows="26" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FE602B36FE06" box="[165,1361,484,506]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FE602FB3FE06" box="[165,468,484,506]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">parameter</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FE602D68FE06" box="[728,783,484,506]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">mean</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FE602DFAFE06" box="[881,925,484,506]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">s. d.</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FE602AF4FE06" box="[1057,1171,484,506]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">range</th>
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFE602B36FE06" box="[1323,1361,484,506]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">n</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FD8B2B36FDD9" box="[165,1361,527,549]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FD8B2B36FDD9" box="[165,1361,527,549]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hypodermal pentactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FDBE2B36FDAC" box="[165,1361,570,592]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FDBE2FB3FDAC" box="[165,468,570,592]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">tangential ray length (mm)</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FDBE2D68FDAC" box="[728,783,570,592]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.18</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FDBE2DFAFDAC" box="[881,925,570,592]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.16</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FDBE2AF4FDAC" box="[1057,1171,570,592]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.62–3.40</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFDBE2B36FDAC" box="[1323,1361,570,592]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">81</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FDE12B36FD87" box="[165,1361,613,635]" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FDE12FB3FD87" box="[165,468,613,635]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">tangential ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FDE12D68FD87" box="[728,783,613,635]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">41.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FDE12DFAFD87" box="[881,925,613,635]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">8.3</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FDE12AF4FD87" box="[1057,1171,613,635]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">20.8–60.7</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFDE12B36FD87" box="[1323,1361,613,635]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">73</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FD142B36FD5A" box="[165,1361,656,678]" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FD142FB3FD5A" box="[165,468,656,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">proximal ray length (mm)</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FD142D68FD5A" box="[728,783,656,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.84</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FD142DFAFD5A" box="[881,925,656,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.94</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FD142AF4FD5A" box="[1057,1171,656,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.87–4.39</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFD142B36FD5A" box="[1323,1361,656,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">31</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FD3F2B36FD2D" box="[165,1361,699,721]" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FD3F2FB3FD2D" box="[165,468,699,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">proximal ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FD3F2D68FD2D" box="[728,783,699,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">45.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FD3F2DFAFD2D" box="[881,925,699,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">9.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FD3F2AF4FD2D" box="[1057,1171,699,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">18.9–62.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFD3F2B36FD2D" box="[1323,1361,699,721]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">52</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FD622B36FD00" box="[165,1361,742,764]" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FD622FB3FD00" box="[165,468,742,764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Dermalia (6/5/4) ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FD622D68FD00" box="[728,783,742,764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">123</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FD622DFAFD00" box="[881,925,742,764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">18.7</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FD622AF4FD00" box="[1057,1171,742,764]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">89–181</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFD622B36FD00" box="[1323,1361,742,764]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FC952B36FCDB" box="[165,1361,785,807]" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FC952FB3FCDB" box="[165,468,785,807]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FC952D68FCDB" box="[728,783,785,807]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">9.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FC952DFAFCDB" box="[881,925,785,807]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FC952AF4FCDB" box="[1057,1171,785,807]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5.7–12.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFC952B36FCDB" box="[1323,1361,785,807]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FCB82B36FCAE" box="[165,1361,828,850]" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FCB82FB3FCAE" box="[165,468,828,850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Atrialia (6/5) ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FCB82D68FCAE" box="[728,783,828,850]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">402</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FCB82DFAFCAE" box="[881,925,828,850]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">163</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FCB82AF4FCAE" box="[1057,1171,828,850]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">224–1,186</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFCB82B36FCAE" box="[1323,1361,828,850]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FCE32B36FC81" box="[165,1361,871,893]" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FCE32FB3FC81" box="[165,468,871,893]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ray width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FCE32D68FC81" box="[728,783,871,893]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">13.7</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FCE32DFAFC81" box="[881,925,871,893]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FCE32AF4FC81" box="[1057,1171,871,893]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">6.2–21.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFCE32B36FC81" box="[1323,1361,871,893]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FC162B36FC54" box="[165,1361,914,936]" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FC162FB3FC54" box="[165,468,914,936]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thin diactin length (mm)</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FC162D68FC54" box="[728,783,914,936]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3.27</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FC162DFAFC54" box="[881,925,914,936]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1.25</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FC162AF4FC54" box="[1057,1171,914,936]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1.43–6.74</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFC162B36FC54" box="[1323,1361,914,936]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FC392B36FC2F" box="[165,1361,957,979]" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FC392FB3FC2F" box="[165,468,957,979]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FC392D68FC2F" box="[728,783,957,979]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">11.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FC392DFAFC2F" box="[881,925,957,979]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FC392AF4FC2F" box="[1057,1171,957,979]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">6.0–18.7</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFC392B36FC2F" box="[1323,1361,957,979]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FC6C2B36FC02" box="[165,1361,1000,1022]" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FC6C2FB3FC02" box="[165,468,1000,1022]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thick diactin length (mm)</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FC6C2D68FC02" box="[728,783,1000,1022]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">7.76</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FC6C2DFAFC02" box="[881,925,1000,1022]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3.63</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FC6C2AF4FC02" box="[1057,1171,1000,1022]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3.27–17.65</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFC6C2B36FC02" box="[1323,1361,1000,1022]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FB962B36FBD4" box="[165,1361,1042,1064]" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FB962FB3FBD4" box="[165,468,1042,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FB962D68FBD4" box="[728,783,1042,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">39.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FB962DFAFBD4" box="[881,925,1042,1064]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">10.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FB962AF4FBD4" box="[1057,1171,1042,1064]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">22.6–63.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFB962B36FBD4" box="[1323,1361,1042,1064]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">100</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FBB92B36FBAF" box="[165,1361,1085,1107]" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FBB92FB3FBAF" box="[165,468,1085,1107]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Short atrial diactin (mm)</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FBB92D68FBAF" box="[728,783,1085,1107]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.92</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FBB92DFAFBAF" box="[881,925,1085,1107]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.26</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FBB92AF4FBAF" box="[1057,1171,1085,1107]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.43–1.52</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFBB92B36FBAF" box="[1323,1361,1085,1107]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FBED2B36FB83" box="[165,1361,1129,1151]" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FBED2FB3FB83" box="[165,468,1129,1151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">width</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FBED2D68FB83" box="[728,783,1129,1151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">11.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FBED2DFAFB83" box="[881,925,1129,1151]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.4</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FBED2AF4FB83" box="[1057,1171,1129,1151]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">7.4–18.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFBED2B36FB83" box="[1323,1361,1129,1151]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FB172B36FB55" box="[165,1361,1171,1193]" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FB172FB3FB55" box="[165,468,1171,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Solaster diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FB172D68FB55" box="[728,783,1171,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">771</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FB172DFAFB55" box="[881,925,1171,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">278</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FB172AF4FB55" box="[1057,1171,1171,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">513–1,389</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFB172B36FB55" box="[1323,1361,1171,1193]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FB3A2B36FB28" box="[165,1361,1214,1236]" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FB3A2FB3FB28" box="[165,468,1214,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">centrum radius</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FB3A2D68FB28" box="[728,783,1214,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">22.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FB3A2DFAFB28" box="[881,925,1214,1236]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FB3A2AF4FB28" box="[1057,1171,1214,1236]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">17.3–36.7</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFB3A2B36FB28" box="[1323,1361,1214,1236]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FB6D2B36FB03" box="[165,1361,1257,1279]" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FB6D2FB3FB03" box="[165,468,1257,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FB6D2D68FB03" box="[728,783,1257,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">363</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FB6D2DFAFB03" box="[881,925,1257,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">134</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FB6D2AF4FB03" box="[1057,1171,1257,1279]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">240–659</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFB6D2B36FB03" box="[1323,1361,1257,1279]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FA902B36FAD6" box="[165,1361,1300,1322]" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FA902FB3FAD6" box="[165,468,1300,1322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hemioxyhexaster diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FA902D68FAD6" box="[728,783,1300,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">124</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FA902DFAFAD6" box="[881,925,1300,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">13</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FA902AF4FAD6" box="[1057,1171,1300,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">95–152</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFA902B36FAD6" box="[1323,1361,1300,1322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FABB2B36FAA9" box="[165,1361,1343,1365]" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FABB2FB3FAA9" box="[165,468,1343,1365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">primary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FABB2D68FAA9" box="[728,783,1343,1365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FABB2DFAFAA9" box="[881,925,1343,1365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FABB2AF4FAA9" box="[1057,1171,1343,1365]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.6–6.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFABB2B36FAA9" box="[1323,1361,1343,1365]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FAEE2B36FA7C" box="[165,1361,1386,1408]" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FAEE2FB3FA7C" box="[165,468,1386,1408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FAEE2D68FA7C" box="[728,783,1386,1408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">57.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FAEE2DFAFA7C" box="[881,925,1386,1408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">6.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FAEE2AF4FA7C" box="[1057,1171,1386,1408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">43.7–69.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFAEE2B36FA7C" box="[1323,1361,1386,1408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FA112B36FA57" box="[165,1361,1429,1451]" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FA112FB3FA57" box="[165,468,1429,1451]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Oxyhexactin diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FA112D68FA57" box="[728,783,1429,1451]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">118</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FA112DFAFA57" box="[881,925,1429,1451]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">15</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FA112AF4FA57" box="[1057,1171,1429,1451]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">87–165</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFA112B36FA57" box="[1323,1361,1429,1451]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FA442B36FA2A" box="[165,1361,1472,1494]" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FA442FB3FA2A" box="[165,468,1472,1494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Microdiscohexaster diameter</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FA442D68FA2A" box="[728,783,1472,1494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">30.9</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FA442DFAFA2A" box="[881,925,1472,1494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4.1</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FA442AF4FA2A" box="[1057,1171,1472,1494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">20.5–39.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFA442B36FA2A" box="[1323,1361,1472,1494]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5FA6F2B36F9FD" box="[165,1361,1515,1537]" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5FA6F2FB3F9FD" box="[165,468,1515,1537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">primary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898FA6F2D68F9FD" box="[728,783,1515,1537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4.2</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931FA6F2DFAF9FD" box="[881,925,1515,1537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">0.8</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61FA6F2AF4F9FD" box="[1057,1171,1515,1537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.6–6.4</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BFA6F2B36F9FD" box="[1323,1361,1515,1537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354B34E6FFA5C9D69AE5F9922B36F9D0" box="[165,1361,1558,1580]" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<th id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69AE5F9922FB3F9D0" box="[165,468,1558,1580]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69898F9922D68F9D0" box="[728,783,1558,1580]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">12.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69931F9922DFAF9D0" box="[881,925,1558,1580]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2.0</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69E61F9922AF4F9D0" box="[1057,1171,1558,1580]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">7.4–18.6</td>
<td id="769A5D9AFFA5C9D69F6BF9922B36F9D0" box="[1323,1361,1558,1580]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">50</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA536349A87F9E32A65F81B" blockId="29.[151,1436,1639,2024]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Microscleres consist of immense discasters, also known as solasters, hemioxyhexasters, oxyhexactins and variants, and microdiscohexasters. The subdermal solasters (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349911F90F2DDEF95F" box="[849,953,1675,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
) are derived discohexasters with centrum expanded to a solid sphere, entirely enclosing the primary rays. Terminal rays emanating directly from the centrum are unequal in length, ornamented with short reclined barbs, and end in marginally toothed discs. Oxy-tipped microscleres (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349B7BF9732FCFF8F3" box="[315,424,1783,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
) are very thin and mainly associated with the atrial skeleton; they include regular oxyhexactins, hemioxyhexasters and an array of forms with reduced ray numbers—2, 3, 4, 5 developed rays—but never complete oxyhexasters. They are all rough, all terminal rays ornamented with reclined spines. Many have sharp bends at the end of the primary rays, with one or two developed rays and a short spur emanating from that point; compact spiral variants are rare. Microdiscohexasters (
<figureCitation id="13402A21FFA536349924F8032DA4F863" box="[868,963,1927,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" captionTargetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-165@31.[227,1368,236,1816]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Spicules of Aulosaccus schulzei Ijima, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
) are very rare and associated with both surface skeletons. They have short, thick, smooth primary rays, each of which supports 5–10 spined, irregularly sinuous terminal rays ending in very small discs with recurved marginal teeth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFA636379AD7FAF72BFFFA1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261298/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[151,248,1395,1418]" targetBox="[174,1409,151,1373]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA636379AD7FAF72BFFFA1A" blockId="30.[151,1437,1395,1510]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379AD7FAF72F47FA76" bold="true" box="[151,288,1395,1418]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379B6AFAF02C55FA76" authority="Ijima" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[298,562,1396,1418]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379B6AFAF02F94FA76" box="[298,499,1396,1418]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Aulosaccus schulzei</emphasis>
Ijima
</taxonomicName>
, body and surfaces. A.
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA63637996CFAF12D0AFA76" box="[812,877,1397,1418]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">In situ</emphasis>
lateral view of whole specimen USNM xxxxx before collection. B Closer view of atrium of same specimen. C. Two faces and edge view of the largest dry fragment. D. Close-up of the dermal surface showing thick hypodermal strands supporting the loose spicule lattice. E. Closer view of the slightly disrupted dermal spicule lattice. F. Close-up of the atrial surface showing the irregular atrial lattice overlying apertures of the exhalent canals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA636369A87F9952A5DFF2E" blockId="30.[151,1436,1553,2028]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1436,151,211]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
Remarks. This species is widely distributed in the N Pacific, from Sagami Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7634FFA636379E3AF9962ADDF9D5" box="[1146,1210,1554,1577]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Japan</collectingCountry>
through the Kurile Islands and the Okhotsk Sea (Tabachnick, 2002) and has recently been reported from Central California (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA636379F71F9B02EB3F993" author="Lee, W. L. &amp; Elvin, D. W. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref36248" refString="Lee, W. L., Elvin, D. W., &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2007) The Sponges of California: A Guide and Key to the Marine Sponges of California. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Foundation, Monterey, California, x + 395 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Lee
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379F24F9B12BF2F9B0" box="[1380,1429,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Our discovery of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379BEDF9D32C40F993" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[429,551,1623,1647]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379BEDF9D32C40F993" box="[429,551,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Alaska is not surprising, but it represents a considerable range extension of ca
<quantity id="4C839B41FFA636379AFCF9FD2F4BF96D" box="[188,300,1657,1681]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="km" value="2000.0">2,000 km</quantity>
from its nearest previously reported occurrence in the Okhotsk Sea. The new Aleutian Islands specimen agrees in virtually all details with the
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA636379881F9182D44F948" box="[705,803,1692,1716]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen from Sagami Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F36C7634FFA636379E38F9192ADCF948" box="[1144,1211,1693,1716]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Japan</collectingCountry>
. In reviewing other possible assignments of this specimen, we discovered that there are no significant differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379F4EF93B2F41F905" authority="Okada, 1932" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379F4EF93B2BFBF92B" box="[1294,1436,1727,1751]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. albatrossi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B55FFA636379AD7F9652F41F905" author="Okada, Y." box="[151,294,1761,1785]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref36909" refString="Okada, Y. (1932) Report on the hexactinellid sponges collected by the United States Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the northwestern Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2935), 1 - 118, pls 1 - 6. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.81 - 2935.1" type="journal article" year="1932">Okada, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from off S Kamchatka Peninsula, and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379897F9652D37F905" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[727,848,1761,1785]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379897F9652D37F905" box="[727,848,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In his description of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379E05F9652B4DF905" authority=", Okada" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[1093,1322,1761,1785]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379E05F9652AB4F905" box="[1093,1235,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. albatrossi</emphasis>
, Okada
</taxonomicName>
described its macrodiscohexasters (not figured) as 250–650 µm in diameter (we found 409–592–788 µm, n = 8, in the
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA636379AD7F8A32E9AF8C3" box="[151,253,1831,1855]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), terminal rays as smooth with conically convex discs (we found terminal rays rough with hemispheric discs), and two size classes of microdiscohexasters of 32–40 and 50–56 µm diameters (we found one class, 23–34–42 µm, n = 127). Okada's description of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636379899F8E82D0BF878" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" box="[729,876,1900,1924]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636379899F8E82D0BF878" box="[729,876,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. albatrossi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is, like many of his other descriptions, clearly unreliable and almost all reputed differences between the species evaporate when the
<typeStatus id="54C08806FFA636379EDDF80B2B6DF85B" box="[1181,1290,1935,1959]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
are directly compared. Maximum size of macrodiscohexasters (solasters) is quite variable between specimens of the same species and is not alone considered a sufficient basis for distinguishing between species. We thus propose
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA636369FC4F8502F30FF53" authority="Okada" authorityName=", Okada" authorityYear="1932" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="albatrossi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA636369FC4F8502F61FF4C" italics="true" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. albatrossi</emphasis>
Okada
</taxonomicName>
to be recognized as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA736369972FF1C2A4CFF53" authority="Ijima. The" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[818,1067,151,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA736369972FF1C2DCAFF4C" box="[818,941,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. schulzei</emphasis>
Ijima. The
</taxonomicName>
description here of the Aleutian Islands specimen is the first documentation of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA7363698E1FF3F2D7DFF2F" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[673,794,187,211]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA7363698E1FF3F2D7DFF2F" box="[673,794,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A. schulzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spicule forms with SEM.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF04662CFFA736369AD7F8A12C95F80F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5261300" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5261300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5261300/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[151,250,1829,1852]" targetBox="[227,1368,246,1816]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FFA736369AD7F8A12C95F80F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1829,2035]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA736369AD7F8A12F47F8C0" bold="true" box="[151,288,1829,1852]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Spicules of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FFA736369BDFF8A12CCDF8C7" authority="Ijima" authorityName="Ijima. The" authorityYear="1896" box="[415,682,1829,1851]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Aulosaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulzei">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FFA736369BDFF8A12C0CF8C7" box="[415,619,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Aulosaccus schulzei</emphasis>
Ijima
</taxonomicName>
, from the Aleutian Islands (SEM). A. Hypodermal pentactin and enlarged tangential ray end. B. Dermalia: stauractine, pentactine and hexactine forms with enlarged ray end. C. Atrialia: pentactine, stauractine and hexactine atrialia with enlarged ray end. D. Large principal diactin with enlarged ends. E. Thin regular diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. F. Short atrial diactin with enlarged end and middle segment. G. Whole solaster with inset of spherical centrum in LM, terminal ray end and disc face. H. Oxy-tip microscleres including an oxyhexactin, hemioxyhexaster, oxytriactin with short spur and enlargment of the branching area of a hemioxyhexaster. I. Whole microdiscohexaster with enlargement of a terminal ray end.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC436A4FF9836099A8DFF132F61FEE7" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,284]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Review of all video footage collected with the ROV 'Jason II' indicates that it is a rare species occurring singly on bedrock, boulders, and cobbles at depths between 1270 and
<quantity id="4C839B41FF983609991EFF382DD1FF2F" box="[862,950,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</quantity>
. Associated fauna include juvenile lithodid crabs (
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FF9836099AA9FF642FDEFF04" baseAuthorityName="J.E.Benedict" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[233,441,224,248]" class="Malacostraca" family="Lithodidae" genus="Paralomis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verrilli">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FF9836099AA9FF642FDEFF04" box="[233,441,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Paralomis verrilli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FF9836099BBEFF642CD4FF0B" authorityName="J.E.Benedict" authorityYear="1895" box="[510,691,224,248]" class="Malacostraca" family="Lithodidae" genus="Lithodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="couesi">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FF9836099BBEFF642CD4FF0B" box="[510,691,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lithodes couesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), pandalid shrimps, and the large ophiuroid
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D27FF9836099E94FF642E98FEE0" baseAuthorityName="J Muller &amp; Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Gorgonocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="eucnemis">
<emphasis id="B90FEAB6FF9836099E94FF642E98FEE0" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gorgonocephalus eucnemis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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