747 lines
100 KiB
XML
747 lines
100 KiB
XML
<document id="8BC35AE42FC97C1B66A9D62AFA6C128F" ID-CLB-Dataset="36829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3823.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdc3964e-ebf3-491e-b10c-9ad6592cb0f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="286373" ID-ZooBank="0D42FA17-3B11-4DBB-9E48-D7D505F9CE29" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460443345149" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Austin, William C., Ott, Bruce S., Reiswig, Henry M., Romagosa, Paula & G, Neil" docDate="2014" docId="03D0FB0AFF812E1C09E0FC05FEF67D2C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03823p084.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3823 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cliona lobata Hancock 1849" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFE98372FF892E120977FF89FF837A07" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698333174097" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="207F7E45075C45B5EAAE991FC294189A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4F944AF3DFE69E0B433C8122A7B9335A">
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<mods:title id="88BB2720BF890F5EB220475B26AD602B">Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4A8D5C108A16DA9306022801068BD507" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="07FD73C5AB11E6A907108BE3CF58FA28">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2F2C5C4EC2F77DFC4116748040CCB77D">Austin, William C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="215060C2059B29B3CBCA68B47DBCF670" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="054125EEB6E9623BA706F880690442BA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4DE361C5681CBC4548C2BE4DEFA1C98B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="08BEC4FF5D63C15F877F71440229F94E">Ott, Bruce S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="2BB66730388FF2088B2E907D80B442AB" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="FFCE4732AB4AF454A5EB43F85820CE0F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E80019D81663748EEB72FC94270B5F33">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CC9611624736C779BB1D9073800E8E62">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="648B8021F74DF00435C00D7B45FCF591" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B6EB5A58641992C475C4F7402C2FFD33">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4C16BA5CBF77489CCCF567B1E94F2D3B">Romagosa, Paula</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1E868F56BA5DE0DA5271A33871DE04A2" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="659D00EB205484C0A00108DFF12015E3">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CE6F426598339C5826D5B59AAC4DA6C7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9D73811108EBCE5D639276276C122D1D">G, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9B4F1F80C44BD3757A370C3EC89B820B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E4644E8833E75376DAA474DF7EAC1E16">
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<mods:date id="B6D99AD9DB76451893F58E3A664A7E3A">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="31964C8A71B0DD21B4E9F205B6049AF1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3955AA0FA7657CA3251EF4481115E1CF">3823</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D8E9186AFD0A3A999B25AA778B5D9C0C" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="AA14C87C8A8A414E968247B6AE093B38">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="45A8C7E1BFA6E8F99740BBB98756B764">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03D0FB0AFF812E1C09E0FC05FEF67D2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6132502" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668544" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6132502" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D0FB0AFF812E1C09E0FC05FEF67D2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0FB0AFF812E1C09E0FC05FEF67D2C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="C3631997FF812E1A09E0FC05FEEA79C0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09E0FC05FE7979A1" blockId="8.[151,506,908,967]" box="[151,506,908,934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="D08EFD70FF812E1A09E0FC05FE7979A1" bold="true" box="[151,506,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF812E1A09E0FC05FE7979A1" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,506,908,934]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A09E0FC05FE7979A1" bold="true" box="[151,506,908,934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A09E0FC05FEB979A1" bold="true" box="[151,314,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cliona lobata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF812E1A0836FC05FE7979A1" author="Hancock" box="[321,506,908,934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hancock, A. (1849) On the excavating powers of certain sponges belonging to the genus (Cliona); with descriptions of several new species, and an allied generic form. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 2, 3, 321 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485909494773" type="journal article" year="1849">Hancock, 1849</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09E0FC27FEEA79C0" blockId="8.[151,506,908,967]" box="[151,361,942,967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A09E0FC27FF6279C0" box="[151,225,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E; 4A–G
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FF812E1A09E0FC7FFDE67E0B" box="[151,613,1014,1036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09E0FC7FFDE67E0B" blockId="8.[151,613,1014,1036]" box="[151,613,1014,1036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF812E1A09E0FC7FFE487E0B" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,459,1014,1036]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="howsei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A09E0FC7FFEAB7E0B" box="[151,296,1014,1036]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cliona howsei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF812E1A0858FC7FFE487E0B" author="Hancock" box="[303,459,1014,1036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Hancock, A. (1849) On the excavating powers of certain sponges belonging to the genus (Cliona); with descriptions of several new species, and an allied generic form. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 2, 3, 321 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485909494773" type="journal article" year="1849">Hancock, 1849</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF812E1A08A2FC7EFDE37E0B" author="Topsent" box="[469,608,1014,1036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refString="Topsent, E. (1891) Deuxieme contribution a l'etudie des Clionides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Series 2, Vol. 9, 555 - 592, pl. XXII." type="journal article" year="1891">Topsent 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FF812E1A09E0FBB0FE1A7F01" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09E0FBB0FE1A7F01" blockId="8.[151,1437,1081,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A09E0FBB0FE007E55" bold="true" box="[151,387,1081,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1012, sta. 07-11-15.1 212, Rapid Assessment Inventory of Species, Point Grenville, WA, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A09AAFBD7FEDC7E71" box="[221,351,1117,1142]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="92" value="47.305">47° 18.3′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A0818FBD7FD867E71" box="[367,517,1117,1142]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="92" value="-124.276665">124° 16.6′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), low intertidal,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFF812E1A0BBDFBD7FCF57E71" box="[714,886,1118,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2002-08-10">Aug. 10, 2002</date>
|
||
, coll. J. Goddard,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FF812E1A0D23FBD7FB5B7E71" box="[1108,1240,1117,1142]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
in skeleton of a dictyoceratid sponge;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF812E1A08E6FB0BFE617E9D" box="[401,482,1154,1178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6, sta. PBS No. 2242-2S, shore of Nootka I.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF812E1A0D21FB0BFBFD7E9D" box="[1110,1150,1154,1178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
, (approx.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A0D85FB0BFAD97E9D" box="[1266,1370,1153,1178]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="49.666668">49° 40′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A0C10FB08FF547EB9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="925" value="-126.5">126° 30′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), intertidal, Jul./
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFF812E1A08FAFB2CFD857EB9" box="[397,518,1189,1214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1934-08">Aug. 1934</date>
|
||
, coll. W.A. Clemens,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FF812E1A0B8DFB2FFCFA7EB9" box="[762,889,1189,1214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
on barnacle; KML 1016, sta. 46-97, Razor Bank Point, Hollister Ranch, Santa Barbara, CA, (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A0BECFB43FC9F7EE5" box="[667,796,1225,1250]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="92" value="34.433334">34° 26.0′N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFF812E1A0A5DFB43FC3D7EE5" box="[810,958,1225,1250]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="92" value="-119.87">119° 52.2′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), depth unknown,
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFF812E1A0DE0FB43FABD7EE5" box="[1175,1342,1225,1250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1975-11-18">Nov. 18, 1975</date>
|
||
, coll. F. Hochberg,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FF812E1A0864FB67FE167F01" box="[275,405,1261,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FF812E1A09B0FA9DFCB57D4E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09B0FA9DFD967C4A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1081,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A09B0FA9DFEDA7F2A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1300,1325]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A0828FA9CFDDB7F2B" box="[351,600,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Macroscopic features.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1012; specimen up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A0AEFFA9DFC4D7F2B" box="[920,974,1300,1324]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
high extending over several cm2 as a mat in the field, beta stage. In a
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A08A7FAB1FD8B7F57" box="[464,520,1336,1360]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
<date id="FFC76CDCFF812E1A0B78FAB0FDB07F57" box="[527,563,1336,1360]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A0B52FAB1FDB07F57" box="[549,563,1336,1360]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="2.0">2</quantity>
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</date>
|
||
cm portion the surface is penetrated by four holes into which the oscula have retracted. One hole is
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A08E0FAD5FE6C7F73" box="[407,495,1372,1396]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, the other three are
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A0A13FAD5FC497F73" box="[868,970,1372,1397]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; oscula closed. Much of the surface covered by pore sieves which in the preserved material are flush with the surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A0D0AFA09FB3C7F9F" box="[1149,1215,1408,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B); sieve formed by a series of arched fingerlike structures connected by fine filaments; spaces between the intersections represent the pores averaging about 22 µm in diameter; 10–20 pores together form the sieve covering 1 to 2 ostia each 55–92 µm in diameter, and spaced at intervals of 185–440 µm. Ectosome
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A0A15FA65FC697C03" box="[866,1002,1516,1541]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 mm</quantity>
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||
thick; where thin, forms dimples over tips of fibres spaced at 90 to 100 µm intervals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A0BC1F999FD797C2F" box="[694,762,1552,1577]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Ectosome with tylostyles aligned with points extending about 100 µm beyond the surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09B0F9D0FCB57D4E" blockId="8.[151,1437,1081,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Mat of anastomosing fibres extends below the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF812E1A0B9CF9D0FCD47C76" box="[747,855,1624,1649]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A0B9CF9D0FCD47C76" box="[747,855,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ectosome two or more cm, colour golden brown, consistency unyielding and almost rock hard in alcohol. Fibres form tight mesh with openings of 180–240 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A0C18F9F5FF267CBF" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C); all interfibre spaces filled by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF812E1A0B69F928FD0B7CBE" box="[542,648,1696,1721]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF812E1A0B69F928FD0B7CBE" box="[542,648,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
choanosome and a few sand grains; fibres cored, knarled and lumpy; secondary fibres dominate; 60–250 µm diameter; laminated in part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A0ABFF94DFB937CDB" box="[968,1040,1732,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D); and free of debris except for occasional tylostyles incorporated into walls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF812E1A0BE1F961FD547D07" box="[662,727,1768,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Primary fibres 350–900 µm diameter formed from fusion of secondary fibres to form lumpy plates about
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF812E1A0BE6F885FD517D23" box="[657,722,1804,1828]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the surface. No tertiary fibres; no identifiable ectosome. No evident excavation chambers. Colour in life dull yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3631997FF812E1C09B0F8DDFEF67D2C" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09B0F8DDFEBC7D96" blockId="8.[151,1437,1081,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF812E1A09B0F8DDFE9B7D6B" box="[199,280,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6: this specimen has been misplaced but is included in the material examined in anticipation of its recovery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF812E1A09B0F814FB457DB3" blockId="8.[151,1437,1081,1973]" box="[199,1222,1948,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">KML 1016: substrate possibly coralline algae, largely consumed, cannot identify remnants.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF061A94FF802E1B09E0F8ADFCA37D91" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF802E1B09E0F8ADFCA37D91" blockId="9.[151,1436,1828,1942]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF802E1B09E0F8ADFE917D3D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1828,1850]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF802E1B086FF8ADFDC07D3D" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" box="[280,579,1828,1850]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF802E1B086FF8ADFE277D3D" box="[280,420,1828,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cliona lobata</emphasis>
|
||
Hancock, 1849
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF061A94FF832E1809E0F8DFFE867DAD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF832E1809E0F8DFFE867DAD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1878,1962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF832E1809E0F8DFFE977D6B" bold="true" box="[151,276,1878,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF832E18086BF8DFFDCD7D6B" authority="Hancock, 1849" authorityName="Hancock" authorityYear="1849" box="[284,590,1878,1900]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF832E18086BF8DFFE2A7D6B" box="[284,425,1878,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cliona lobata</emphasis>
|
||
Hancock, 1849
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G–I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909B0FF1EFAE07BAA" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E1909B0FF1EFEAF7AB7" box="[199,300,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicules from the three specimens qualitatively similar; tylostyle heads varying from tylote and subtylote (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF822E190878FF35FED77AD3" box="[271,340,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G – I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, D) to stylote with subterminal swelling (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF822E190A1BFF35FC307AD3" box="[876,947,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G – I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Some tylostyles with multilobate heads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF822E1909E8FF56FF647AFF" box="[159,231,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G – I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Spirasters in two size classes, large with shaft bent back and forth, typically 9–10 times; the spines roughly following a spiral around the shaft. Small spirasters with spines more equally distributed along the shaft, which still bends 2–3 times. Large spirasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF822E190BDBFEAEFD717B47" box="[684,754,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G – I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
G–I) with relatively sparse spines, their lengths equal to or greater than one half the shaft diameter. Small spirasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF822E190A6BFEC5FCDC7B63" box="[796,863,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,193,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1857]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, tylostyle, scale bar 50 µm; B, tylote head; C, multilobed head; D, subterminal tyle; E, stylote head with a subterminal swelling, scale bar 20 µm; F, small spiraster, scale bar 40 µm; G – I, large spiraster, scale bar 40 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286377/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F) with relatively abundant spines, their length less than one-half the shaft diameter. In larger spirasters length to diameter ratio varies considerably but greater than 10 to 1; in small spirasters length to diameter ratio less than 5 to 1. The two size classes may or may not overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909E0FE55FBA57EC4" blockId="11.[151,356,476,501]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF822E1909E0FE55FF6B7BF3" box="[151,232,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E1909B0FC7FFEB87E08" bold="true" box="[199,315,1014,1039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1012 is the first published record in the NE Pacific of a boring clionaid occurring within a reticulum of coarse spongin fibres. Pat Bergquist in a letter to Jeff Goddard, the discoverer, (pers. comm.) suggested that it might be a chimera of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190B10FBB7FD307E50" box="[615,691,1086,1111]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190B10FBB7FD307E50" box="[615,691,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and a dictyoceratid close to, but distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190D91FBB6FA167E51" box="[1254,1429,1087,1110]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Petrosaspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190D91FBB6FA167E51" box="[1254,1429,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Petrosaspongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Chimeras between sponge species in the field are extremely rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190AC2FBEBFBBF7E7C" author="Little" box="[949,1084,1122,1147]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Little, F. J. (1966) Bispecific chimerid sponges from the Antarctic. Nature, 211, 436 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 211436 a 0" type="journal article" year="1966">Little 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190D3AFBEBFA957E7C" author="Maldonado" box="[1101,1302,1122,1147]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Maldonado, M. (1998) Do chimeric sponges have improved survival? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 164, 301 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 164301" type="journal article" year="1998">Maldonado 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, epizoics among sponges are more common (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190BEBFB0FFCB67E98" author="Rutzler" box="[668,821,1158,1183]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Rutzler, K. (1970) Spatial competition among Porifera: Solution by epizoism. Oecologia, 5, 85 - 95. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00347624" type="journal article" year="1970">Rützler 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190A33FB0EFC387E98" author="Sara" box="[836,955,1159,1183]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Sara, M. (1970) Competition and cooperation in sponge populations. Symposium Zoological Society of London, 25, 273 - 284." type="journal article" year="1970">Sarà 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190ABEFB0FFBD17E98" author="Wulff" box="[969,1106,1158,1183]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Wulff, J. L. (2006) Ecological interactions of marine sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84 (2), 146 - 166." type="journal article" year="2006">Wulff 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190D10FB0FFEB77EC4" authority="Hechtel, 1984" authorityName="Hechtel" authorityYear="1984" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Spheciospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="symbiotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190D10FB0FFA1F7E98" box="[1127,1436,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spheciospongia symbiotica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E1909E0FB23FEB77EC4" author="Hechtel" box="[151,308,1194,1219]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Hechtel, G. (1984) New species of marine demospongiae from Brazil. Iheringia, Ser. Zool., Porto Aleagre, (63), 59 - 89." type="journal article" year="1984">Hechtel, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an example of an association between a clionaid and a verongid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909E8FD99FC9879A8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<table id="F979B8BCFF82D1ED09E0FD99FB1879A8" box="[151,1179,528,943]" colsContinueIn="40.[159,1288,204,391]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FD99FB187821" box="[151,1179,528,550]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FD99FEB57821" box="[151,310,528,550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicule Type</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FD99FCC27821" box="[487,833,528,550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. Length</th>
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED0D78FD99FB187821" box="[1039,1179,528,550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Width</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FDB0FB187848" box="[151,1179,569,591]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FDB0FEB57848" box="[151,310,569,591]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FDB0FCC27848" box="[487,833,569,591]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4A–E 124–(169)–216</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0D78FDB0FB187848" box="[1039,1179,569,591]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3.0–(4.6)–5.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FDEBFB18787F" box="[151,1179,610,632]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FDEBFEB5787F" box="[151,310,610,632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Large spiraster</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FDEBFCC2787F" box="[487,833,610,632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4 G–I 37–(65)–79 + 99</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FD05FB1878A5" box="[151,1179,652,674]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FD05FEB578A5" box="[151,310,652,674]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Small spiraster</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FD05FCC278A5" box="[487,833,652,674]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4F 12–(19)–32</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FD60FB187905" box="[151,1179,745,770]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FD60FEB57905" box="[151,310,745,770]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">KML 1016</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FC94FB187934" box="[151,1179,797,819]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FC94FEB57934" box="[151,310,797,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spicule Type</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FC94FCC27934" box="[487,833,797,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Length</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0D78FC94FB187934" box="[1039,1179,797,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Width</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FCCFFB18795B" box="[151,1179,838,860]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FCCFFEB5795B" box="[151,310,838,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tylostyle</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FCCFFCC2795B" box="[487,833,838,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">141–(181)–226</td>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0D78FCCFFB18795B" box="[1039,1179,838,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3.2–(4.8)–5.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FCF9FB187981" box="[151,1179,880,902]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FCF9FEB57981" box="[151,310,880,902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Large spiraster</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FCF9FCC27981" box="[487,833,880,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">37–(44)–64 N=24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3549485EFF82D1ED09E0FC10FB1879A8" box="[151,1179,921,943]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76982122FF82D1ED09E0FC10FEB579A8" box="[151,310,921,943]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Small spiraster</th>
|
||
<td id="76982122FF82D1ED0890FC10FCC279A8" box="[487,833,921,943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9.9–(18)–34.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909B0FB46FC857FB8" blockId="11.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190808FB46FDAD7EE1" box="[383,558,1231,1254]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Petrosaspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190808FB46FDAD7EE1" box="[383,558,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Petrosaspongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190A44FB46FBCC7EE0" authority="Bergquist, 1995" authorityName="Bergquist" authorityYear="1995" box="[819,1103,1230,1255]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Petrosaspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190A44FB46FC0C7EE1" box="[819,911,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190AEEFB47FBCC7EE0" author="Bergquist" box="[921,1103,1230,1255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1995) Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida and Verongida from New Caledonia Lagoon (Porifera: Demospongiae). Memoirs of the Queeensland Museum, 38, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1995">Bergquist, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF822E190DEDFB46FAC97EE0" box="[1178,1354,1230,1255]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190CF0FB46FDA67F0C" authority="Uriz & Cebrian, 2006" authorityName="Uriz & Cebrian" authorityYear="2006" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Petrosaspongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pharmamari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190CF0FB46FEA07F0C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. pharmamari</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E19085CFB7BFDA67F0C" author="Uriz" box="[299,549,1266,1291]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Uriz, M-J. & Cebrian, E. (2006) Presence of the Indo-Pacific genus Petrosaspongia Bergquist, 1995 (Porifera, Demospongiae) in the Atlantic with description of a new species (P. pharmamari n. sp.). Zootaxa, 1209, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="2006">Uriz & Cebrian, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Canary Islands. The fibre skeleton of KML 1012 is similar to these two species in relative proportion of primary and secondary fibres and their diameters, the presence of foreign debris in primary but not secondary fibres, coring in primary fibres, laminated secondary fibres, and a tight meshwork of anastomosing fibres. It has a very hard, incompressible skeleton unique to the genus. However, the KML 1012 skeleton differs significantly from the two known species in being knarled and lumpy rather than relatively smooth and in having cored secondary fibres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909B0FA42FD9D7C74" blockId="11.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Our specimen was tightly adherent to the rock substrate and had a rock-like texture. We suggest that it could have provided a stable, attached skeletal framework (perhaps with a shell-sand component) for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190D8FFA66FAEA7C00" box="[1272,1385,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190D8FFA66FAE67C00" box="[1272,1381,1518,1543]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">C. lobata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In a similar association the poecilosclerid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190B33F99BFA857C2C" authority="Lehnert, Conway, Barrie & Krautter 2005" authorityName="Lehnert, Conway, Barrie & Krautter" authorityYear="2005" box="[580,1286,1554,1579]" class="Demospongiae" family="Desmacellidae" genus="Desmacella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="austini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190B33F99BFC9D7C2C" box="[580,798,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Desmacella austini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190A50F99BFA857C2C" author="Lehnert" box="[807,1286,1554,1579]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Lehnert, H., Conway, K. W., Barrie, J. V. & Krautter, M. (2005) Desmacella austini sp. nov. from sponge reefs of the Pacific coast of Canada. Contributions to Zoology, 74 (3 / 4), 265 - 270." type="journal article" year="2005">Lehnert, Conway, Barrie & Krautter 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies the fused glass skeleton remaining when all or a portion of the hexactinellid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190AA6F9BFFAE47C48" authority="Schulze, 1887" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1887" box="[977,1383,1590,1615]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Aphrocallistidae" genus="Aphrocallistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vastus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190AA6F9BFFB3C7C49" box="[977,1215,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aphrocallistes vastus</emphasis>
|
||
Schulze, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dies (Austin 2012, Lehnert
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E1908E1F9D5FE4D7C74" box="[406,462,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1909B0F9F6FED97D20" blockId="11.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Some of the fibres had incorporated tylostyles into the spongin coating. These spicules were the same form and size as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190875F92AFEE97CBC" box="[258,362,1698,1723]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190875F92AFEE97CBC" box="[258,362,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, the dicyoceratid was alive when it was first invaded by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190D2DF92AFB427CBC" box="[1114,1217,1698,1723]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190D2DF92AFB427CBC" box="[1114,1217,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, only the fibres of the dictyoceratid were present when the sponge was collected. Samples of the choanosome and ectosome from all parts of the specimen had large populations of tylostyles and were, therefore, unlikely to represent part of the dictyoceratid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF822E1E09B0F8BAFBED7B62" blockId="11.[151,1437,1014,2011]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
At least superficially the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190895F8BAFDC87D4C" box="[482,587,1842,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190895F8BAFDC87D4C" box="[482,587,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be classified as a β form, with an ectosome over the surface. We are unable to find any reports of a β form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF822E190B11F8DEFD4C7D68" box="[614,719,1878,1903]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF822E190B11F8DEFD4C7D68" box="[614,719,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the lack of a solid layer of calcium carbonate would disallow the development of exclusively subsurface galleries with only papillae at the surface. The papillae with pore sieves are flush with the surface in our specimen while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190A49F816FC637DB0" author="Topsent" box="[830,992,1951,1975]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Topsent, E. (1888) Contribution a l'etude des Clionides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 2, 5, 1 - 165, pls. 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1888">Topsent (1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF822E190A9AF816FBA57DB0" author="Topsent" box="[1005,1062,1951,1975]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described them as up to 230 µm in height with a diameter of 400 µm in exhalent papillae and 150–170 µm in inhalant papillae. It is likely that most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0865FF1EFEDD7AB7" box="[274,350,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0865FF1EFEDD7AB7" box="[274,350,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have contractile papillae (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF852E1E0BB4FF1EFC847AB7" box="[707,775,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cliona californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 4 cm; B, contracted specimen, scale bar approx. 1 cm; C, expanded papilla and ostia, scale bar approx. 5 mm; D, tylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, polytylote tylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, heads of tylostyles, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286374/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, C). Von
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0ACCFF1EFB0D7AB7" author="Lendenfeld" box="[955,1166,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1897) Die Clavulina der Adria. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae germanicae naturae curiosorum, 69, 1 - 251, Pl. I - XII." type="journal article" year="1897">Lendenfeld (1897)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated a pore sieve papilla flush with the surface of a coralline alga in a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A0CFF34FBA07AD3" box="[891,1059,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Pione" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vastifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A0CFF34FBA07AD3" box="[891,1059,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pione vastifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0D07FF35FA1F7AD2" author="Goreau" box="[1136,1436,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Goreau, T. F. & Hartman, W. D. (1963) Boring sponges as controlling factors in the formation and maintenance of coral reefs. In: Sognnaes, R. F. (Ed.), Mechanisms of hard tissue destruction., American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publ. 75, 23 - 54." type="journal article" year="1963">Goreau & Hartman (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated an expanded pore sieve papilla and oscular papilla in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0AC6FF56FBDB7AFF" box="[945,1112,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0AC6FF56FBD77AFF" box="[945,1108,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="celata">Cliona celata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Pore sieves in the related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E09E0FE8DFECB7B1A" box="[151,328,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Spheciospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E09E0FE8DFECB7B1A" box="[151,328,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spheciospongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 15 to 70 times larger than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A42FE8DFC027B1A" box="[821,897,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A42FE8DFC027B1A" box="[821,897,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0AA3FE8DFBED7B1B" author="Rutzler" box="[980,1134,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002) Family Clionaidae D'Orbigny, 1851. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Soest, R. W. M van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, 173 - 185." type="book chapter" year="2002">Rützler 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0D09FE8DFAF27B1B" author="Carballo" box="[1150,1393,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Carballo, J. L., Cruz-Barraza, J. A. & Gomez, P. (2004) Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 353 - 397. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00126. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Carballo
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0D9BFE8CFAA97B1A" box="[1260,1322,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E09E0FEAEFEDA7B47" author="Laubenfels" box="[151,345,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1930) The sponges of California. Stanford University Bulletin, Ser. 5, Vol. 5, Number 98, 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="1930">Laubenfels 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E08F8FEAEFE5F7B47" box="[399,476,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E08F8FEAEFE5F7B47" box="[399,476,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we suggest that the pores are of an appropriate size (22 µm) to filter out extracted calcium carbonate chips (e.g., 20–60 µm per
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0BE6FEC5FC117B63" author="Rutzler" box="[657,914,332,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Rutzler, K. & Rieger, G. (1973) Sponge burrowing: fine structure of Cliona lampa penetrating calcareous substrata. Marine Biology, 21, 144 - 162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00354611" type="journal article" year="1973">Rützler & Rieger 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) during burrowing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FEE6FAEE781F" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The tylostyle sizes were fairly similar among the three specimens. However
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF852E1E0D5BFEF9FBFE7B8F" box="[1068,1149,368,392]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6 (from Nootka I.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF852E1E09C2FE1DFF5F7BAB" box="[181,220,404,428]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
) had a spiraster which was much longer (99 Μm) than any others. This spiraster was the same diameter as the shorter ones but had 13 twists or zig-zags compared to up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF852E1E0A2EFE31FC177BD7" box="[857,916,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
shorter spirasters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0D19FE3EFA807BD7" author="Arndt" box="[1134,1283,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Arndt, W. (1935) Porifera. Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostse, 3 a (27), 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1935">Arndt (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that when gemmules are formed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0883FE54FDDE7BF2" box="[500,605,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0883FE54FDDE7BF2" box="[500,605,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, spirasters of 126 Μm or more are covering their surfaces. We may have a similar case in the Nootka I. specimen. The sizes of the small spirasters were similar among the three samples.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FDADFDAE7867" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Table 1 lists descriptions of specimens regarded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A63FDADFC32783A" box="[788,945,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A63FDADFC32783A" box="[788,945,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Records without descriptions or repeating those of others are largely excluded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FDE5FB2478F7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
When
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0865FDE5FE4B7883" author="Hancock" box="[274,456,620,645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hancock, A. (1849) On the excavating powers of certain sponges belonging to the genus (Cliona); with descriptions of several new species, and an allied generic form. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 2, 3, 321 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485909494773" type="journal article" year="1849">Hancock (1849)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0B34FDE4FD2F7882" box="[579,684,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0B34FDE4FD2F7882" box="[579,684,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0B85FDE5FCDE7883" box="[754,861,620,644]" name="Guernsey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
|
||
(English Channel) he reported that tylostyle heads were often irregularly rounded, sometimes slightly elliptical, and generally not exactly terminal. This conforms to our material. However, Hancock gave the tylostyle length as 1/100th of an inch (= 254 µm) which is considerably longer than the maximum tylostyle length in our material. He did not mention any spirasters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FD74FE257987" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In 1867 Hancock reported spirasters from a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A26FD74FC387912" box="[849,955,764,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A26FD74FC387912" box="[849,955,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained from the west coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0C44FD75FA1A7912" box="[1331,1433,764,789]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. He described the spirasters as cylindrical, rather stout, arched, zig-zagged, strongly spined, ends obtuse and about 50 µm in length. These are comparable in form to the large spiraster in our material. Hancock did not mention a second
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF852E1E099BFCE1FE9F7987" box="[236,284,872,896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of spiraster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FC05FB2E7E33" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E09B0FC05FE5279A2" author="Rutzler" box="[199,465,908,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Rutzler, K. & Stone, S. (1986) Discovery and significance of Albany Hancock's microscope preparations of excavating sponges (Porifera: Hadromerida: Clionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 99 (4), 658 - 675." type="journal article" year="1986">Rützler & Stone (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-examined the spicule slides Hancock had made 120 years earlier. For the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF852E1E0C4DFC05FA1F79A2" box="[1338,1436,908,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E09C1FC39FE9C79CF" box="[182,287,943,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E09C1FC39FE9C79CF" box="[182,287,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they discovered that the tylostyles were shorter than Hancock had indicated (180 and 200 µm instead of 250 µm). They also stated that there were apparently two size classes of spirasters averaging 50 µm and 15 µm in length). These are evident in their
|
||
<figureCitation id="13425699FF852E1E0B36FC7EFD077E17" box="[577,644,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall & central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C. These average sizes are approximately the same as in our material except for a larger average size (65 Μm) of the large spirasters in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF852E1E0A18FB95FC437E33" box="[879,960,1052,1076]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6 from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF852E1E0DF7FB95FB2A7E33" box="[1152,1193,1052,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FBC9FC4A7F37" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E09B0FBC9FEF27E5F" author="Topsent" box="[199,369,1088,1112]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0BFCFBC9FD547E50" box="[651,727,1088,1111]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0B8BFBC9FCE77E5F" box="[764,868,1087,1112]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0B8BFBC9FCE77E5F" box="[764,868,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The tylostyles are similar in form and also in size to our material (range 139–(158)–178 µm). He found the spirasters in the same individual varied in length and in spination.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0878FB00FE367EA7" author="Topsent" box="[271,437,1160,1184]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Topsent, E. (1888) Contribution a l'etude des Clionides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 2, 5, 1 - 165, pls. 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1888">Topsent (1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E08B2FB01FE7D7EA7" author="Topsent" box="[453,510,1160,1184]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) illustrated two basic
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF852E1E0A72FB00FCC37EA6" box="[773,832,1161,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of spirasters which appear identical to those in our material. Based on his illustration the large spiraster ranged from 47 Μm or less up to 65 Μm, about the same as in KML 1016 but less than in KML 1012 and RBM 981-144-6. The small spirasters ranged from 10 µm to 30 µm, about the same as in our material.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0B51FB7DFD5D7F0A" author="Stephens" box="[550,734,1268,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Stephens, J. (1915) Atlantic sponges collected on the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 50 (2), 423 - 67." type="journal article" year="1915">Stephens (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A30FB7DFC177F0A" box="[839,916,1268,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A30FB7DFC177F0A" box="[839,916,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cliona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
off Cape Town,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0D2FFB7DFB6A7F0A" box="[1112,1257,1268,1293]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
which she said agreed in every particular with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0882FA91FDDD7F37" box="[501,606,1303,1328]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0882FA91FDDD7F37" box="[501,606,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0A6FFA90FC467F37" author="Topsent" box="[792,965,1304,1328]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0FAB4FA8F7C73" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In the NW Atlantic,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E08DDFAB5FDA67F53" author="Old" box="[426,549,1340,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Old, M. (1941) The taxonomy and distribution of the boring sponges (Clionidae) along the Atlantic coast of North America. Publications of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 44, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1941">Old (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified material collected from Long Island, NY to Chesapeake Bay (VA) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E09E0FAE9FE827F7F" box="[151,257,1375,1400]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E09E0FAE9FE827F7F" box="[151,257,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, he did not describe or figure two different categories of spirasters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0D0BFAE8FAB37F7F" author="Hartman" box="[1148,1328,1375,1400]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0CF5FAE9FF5C7F9A" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0CF5FAE9FF5C7F9A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be common on oyster beds in Long Island Sd. Specimens from this area again have the same complement and form of spicules as those in our material. Hartman measured 50 spicules of each spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF852E1E0DD6FA20FB527FC6" box="[1185,1233,1449,1473]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||
for six specimens from one locality. For tylostyles the maximum size ranged from 209 Μm to 250 Μm compared to 200, 214 and 226 Μm for our specimens. For the large spirasters, the maximum size ranged from 35 Μm to 50 Μm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0D90FA79FA137C0F" author="Hartman" box="[1255,1424,1519,1544]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is quite a bit less than the 65 Μm maximum size spirasters of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0A01F99CFB9C7C2B" author="Topsent" box="[886,1055,1556,1580]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and much less than the maximum size of spirasters in our NE Pacific material. Hartman did not include the mean size in his measurements of the large spirasters presumably because the numbers counted (shown as a percentage) ranged from 3 to 8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0F908FD0D7D02" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
In the NW Pacific
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E08DEF908FDCF7C9F" author="Burton" box="[425,588,1663,1688]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Burton, M. (1935) Some sponges from the Okhotsk Sea and the Sea of Japan. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, 22, 64 - 81." type="journal article" year="1935">Burton (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0BE8F909FC887C9F" box="[671,779,1663,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0BE8F909FC887C9F" box="[671,779,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Sea of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0AACF908FB987C9F" box="[987,1051,1665,1688]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
with no comment on characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E09E0F92DFEC47CBB" author="Hoshino" box="[151,327,1700,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hoshino, T. (1977) Demosponges from the Kii Channel and its environs, Western Japan. Proceedings Japanese Society Systematic Zoology, 13, 5 - 15." type="journal article" year="1977">Hoshino (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a specimen in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF852E1E0BBDF92CFC897CBB" box="[714,778,1701,1724]" name="Japan" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
with tylostyles 365–440 Μm long and spirasters 20–30 Μm long. These measurements are very different from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0A10F941FC557CE7" box="[871,982,1735,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0A10F941FC557CE7" box="[871,982,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe. We consider the Japanese specimen to be a member of another species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF852E1E09B0F898FD7A7DBE" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
We found only a few records with descriptions in the Indo-Pacific. De
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0A84F886FB407D2F" author="Laubenfels" box="[1011,1219,1807,1832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1954) The sponges of the west-central Pacific. Oregon State College, Corvallis, 306 pp." type="book" year="1954">Laubenfels (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0C45F899FA1F7D2F" box="[1330,1436,1807,1832]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0C45F899FA1F7D2F" box="[1330,1436,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from several atolls in the West-Central Pacific. He illustrated only one
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF852E1E0AD8F8BCFC5C7D4A" box="[943,991,1845,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of spiraster, which, if correctly figured, is much more slender than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E08A1F8D1FDC07D77" box="[470,579,1879,1904]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E08A1F8D1FDC07D77" box="[470,579,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF852E1E0B19F8DEFC947D77" author="Hancock" box="[622,791,1879,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hancock, A. (1867) Note on the excavating sponges; with descriptions of four new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 2, 19, 229 - 242." type="journal article" year="1867">Hancock 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This form and the single size class would preclude de Laubenfels’ sample material from belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF852E1E0BC9F8F4FCAA7D92" box="[702,809,1916,1941]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF852E1E0BC9F8F4FCAA7D92" box="[702,809,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, the tylostyles in his sample averaged 12 Μm in thickness compared to 2–5 Μm in N. Atlantic material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF872E1C09B0FF11FB497BAB" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C09B0FF11FEEF7AB7" author="Burton" box="[199,364,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Burton, M. (1937) Supplement to the Littoral Fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar. Porifera. (Porifera of Krusadai Island). Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, New Series-Natural History, Section 1 (2), Part 4, 3, 41 - 43, 55 - 58 + Pls. 1 - 6, 8, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1937">Burton (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified material from the Gulf of Manaar (Indian Ocean) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0D07FF11FB5D7AB7" box="[1136,1246,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0D07FF11FB5D7AB7" box="[1136,1246,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He provided a diagnosis including a figure which fits a description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0A7BFF34FC357AD3" author="Topsent" box="[780,950,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but did not remark on the material in hand other than to note a specimen had a bright red colour.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0A63FF69FCFC7AFF" box="[788,895,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0A63FF69FCFC7AFF" box="[788,895,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
elsewhere has been described as yellow, (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C09E0FE8CFEB07B1B" author="Topsent" box="[151,307,260,284]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0837FE8CFE667B1A" author="Hartman" box="[320,485,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which makes the identification by Burton suspect.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0D37FE8DFAAB7B1A" box="[1088,1320,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des reecifs corallines de Tuleer (SudOuest de Madegascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (A. Zoologie), 99, 1 - 116." type="journal article">
|
||
Vacelet
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0DECFE8CFB567B1A" box="[1179,1237,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1976)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described specimens they considered to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0B71FEA1FDED7B47" box="[518,622,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0B71FEA1FDED7B47" box="[518,622,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0BC6FEAEFCBB7B47" box="[689,824,295,320]" name="Madagascar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
with tylostyles 200–300 µm long and spirasters 15–30 µm long. They did not mention or figure two size classes, but reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0AA8FEC4FBC47B62" box="[991,1095,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0AA8FEC4FBC47B62" box="[991,1095,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Europe has spirasters about twice the size of their specimens. In our view the small maximum size for the large spiraster, the lack of two size classes of spirasters and the long tylasters suggest that the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0A51FE1DFC2E7BAA" box="[806,941,404,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
material is not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0D2CFE1CFB477BAA" box="[1115,1220,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0D2CFE1CFB477BAA" box="[1115,1220,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF872E1C09B0FE31FEF07913" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
More recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0803FE3EFD8D7BD7" author="Rosell" box="[372,526,439,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Rosell, D. (1994) Morphologial and ecological relationships of two clionid sponges. Ophelia, 40, 37 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1994.10429549" type="journal article" year="1994">Rosell (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected specimens she identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0AB5FE31FBAF7BD7" box="[962,1068,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0AB5FE31FBAF7BD7" box="[962,1068,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
between 30 and
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF872E1C0D98FE31FAB47BC8" box="[1263,1335,440,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="330.0">330 m</quantity>
|
||
depth in the NW Mediterranean. These had long tylostyles 188–(280)–340 µm with round or subterminal heads. Spirasters showed two extreme morphologies with intermediates.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0A63FD89FCCF781F" box="[788,844,512,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I: thin, curved, 10–(25)–55 µm;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0DBAFD89FA86781F" box="[1229,1285,512,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II: thick and straight with big spines (5–20 µm). Compared to our material as well as that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0D7DFDACFB37783B" author="Topsent" box="[1034,1204,548,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0D9EFDACFA1F783A" author="Hartman" box="[1257,1436,548,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and photos of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0816FDC1FE127867" box="[353,401,584,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
spicules by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0B69FDCEFCA47867" author="Rutzler" box="[542,807,583,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Rutzler, K. & Stone, S. (1986) Discovery and significance of Albany Hancock's microscope preparations of excavating sponges (Porifera: Hadromerida: Clionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 99 (4), 658 - 675." type="journal article" year="1986">Rützler & Stone (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Rosell’s spiraster spines appear much longer relative to the spiraster shaft in both spiraster
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0B4BFDE4FDF47882" box="[572,631,621,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and particularly in the 2nd spiraster
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0D44FDE4FBE47882" box="[1075,1127,621,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. Rosell suggested that the descriptions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0830FD19FE7378AF" author="Topsent" box="[327,496,656,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0B51FD19FD5A78AF" author="Hartman" box="[550,729,655,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were erroneous and might have been the result of an accidental mixing of spicules. We consider that the specimens described by Rosell are some other species and the descriptions by Topsent and Hartman are of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0882FD51FDDE78F7" box="[501,605,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0882FD51FDDE78F7" box="[501,605,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0B1CFD5EFD6D78F7" author="Volz" box="[619,750,727,752]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Volz, P. (1939) Die Bohrschwamme (Clioniden) der Adria. Thalassia, 3, 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1939">Volz (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0AFEFD51FC7278F7" box="[905,1009,727,752]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0AFEFD51FC7278F7" box="[905,1009,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Mediterranean was restricted to the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0868FD74FEEC7913" box="[287,367,765,788]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF872E1C09B0FC96FC797C70" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C09B0FC96FEDC793F" bold="true" box="[199,351,799,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Conclusions.</emphasis>
|
||
KML 1016 from southern California fits well in spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0D7FFCA9FBC0793F" box="[1032,1091,800,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and sizes with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0C58FCA9FA1F793F" box="[1327,1436,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0C58FCA9FA1F793F" box="[1327,1436,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C09E0FCCDFF7A795A" box="[151,249,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
description and photograph by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0B29FCCDFCEB795A" author="Rutzler" box="[606,872,836,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Rutzler, K. & Stone, S. (1986) Discovery and significance of Albany Hancock's microscope preparations of excavating sponges (Porifera: Hadromerida: Clionidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 99 (4), 658 - 675." type="journal article" year="1986">Rützler & Stone (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and also fits well with the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0C33FCCCFF627987" author="Topsent" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for material from the NW Atlantic. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that KML 1016 is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0CF5FCE1FF5C79A2" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0CF5FCE1FF5C79A2" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C099BFC04FED679A2" box="[236,341,908,933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C099BFC04FED679A2" box="[236,341,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infests oyster beds in the Atlantic and could well have been introduced with attempts to establish American oyster culture in the NE Pacific. Barnacles supporting populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0D66FC39FBF979CF" box="[1041,1146,943,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0D66FC39FBF979CF" box="[1041,1146,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on ships could be another source for inter-ocean introductions. The material described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0A09FC5CFBB579EA" author="Hartman" box="[894,1078,980,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0D03FC5DFB7779EB" author="Old" box="[1140,1268,980,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Old, M. (1941) The taxonomy and distribution of the boring sponges (Clionidae) along the Atlantic coast of North America. Publications of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 44, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1941">Old (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the NW Atlantic may be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0826FC71FE397E17" box="[337,442,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0826FC71FE397E17" box="[337,442,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
if we accept that the shorter maximum sizes of spirasters (35–50 Μm) are within the size variability for the species. The other sponge material from Washington (KML 1012) and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0DF9FB95FB307E33" box="[1166,1203,1052,1076]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0DB4FB95FA967E33" box="[1219,1301,1052,1076]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">RBCM</collectionCode>
|
||
981-144-6) fits the descriptions and figures for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0B2BFBC9FD457E5F" box="[604,710,1087,1112]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0B2BFBC9FD457E5F" box="[604,710,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0BB9FBB6FCB37E5F" box="[718,816,1087,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0D37FBC9FB6F7E5F" author="Topsent" box="[1088,1260,1088,1112]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1900) Etude monographique des spongiaires de France. III: Monaxonida (Hadromerina). Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et generale, 38, 1 - 331." type="journal article" year="1900">Topsent (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
except that the maximum size of the large spiraster in the Washington and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0A41FBEDFCD87E7B" box="[822,859,1124,1148]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
material is longer (74 Μm, 79 Μm and 99 Μm). The report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0874FB0EFE167EA7" author="Arndt" box="[259,405,1159,1184]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Arndt, W. (1935) Porifera. Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostse, 3 a (27), 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1935">Arndt (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of still longer spirasters (126 µm or longer) coating the gemmules in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C0DE9FB01FA857EA7" box="[1182,1286,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0DE9FB01FA857EA7" box="[1182,1286,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that we might have seen a large spicule from a gemmule. It also indicates a considerable range in the phenotypic expression of spiraster length. The sample from southern California was located
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF872E1C0D56FB59FB077EEF" box="[1057,1156,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="km" value="1400.0">1400 km</quantity>
|
||
south of the Washington sample and
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF872E1C0853FB7DFE097F0A" box="[292,394,1268,1293]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="km" value="1700.0">1700 km</quantity>
|
||
south of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0B5DFB7DFDCC7F0B" box="[554,591,1268,1292]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
sample. The southern California site is within the warm temperate zone (22–25 °C) while the Washington and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0B2CFA92FD037F34" box="[603,640,1307,1331]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
sites are within the cold temperate zone, (8–16 °C). Also, the silica concentration is low in southern California compared to that in Washington and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C0D28FAB6FB077F50" box="[1119,1156,1343,1367]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">BC</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0DEEFAB7FAAF7F50" author="Phelps" box="[1177,1324,1342,1367]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Phelps, A. (1937) The variation in the silicate content of the water in Monterey Bay, California during 1932, 1933 and 1934. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 29 (2), 153 - 188." type="journal article" year="1937">Phelps 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0C49FAB7FED37F7C" author="Tully" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Tully, J. P. & Dodimead, A. J. (1957) Properties of the water in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, and influencing factors. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 14 (3), 241 - 319." type="journal article" year="1957">Tully & Dodimead 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Austin 2012). Several investigators have reported that demosponge spicules tend to be thinner with decreasing latitude and/or increasing temperature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0A54FA0FFC5F7F98" author="Hentschel" box="[803,988,1414,1439]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hentschel, E. (1929) Die Kiesel-und Hornschwamme des Nordlichen Eismeers. Fauna Arctica, Bund V, 857 - 1042, 3 pls." type="book chapter" year="1929">Hentschel 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0A9BFA01FB107F98" author="Hartman" box="[1004,1171,1414,1439]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1958) Natural history of the marine sponges of southern New England. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 2, 155 pp, 12 pls." type="book" year="1958">Hartman 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0DD3FA0EFAA97F98" author="Stone" box="[1188,1322,1415,1439]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Stone, A. R. (1970) Seasonal variations of spicule size in Hymeniacidon perleve. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 50, 343 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400004562" type="journal article" year="1970">Stone 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0C4DFA0FFF507FC4" author="Simpson" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Simpson, T. L. (1978) The biology of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera (Ellis & Sollander). III. Spicule secretion and the effect of temperature on spicule size. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 35, 31 - 42. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (78) 90088 - 6" type="journal article" year="1978">Simpson 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Spicules also tend to be thinner and sometimes shorter in lower concentrations of silica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0DB9FA22FAD17FC4" author="Stone" box="[1230,1362,1451,1475]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Stone, A. R. (1970) Seasonal variations of spicule size in Hymeniacidon perleve. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 50, 343 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400004562" type="journal article" year="1970">Stone 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0C29FA22FF527FE0" author="Jones" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Jones, W. C. (1991) Monthly variations in the size of spicules of the haplosclerid sponge, Halclona rosea (Bowerbank). In: Reitner, J. & Keupp, H. (Eds.), Fossil and Recent Sponges, pp. 404 - 420." type="book chapter" year="1991">Jones 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C09ABFA47FE587FE0" author="Bavestrello" box="[220,475,1486,1511]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bavestrello, G., Bonito, M. & Sara, M. (1993) Silica content and spicular size variation during an annual cycle in Chondrilla nucula Schmidt (Porifera Demospongiae) in the Ligurean Sea. pp. 421 - 425. In: Uriz, M-J. & Rutzler, K. (Eds.), Recent Advances in ecology and systematics of sponges. Scientia Marina, 57 (4), pp. 273 - 432." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Bavestrello
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0815FA59FE197FE0" box="[354,410,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFF872E1C0891FA47FD537FE0" author="Mercurio" box="[486,720,1486,1511]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mercurio, M., Corriero, G., Scalera, L. & Gaino, E. (2000) Silica content and spicule size variations in Pellina semitubulosa (Porifera, Demospongia). Marine Biology, 137 (1), 87 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270000336" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Mercurio
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C0B22FA59FD0E7FE0" box="[597,653,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Which spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFF872E1C0AFEFA59FC3A7FEF" box="[905,953,1488,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
is affected and how it is affected may vary. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFF872E1C09CFFA7AFEA07C0C" box="[184,291,1522,1547]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C09CFFA7AFEA07C0C" box="[184,291,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the large range in lengths of spirasters both within a population and within each individual sponge suggests that spiraster length might increase with lower temperatures and higher silica concentrations such as in the cold temperate NE Pacific. Given that the differences in spiraster maximum sizes may be genetic, ecophenotypic or associated with gemmulation,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FF872E1C089BF9D6FDAA7C70" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[492,553,1631,1655]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
barcoding might provide some guidance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF872E1C09B0F90BFC837C9C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1835]" box="[199,768,1666,1691]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C09B0F90BFE2D7C9C" bold="true" box="[199,430,1666,1691]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Bathymetric range.</emphasis>
|
||
Low littoral to
|
||
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FF872E1C0B29F90BFD307C9D" box="[606,691,1666,1691]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.265" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1265.0">1265 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFF872E1C09B0F92FFEF67D2C" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1835]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90D960EFF872E1C09B0F92FFE737CB8" bold="true" box="[199,496,1702,1727]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
N Atlantic from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0BC2F92EFCBB7CB8" box="[693,824,1702,1727]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
Islands (off West Africa) to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0D08F92FFB587CB8" box="[1151,1243,1702,1727]" name="Sweden" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SW Atlantic off Cape Town,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C085AF943FE467CE4" box="[301,453,1738,1763]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, NE Atlantic from Louisiana (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0A5AF942FCEB7CE4" box="[813,872,1739,1763]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to Newfoundland (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C0D22F943FB2C7CE4" box="[1109,1199,1738,1763]" name="Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
), NE Pacific British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFF872E1C09E0F967FE8B7D00" box="[151,264,1774,1799]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Washington, S. California (this paper). Records in the Mediterranean (in part), NW Pacific and the Indo- Pacific are dubious.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |