252 lines
32 KiB
XML
252 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="E47082EF3B3B66C4342BB84407F2C3FE" ID-DOI="10.1098/rsos.231368" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f64e42ba-1c83-4568-b2bf-6a5ea79f79ee" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11029509" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1713775625264" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Morin, Phillip A., McCarthy, Morgan L., Fung, Charissa W., Durban, John W., Parsons, Kim M., Perrin, William F., Taylor, Barbara L., Jefferson, Thomas A. & Archer, Frederick I." docDate="2024" docId="03D206590542C64032C84AD6A667BA65" docLanguage="en" docName="RSocOpenSci.11.1-23.pdf" docOrigin="Royal Society Open Science (231368) 11 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231368" docTitle="Orcinus rectipinnus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFEB7E21054EC64E325C4C51A501BD2D" masterDocTitle="Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca): Bigg’s and resident ecotypes deserve species status" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1713780884697" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A1BF85123CA0FEF224A849CF8B4B3CCD">Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca): Bigg’s and resident ecotypes deserve species status</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AE0DB23191669EF5A279C4E9BD78487">Morin, Phillip A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2EF134B668ACBDE3215E911A14495FBF" type="email">Phillip.Morin@noaa.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="97BA522076DE1A1CD57A93A4EE16BDDF">McCarthy, Morgan L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="03CEE4876B0E0FBD82DA36F118D61B3A">Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA & Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="62CFA44DBADBD737F1F06C1D04A0B519">University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V 6 T 1 Z 4, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="033FD596965F50F1CB69E71FF59EE975">Durban, John W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="926A89625351C003F6F8C13391A87A2A">Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD108EF575CD6D370B3089C0055B0177">Parsons, Kim M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="718AA292BF5D357777D8A50497E8059D" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4580-3651</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1A2A6263A87E3071680C2EC143E9128">Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="D850C68D6F67E1EF3C0800592AA5854E">Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F25DF211AE5ACEA6663A8A724FC6F591">Taylor, Barbara L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="20D85A55557C281215A948DF39537AFB">Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F94D1D525AB0E78BDD1002BCC7DCCBAD">Jefferson, Thomas A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EB84FB3D4B76342205AF52B29C45FE3D">Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D2BBBB6C9A5FE78ABCE4BF9D31AB582F">Archer, Frederick I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="DE3ADEBC4C21BC6FA2B3CF46285C0078">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="4CF9F1453BB281708649A5B218EC3975">231368</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D206590542C64032C84AD6A667BA65" ID-GBIF-Taxon="226324873" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11029304" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D206590542C64032C84AD6A667BA65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D206590542C64032C84AD6A667BA65" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C361E4C40542C64232C84AD6A790BB84" box="[148,657,1671,1705]" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0542C64232C84AD6A790BB84" blockId="12.[148,657,1671,1705]" box="[148,657,1671,1705]" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7BCCCC0542C64232C84AD6A790BB84" authority="(Cope in Scammon, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Cope in Scammon" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[148,657,1671,1705]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rectipinnus">
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Orcinus rectipinnus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEACABE0542C64233284AD6A78BBB84" author="Cope in Scammon" box="[372,650,1671,1705]" editor="CM Scammon" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" pagination="14 - 32" part="21" refId="ref17033" refString="125. Cope in Scammon. 1869 Of the species of Cetaceans of the West coast of North America. In On the cetaceans of the western coast of North America Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ed CM Scammon), pp. 14 - 32, vol. 21." title="Of the species of Cetaceans of the West coast of North America" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="On the cetaceans of the western coast of North America Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" year="1869">Cope in Scammon, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361E4C40542C64232C84A99A4C4BA15" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0542C64232C84A99A5F8BBC8" blockId="12.[148,249,1736,1765]" box="[148,249,1736,1765]" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D08C00230542C64232C84A99A5F8BBC8" box="[148,249,1736,1765]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" reason="1">Etymology</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0542C64232C84B53A4C4BA15" blockId="12.[148,1244,1794,1848]" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">
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In Latin,
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<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0542C64232A94B53A421BA3A" box="[245,288,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">recti</emphasis>
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means right or upright, and
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<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0542C642300B4B53A78EBA3A" box="[599,655,1794,1815]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="44">pinna</emphasis>
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means fin, feather or wing, most likely referring to the tall, erect dorsal fin of males.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF04E7C70543C64332C8489BA164B9CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11031739" box="[148,1125,1226,1250]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031739/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" startId="13.[148,207,1226,1250]" targetBox="[167,1237,113,1208]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C8489BA164B9CF" blockId="13.[148,1125,1226,1250]" box="[148,1125,1226,1250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0543C64332C8489BA5E4B9CF" bold="true" box="[148,229,1226,1250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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Photographs of neotype skulls for (a)
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<taxonomicName id="4C7BCCCC0543C6433046489BA754B9CF" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1860" box="[538,597,1226,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Orcinus</taxonomicName>
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rectipinnus (USNM 594671) and (b)
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<taxonomicName id="4C7BCCCC0543C6433126489BA6D8B9CC" authorityName="Cope in Scammon" authorityYear="1869" box="[890,985,1226,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">Orcinus ater</taxonomicName>
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(USNM 594672).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C361E4C40543C64332C8494BA63CB847" box="[148,829,1306,1386]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C8494BA5F7B81A" blockId="13.[148,246,1306,1335]" box="[148,246,1306,1335]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D08C00230543C64332C8494BA5F7B81A" box="[148,246,1306,1335]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Synonymy</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C84905A63CB847" blockId="13.[148,829,1364,1386]" box="[148,829,1364,1386]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7BCCCC0543C64332C84905A757B844" authority="Cope in Scammon, 1869: 22" authorityName="Cope in Scammon" authorityYear="1869" box="[148,598,1364,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rectipinna">
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<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0543C64332C84905A42CB844" box="[148,301,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">Orca rectipinna</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEACABE0543C643336F4905A757B844" author="Cope in Scammon" box="[307,598,1364,1386]" editor="CM Scammon" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" pagination="14 - 32" part="21" refId="ref17033" refString="125. Cope in Scammon. 1869 Of the species of Cetaceans of the West coast of North America. In On the cetaceans of the western coast of North America Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ed CM Scammon), pp. 14 - 32, vol. 21." title="Of the species of Cetaceans of the West coast of North America" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="On the cetaceans of the western coast of North America Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" year="1869">Cope in Scammon, 1869: 22</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; original designation.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C361E4C40543C64332C849CFA609BB03" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C849CFA424B896" blockId="13.[148,293,1438,1467]" box="[148,293,1438,1467]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D08C00230543C64332C849CFA424B896" box="[148,293,1438,1467]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Common name</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C84989A609BB03" blockId="13.[148,1245,1496,1582]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">We propose continued use of the common name, ‘Bigg’s killer whale’, for this species, to honour Dr. Michael A. Bigg (1939–1990), who pioneered the study of North Pacific killer whales in the 1970s. This ecotype was formerly known as the ‘transient killer whale’.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361E4C40543C64032C84A32A185BC33" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C84A32A41FBB52" blockId="13.[148,286,1634,1663]" box="[148,286,1634,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D08C00230543C64332C84A32A41FBB52" box="[148,286,1634,1663]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="45" reason="1">Type specimen</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64332C84ACDA42DBB9F" blockId="13.[148,1244,1692,1906]" box="[148,300,1692,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">USNM 594671</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0543C64032E84AEDA128BD8A" blockId="13.[148,1244,1692,1906]" lastBlockId="14.[148,1244,114,168]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
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No type specimen is extant from the original description (Cope in Scammon [125]), so we have designated a neotype. The neotype is the skull of a physically mature male (total length 731 cm, CBL of cranium 1124 mm) in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History Marine Mammal Collection, deposited under museum number USNM 594671. The skull was previously in the NOAA National Marine Mammal Laboratory collection as NMML 0082. It is illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0543C643319F4B6DA123BA7C" box="[963,1058,1852,1874]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[148,207,1226,1250]" captionTargetBox="[167,1237,113,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-158@13.[167,1226,117,1208]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Photographs of neotype skullsfor (a) Orcinus rectipinnus (USNM 594671) and (b) Orcinus ater (USNM 594672)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031739" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031739/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">
|
||
figure 7
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0543C643364B4B6DA123BA7C" box="[1047,1058,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="45">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. mtDNA control region haplotype (160 bp) ‘T’ (SWFSC ID 39064 in 142]) unambiguously identifies this specimen as a Bigg’s killer whale. Morphological analysis of this specimen was included in Fung [103]. Detailed measurements of the type specimen are in electronic supplementary material, table S2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84C81A408BDC1" blockId="14.[148,265,207,236]" box="[148,265,207,236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D08C00230540C64032C84C81A408BDC1" box="[148,265,207,236]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Type locality</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84D58A185BC33" blockId="14.[148,1156,265,287]" box="[148,1156,265,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B13BD120540C64032C84D58A181BC33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4847323301" box="[148,1152,265,287]" collectingCode="USNM" collectingDate="1966-09-22" collectorName="J. E. Eckberg" country="United States of America" location="near San Francisco" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="USNM 594671" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="CA" typeStatus="neotype">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C009ED0540C640329E4D58A419BC33" box="[194,280,265,286]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="268ED2990540C640338E4D58A750BC32" box="[466,593,265,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">J.E. Eckberg</collectorName>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="FFC5918F0540C64030244D58A63EBC32" box="[632,831,265,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" value="1966-09-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8168670540C64030244D58A63EBC32" box="[632,831,265,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" value="1966-09-22">22 September 1966</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EA4E1940540C64031154D58A113BC32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D206590542C64032C84AD6A667BA65:8EA4E1940540C64031154D58A113BC32" box="[841,1042,265,287]" country="United States of America" name="near San Francisco" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" stateProvince="CA">near San Francisco</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BF79AD0540C64036474D58A140BC33" box="[1051,1089,265,286]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">CA</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36CF7DF0540C64036174D58A181BC33" box="[1099,1152,265,286]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361E4C40540C64032C84D1CA43FBE71" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84D1CA5F1BC47" blockId="14.[148,240,333,362]" box="[148,240,333,362]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D08C00230540C64032C84D1CA5F1BC47" box="[148,240,333,362]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Diagnosis</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84DD7A7E9BF71" blockId="14.[148,1244,390,860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Bigg’s killer whales differ from residents in growing to somewhat larger sizes, and having a widerbased, more triangular dorsal fin that is more pointed at the tip. The dorsal fin also tends to be less falcate (even in females). The saddle patch behind the dorsal fin extends further forward than it does in residents, usually to well past the mid-point of the dorsal fin base, and may appear larger compared to that of residents [40,79]. Virtually all saddle patches are closed (with no significant invasion of black), and many are rounded, with their forward extensions not ending in a point. These correspond to the ‘smooth’ or ‘bump’ patch types of Baird and Stacey [22].</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032E84E37A43FBE71" blockId="14.[148,1244,390,860]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Bigg’s killer whales have longer and more robust skulls than residents, with the following measurements showing significantly greater average values: condylobasal length, postorbital width, occipital width, width of rostrum at base and length of mandible [103]. While individual measures show modal differences with some overlap, canonical variate analysis of both cranial measures and measures of mandibular morphology yields distinct clusters for the two ecotypes ([103];
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0540C640319F4EB7A114BFD6" box="[963,1045,742,764]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[148,207,599,623]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,113,586]" captionTargetId="figure-412@4.[196,1242,133,537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Canonical variate 1 and 2 plots for cranial shape features that distinguish among ecotypes for (a) skull morphology (resident (n = 17), Bigg’s (n = 13) and offshore (n = 6)) and (b) dentary bone morphology (resident (n = 21), Bigg’s (n = 12) and offshore (n = 8) specimens) (reprinted from [103])." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031725/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genetic analyses of mtDNA are diagnostic, based on fixed sequence differences (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F982F40540C64031664F57A681BE36" box="[826,896,774,796]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[148,198,115,139]" captionTargetBox="[167,1185,211,852]" captionTargetId="graphics-417@5.[147,1247,197,868]" captionText="Table 1. Measures of differentiation,divergence and diagnosability based on nuclear microsatellite and SNP data.All frequency-based metrics (FST, F’ST, G’ST) were significantly different from zero at p <0.05." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04E7C7054BC64B32C84C22A7E1BD86" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="DF04E7C7054BC64B32C84C22A7E1BD86">table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), while nuDNA allele frequency differences allow diagnosis based on cumulative assignment probability (e.g. assignment tests or PCA;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0540C64032C84F17A5EEBE76" box="[148,239,838,860]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[148,207,1167,1191]" captionTargetBox="[203,1207,113,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-205@6.[203,1190,137,1150]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. PCA plot of first two principal components based on (a) 88 SNPs: offshore (n = 3), resident (n = 11), Bigg’s (n = 30) from data in Morin et al. [15]; (b) 26 microsatellites:offshore (n = 5), resident (n = 250), Bigg’s (n = 116) (samples genotyped at ≥20 loci) [56]; unpublished); (c) 3678 RADseq SNPs: offshore (n = 7), resident (n = 52) and Bigg’s (n = 37) populations [57,62]; (d) 1 00 000 (subset from 6 371 282) SNPs from 147 high-coverage genomes of offshore (n = 7), Bigg’s (n = 14) and resident (n = 126) samples from multiple geographically and behaviourally defined subpopulations (Alaska, northern and southern resident populations) (based on subset of SNP genotype data from [113].See Supplementary Materialsfor methods and data set information." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031727/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">figures 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0540C64033784F17A431BE76" box="[292,304,838,859]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[148,207,588,612]" captionTargetBox="[187,1231,113,576]" captionTargetId="figure-474@7.[240,1208,140,493]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Structure assignment probability plots for K = 3 groups from (a) 26 microsatellites: offshore (n = 5), resident (n = 250), Bigg’s (n = 116) samples genotyped at ≥ 20 loci) (56; unpublished); (b) 3340 RADseq SNPs (polymorphic in sample set): offshore (n = 7), resident (n = 52) and Bigg’s (n = 37) populations [57,62]. Vertical bars represent the individual assignment probability for each group inferred by Structure (groups identified by shading), with samples sorted by a priori ecotype assignment. See electronic supplementary material for methods and data set information." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031729/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361E4C40540C64032C84FC0A6E9B86D" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84FC0A5FEBE83" blockId="14.[148,255,913,942]" box="[148,255,913,942]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D08C00230540C64032C84FC0A5FEBE83" box="[148,255,913,942]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Description</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84F9BA6E9B86D" blockId="14.[148,1244,970,1344]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
This is a species of killer whale, reaching total lengths of at least 830 cm in males and 710 cm in females [20] and weights of 6600 kg in males and 4700 kg in females [143]. It has the basic features of the killer whale body plan: a robust body with a tall dorsal fin near the centre of the back, large paddle-shaped flippers, broad flukes with a slightly convex trailing edge and a blunt head with a short, poorly defined beak (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0540C6403289481BA432B94D" box="[213,307,1098,1120]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[148,207,596,620]" captionTargetBox="[409,991,113,584]" captionTargetId="figure-235@15.[409,982,148,578]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Vertical images of (a) an adult male Bigg’s killer whale (BKW) from the West Coast Transient population of Bigg’s killer whales and (b) an adult male resident killer whale (RKW) from the sympatric Southern Resident population of resident killer whales. Images are scaled to the estimated asymptotic lengths of 7.3 m [20] and 6.9 m [145], respectively. Vertical images were collected using an octocopter drone usingmethods described by Durban et al. [146], provided by John Durban and Holly Fearnbach." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031741/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
figure 8
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0540C6403374481AA432B94D" box="[296,307,1099,1120]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is sexual dimorphism, with males growing much larger than females, and near sexual maturity developing a tall (up to at least 1.5 m), erect dorsal fin and much larger flukes and pectoral fins. The mouthline is straight, with a small downturn at the gape. The basic killer whale colour pattern is largely dark grey to black, with a white ventral field that has lobes extending up and back along the tail stock, a white post-ocular patch, and a light grey to white ‘saddle patch’ behind the dorsal fin. The lower jaw and the undersides of the flukes are mostly white, but the entire flippers and dorsal fin are black. The areas of light and dark are generally well defined, with a crisp border. Each tooth row of both upper and lower jaws contains 10–14 large, conical teeth [144].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361E4C40540C64032C84924A417BB69" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84924A482B8BF" blockId="14.[148,387,1397,1426]" box="[148,387,1397,1426]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D08C00230540C64032C84924A482B8BF" box="[148,387,1397,1426]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Comparison to other taxa</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C849FFA417BB69" blockId="14.[148,1244,1454,1604]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Bigg’s killer whale is one of three proposed species of killer whales (genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7BCCCC0540C64031B549FEA138B8E9" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1860" box="[1001,1081,1455,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Orcinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0540C64031B549FEA138B8E9" box="[1001,1081,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Orcinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) globally. It is endemic to the North Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas, and it preys primarily on marine mammals (as opposed to bony fish and elasmobranchs). It can be distinguished from other killer whale species and ecotypes by its genetic profile, its morphology and colouration (see
|
||
<emphasis id="B90F6B5D0540C64031E04A5EA11CBB09" box="[956,1053,1551,1572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
above), and also acoustically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361E4C40540C64032C84A28A667BA65" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84A28A404BBBB" blockId="14.[148,261,1657,1686]" box="[148,261,1657,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<heading id="D08C00230540C64032C84A28A404BBBB" box="[148,261,1657,1686]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="1">Distribution</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC4B74F0540C64032C84AE3A667BA65" blockId="14.[148,1244,1714,1864]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Bigg’s killer whales occur throughout the waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean from at least northern Baja California, Mexico, through to eastern Russia and northern Japan in the western Pacific [48,147,148]. Their distribution extends to the Okhotsk Sea and Arctic Ocean (e.g. Chukchi Sea;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1340ABCA0540C64036C14AA3A5A1BA0A" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[148,207,1291,1315]" captionTargetBox="[355,1078,113,1273]" captionTargetId="figure-166@2.[355,1037,116,1273]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Expected range maps for (a) resident and (b) Bigg’s killer whales, including locations of samples used for mitogenome analysis (figure 5a, resident n = 106, Bigg’s n = 93) [15]. Distribution ranges have been inferred based on published identifications of individuals that are identified by ecotype [48–53]. Sample distributions cover the known ranges of both ecotypes, with the exception of residents of Oregon and northern California,and both ecotypes off northern Japan (Hokkaido) inthe western Pacific [48,54].Sample maps for microsatellite data arein electronic supplementary material,figure S2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11031723/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). While they are most commonly observed over the continental shelf and in inshore waters, they may also occur in oceanic waters beyond the continental shelf edge [147].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |