326 lines
34 KiB
XML
326 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="4661BB0B1E0A0DBFE88ED464C042C081" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.199882" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efb4281f-a3cb-44f7-857e-75432dce8562" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="199882" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460347854172" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Constantino, Luis Miguel & Salazar, Julian A." docDate="2010" docId="03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02720p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2720" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Philaethria pygmalion subsp. pygmalion Fruhstorfer 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFF6F22C004FFFDF9069FF93FFC61337" masterDocTitle="A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1698265939421" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="57E84B46EFD8140E9958F2E44EA9E5F1">A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="618626AB62AEE22EF5B46967EEA37051">Constantino, Luis Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6E623B10691C64ED8CB2F0421996F988">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2C8DD03A25BB1362C7483727979756CE">Salazar, Julian A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="51B9C5D56975CCB3EF43E6888AF6FBD9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="50992DF515D66271FCE373DF46F9A149">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C760CBBB62CA95944ED76791AC11CFAE">
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<mods:date id="88FE92A7AD929CA392E994EEF7DEEB1E">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3C2EF546271A269A96C4321851C6E201" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6ECDE6C7C9703EA616C7FFB6B8A64BEB">2720</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="49AA97B2D4BA4500DCA0A0776D6A36DF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.199882</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="15CEA7EABE932BB4B129B9AC72E97540" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9C856A52CAD2E69DEC192AAEC415F498" type="Zenodo-Dep">199882</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6211183" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119407549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6211183" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590FEFE24FD3D1160" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFE24FCE412E6" blockId="10.[151,802,439,498]" box="[151,802,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0918C2E0045FFD590FEFE24FCE412E6" bold="true" box="[151,802,439,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD590FEFE24FCE412E6" authority="Fruhstorfer, 1912" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,802,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pygmalion" subSpecies="pygmalion">
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||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEFE24FCE412E6" bold="true" box="[151,802,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEFE24FDEA12E6" bold="true" box="[151,556,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philaethria pygmalion pygmalion</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD59252FE24FCDF12E6" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[571,793,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Neue Nymphaliden des neotropischen Gebietes aus der Sammlung Staudinger. Entomologische Rundschau, 29 (2), 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="1912">Fruhstorfer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFE49FF3E12C5" blockId="10.[151,802,439,498]" box="[151,248,474,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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(
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<figureCitation id="135D27C70045FFD590F6FE49FF2912C5" box="[159,239,474,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 - 11. 2. P" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1884,1908]" captionTargetBox="[187,1378,214,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[185,1379,194,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 2 - 11. 2. P. dido dido 3 Rio Amazonas, Colombia, 3. P. dido chocoensis 3 Rio Anchicayá, W. Colombia, 4. P. dido dido 3 Bajo Rio Caura, Bolivar, Venezuela, 5. P. dido panamensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Pácora, Chiriquí, Panama, 6. P. diatonica 3 ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 7. P. diatonica Ƥ Metates, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8. P. constantinoi 3 Chocó, W. Colombia, 9. P. constantinoi Ƥ Chocó, W. Colombia, 10. P. wernickei 3 S ao Paulo, Brazil, 11. P. pygmalion pygmalion 3 Araracuara, Amazonas, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199884/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFDB1FDFA110F" blockId="10.[151,1095,546,630]" box="[151,572,546,569]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Entomologische Rundschau 29(2): 14–15</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFDD1FD3D1160" blockId="10.[151,1095,546,630]" box="[151,763,577,599]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEFDD1FF631160" bold="true" box="[151,165,578,599]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">=</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590C5FDD2FEF81160" box="[172,318,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Metamandana</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD5912DFDD2FD071160" authority="Fruhstorfer, 1912: 15" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1912" box="[324,705,577,599]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dido" subSpecies="pygmalion">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5912DFDD2FE241160" box="[324,482,577,599]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">dido pygmalion</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD59180FDD2FD5A1160" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[489,668,577,599]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Neue Nymphaliden des neotropischen Gebietes aus der Sammlung Staudinger. Entomologische Rundschau, 29 (2), 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="1912">Fruhstorfer, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 15
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig.3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590FEFDF2FB811141" box="[151,1095,608,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFDF2FB811141" blockId="10.[151,1095,546,630]" box="[151,1095,608,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB761C6C0045FFD590FEFDF2FB811141" box="[151,1095,608,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD590C2FDF3FD4C1141" ID-CoL="7KLNK" authority="Fruhstorfer, 1912" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityYear="1912" box="[171,650,608,630]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dido" subSpecies="pygmalion">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590C2FDF3FE051141" box="[171,451,608,630]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philaethria dido pygmalion</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD591B9FDF3FD4C1141" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[464,650,608,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) Neue Nymphaliden des neotropischen Gebietes aus der Sammlung Staudinger. Entomologische Rundschau, 29 (2), 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="1912">Fruhstorfer, 1912)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC71D530045FFD592CEFDF3FC031141" author="Ackery" box="[679,965,608,630]" page="173" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD592CEFDF3FC5C1141" author="Ackery" box="[679,922,608,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Ackery, P. R. & Smiles, R. (1976) An illustrated list of the type-specimens of the Heliconiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 32 (5), 173 - 214 + 39 pls." type="journal article" year="1976">Ackery & Smiles, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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:173
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 1, fig.1.)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590FEFD30FA49118D" box="[151,1423,674,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590FEFD30FA49118D" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" box="[151,1423,674,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEFD30FEF3118C" bold="true" box="[151,309,674,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
<typeStatus id="54DD85E00045FFD590FEFD30FF14118C" box="[151,210,675,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Obidos,
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<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD591F2FD31FE25118D" box="[411,483,674,698]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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<typeStatus id="54DD85E00045FFD59184FD30FDEF118C" box="[493,553,675,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5925DFD31FC9D118C" bold="true" box="[564,859,674,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
(
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<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD59255FD31FD5C118C" box="[572,666,674,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BMNH</collectionCode>
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):
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<typeStatus id="54DD85E00045FFD592C7FD30FCDD118C" box="[686,795,675,699]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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male
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</emphasis>
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||
: illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD59397FD31FACF118D" author="Ackery" box="[1022,1289,674,698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Ackery, P. R. & Smiles, R. (1976) An illustrated list of the type-specimens of the Heliconiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 32 (5), 173 - 214 + 39 pls." type="journal article" year="1976">Ackery & Smiles, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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. pl 1. fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590ACFD55FEB310A5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFD55FEB310A5" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFD55FEF911E8" bold="true" box="[197,319,710,735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Forewing length
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<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD59263FD55FD4311E9" box="[522,645,710,734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="48.0">48–49 mm</quantity>
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in males and
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<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD59341FD55FC6411E9" box="[808,930,710,734]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="49.0">49–51 mm</quantity>
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in females.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59459FD5BFB0511E9" box="[1072,1219,710,735]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmalion">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59459FD5BFB0511E9" box="[1072,1219,710,735]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. pygmalion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is easily separated from the other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD591D7FD78FDFB1034" box="[446,573,747,771]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD591D7FD78FDFB1034" box="[446,573,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philaethria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the dark brown inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hind wing, similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59132FC83FE211011" box="[347,487,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Metamorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wernickei">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59132FC83FE211011" box="[347,487,782,807]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. wernickei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but with the bone white medial postdiscal band very reduced. HW submarginal cellular spots diffuse and continuous. FW postmedial area reduced in size (larger in
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5941BFCA7FB3C107C" box="[1138,1274,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. w e r ni c ke i</emphasis>
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). Postmedial, medial and discal area on the ventral surface of both wings light green in coloration. Subapical spot on FW small and reduced in size.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590ACFC0DFE3810ED" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFC0DFE3810ED" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFC0DFDFC1080" bold="true" box="[197,570,926,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haploid chromosome number:</emphasis>
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n=29 for material examined from
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<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD593BAFC0DFBD11081" box="[979,1047,926,950]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(Pará, Amazonas, Matto Grosso) (Suoamalainen &
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD5910AFC50FE3010ED" author="Brown" box="[355,502,962,986]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Suomalainen, E & Brown, K. S. (1984) Chromosome number variation within Philaethria butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae). Chromosoma, 90, 170 - 176." type="journal article" year="1984">Brown, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590ACFC74FD011771" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFC74FD011771" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFC74FE2110C8" bold="true" box="[197,487,998,1023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
Male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D27C70045FFD591E8FC75FE1E10C8" box="[385,472,998,1023]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 41" captionStartId="20.[151,269,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[283,1299,213,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[274,1316,194,1910]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 41. Male genitalia, with aedeagus removed in lateral view. 32. P. diatonica. 33. P. dido 34. P. constantinoi. 35. P. wernickei. 36. P. pygmalion. 37. P. neildi. 38. P. andrei. 39. P. o s t a r a. 40. P. browni. 41. P. romeroi. Scale line 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199889/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
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||
):
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
like
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<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59248FC7BFD6D10C9" box="[545,683,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Metamorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wernickei">
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<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59248FC7BFD6D10C9" box="[545,683,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. wernickei</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
but valvae with swollen arms with a distal head deflaeted. Saccus short and straight, vinculum stout, tegumen rounded distally with setae at the base of the uncus and the medial; aedeagus short and straight with the apex pointed.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590ACFBC1FC67152D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFBC1FC9D1785" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFBC1FE36175C" bold="true" box="[197,496,1106,1131]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD5919EFBC7FD4C175C" box="[503,650,1107,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5919EFBC7FD4C175C" box="[503,650,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. pygmalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to rainforest habitats between
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD59406FBC1FB29175D" box="[1135,1263,1106,1130]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="100.0">100–300 m</quantity>
|
||
in the Amazon basin from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD59171FBE5FE4117B9" box="[280,391,1142,1166]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazonas),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD5924FFBE5FD5F17B9" box="[550,665,1142,1166]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Amazonas) to central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD593CDFBE5FC2E17B9" box="[932,1000,1142,1166]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
down the Amazon river.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59560FBEBFECB1784" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pygmalion" subSpecies="pygmalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59560FBEBFECB1784" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. pygmalion pygmalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flies sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD5924AFB0FFD6F1784" box="[547,681,1179,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dido" subSpecies="dido">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5924AFB0FFD6F1784" box="[547,681,1179,1203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dido dido</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in dense forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFB2CFB6F17CD" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFB2CFE8817E0" bold="true" box="[197,334,1215,1239]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Host plants</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59134FB2DFC5817E1" box="[349,926,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59134FB2DFDF817E1" box="[349,574,1214,1238]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coccinea">Passiflora coccinea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59223FB53FD0417E1" box="[586,706,1214,1239]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="faroana">P. faroana</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD592A4FB53FC5C17E1" box="[717,922,1214,1239]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexagonocarpa">P. hexagonocarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD593CFFB53FB0A17E1" box="[934,1228,1214,1239]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mansoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD593CFFB53FBD517E1" box="[934,1043,1215,1239]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mansoi</emphasis>
|
||
(Passifloraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD5949BFB2DFAF017E1" box="[1266,1334,1214,1238]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Benson
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEFB77FF1017CC" box="[151,214,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
1976).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD59145FB77FE0C17CC" box="[300,458,1251,1275]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Passiflora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phaeocaula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59145FB77FE0C17CC" box="[300,458,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. phaeocaula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD59187FB71FDA717CD" box="[494,609,1250,1274]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD59219FB71FC5917CD" author="Brown" box="[624,927,1250,1274]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brown, K. S. Jr. & Fernandez- Yepez, F. (1985) Los Heliconiini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) de Venezuela. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana, 3 (4), 29 - 76." type="journal article" year="1985">Brown & Fernandez, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD593C2FB71FB6417CD" author="Beccaloni" box="[939,1186,1250,1275]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K., & Robinson, G. S. (2008) A catalog of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. The Natural History Museum. Monografias Tercer Milenio, Zaragoza. 536 p." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Beccaloni
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5944BFB77FB9517CC" box="[1058,1107,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACFA94FC67152D" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACFA94FE521628" bold="true" box="[197,404,1287,1311]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Immature stages.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD591F5FA94FDFC1629" author="Brown" box="[412,570,1286,1310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brown, K. S. Jr. (1981) The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annual Review of Entomology., 26, 421 - 456." type="journal article" year="1981">Brown (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrates the fifth instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD593D7FA9BFB091629" box="[958,1231,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pygmalion" subSpecies="pygmalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD593D7FA9BFB091629" box="[958,1231,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. pygmalion pygmalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this paper, the fifth instar larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD5911DFABFFDBB1674" box="[372,637,1323,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pygmalion" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="metaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5911DFABFFDBB1674" box="[372,637,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. pygmalion metaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2215A2B0045FFD592EDFAB8FD0A1675" box="[644,716,1323,1346]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subSpecies">n. ssp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from Villavicencio,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD593DCFAB9FBE21675" box="[949,1060,1322,1346]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is illustrated in color for the first time (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D27C70045FFD590B1FADDFEEE1651" box="[216,296,1358,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 42. A, B. P" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1853,1877]" captionTargetBox="[239,1344,187,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[235,1353,170,1838]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 42. A, B. P. dido dido, Rio Madre de Dios, Perú. C. P. dido dido, Mato Grosso Brazil. D. mating of P. diatonica. E – F. Larva of P. dido chocoensis, Colombia. G – H. Larva of P. pygmalion, Villavicencio, Colombia. I. egg of P. dido chocoensis. J. Pupa of P. dido dido, Villavicencio, Colombia. K. Pupa of P. andrei, Fr. Guiana. L. Larva of P. diatonica, ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica. M. Passiflora vitifolia, host plant of P. dido chocoensis, Rio Anchicayá, Colombia. Photos: Adrian Hoskins, H. Koloska, Gill Carter, B. Jimenez, Gregory Nielsen, Daniel Janzen, Christian Brevignon, Fredy Montero, Luis M. Constantino." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
g-h). Egg- yellow, 1.5 mm high and 1.1 mm in diameter, with 20 vertical and 8 horizontal ridges, laid singly on tendrils, stipules and old leaves. Mature larva (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135D27C70045FFD5934CFAE1FCBE16BD" box="[805,888,1394,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 42. A, B. P" captionStartId="21.[151,255,1853,1877]" captionTargetBox="[239,1344,187,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[235,1353,170,1838]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 42. A, B. P. dido dido, Rio Madre de Dios, Perú. C. P. dido dido, Mato Grosso Brazil. D. mating of P. diatonica. E – F. Larva of P. dido chocoensis, Colombia. G – H. Larva of P. pygmalion, Villavicencio, Colombia. I. egg of P. dido chocoensis. J. Pupa of P. dido dido, Villavicencio, Colombia. K. Pupa of P. andrei, Fr. Guiana. L. Larva of P. diatonica, ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica. M. Passiflora vitifolia, host plant of P. dido chocoensis, Rio Anchicayá, Colombia. Photos: Adrian Hoskins, H. Koloska, Gill Carter, B. Jimenez, Gregory Nielsen, Daniel Janzen, Christian Brevignon, Fredy Montero, Luis M. Constantino." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199890/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
g-h) - body white with black irregular rings on dorsum and sides; base of each scoli with red spots fused together forming small red bands (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD594ABFA0BFAD61699" box="[1218,1296,1430,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dido">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD594ABFA0BFAD61699" box="[1218,1296,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dido</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with orange spots). Scoli large and black (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD5927BFA2FFDA416E4" box="[530,610,1467,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dido">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5927BFA2FFDA416E4" box="[530,610,1467,1491]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dido</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
orange with black tips); head capsule bright red with head scoli black. Prolegs on abdominal segments red (yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6640C10045FFD592AEFA73FCDC16C1" box="[711,794,1502,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Philaethria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dido">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD592AEFA73FCDC16C1" box="[711,794,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. dido</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Pupa - mottled brown and gray covered with warts; abdomen and thorax have keels; generally resembles a bird dropping.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37C68C90045FFD590ACF9B5FC9715C5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD93B420045FFD590ACF9B5FC9715C5" blockId="10.[151,1437,674,1779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590ACF9B5FD9A1508" bold="true" box="[197,604,1574,1599]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Material examined.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD591DDF9B5FD911508" box="[436,599,1574,1599]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
AMAZONAS: Araracuara, Rio Caquetá,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD59458F9B5FBB21509" box="[1073,1140,1574,1598]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="200.0">200m</quantity>
|
||
, W. Winhard
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59562F9B5FAEB1509" box="[1291,1325,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (WWC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD590FEF9D9FE881554" bold="true" box="[151,334,1610,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD590FEF9D9FE8C1554" box="[151,330,1610,1635]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
AMAZONAS: Yavita, K. S. Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5936EF9D8FCEF1554" box="[775,809,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD5932CF9D9FC471555" box="[837,897,1610,1634]" name="Kosovo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KSB</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD593F1F9D9FBCA1554" bold="true" box="[920,1036,1610,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD593F1F9D9FBC11554" box="[920,1031,1610,1635]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD59471F9D8FBA31554" box="[1048,1125,1611,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PARA</collectionCode>
|
||
: Obidos,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD594BEF9D9FAE51555" box="[1239,1315,1610,1634]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD5955FF9D9FA561555" box="[1334,1424,1610,1634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
), Santarem,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD5917BF9FDFE9915B1" box="[274,351,1646,1670]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
, K. S. Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD59265F9FDFDE815B1" box="[524,558,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD59220F9FDFD4215B1" box="[585,644,1646,1670]" name="Kosovo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KSB</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Porto Tromberas,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD59305F9FDFC7F15B1" box="[876,953,1646,1670]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
, K. S. Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5940EF9FDFB4F15B1" box="[1127,1161,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD594CAF9FDFB1915B1" box="[1187,1247,1646,1670]" name="Kosovo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KSB</collectingCountry>
|
||
). AMAZONAS: Humaita, R. Madeira, K. S. Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5924CF900FD88159C" box="[549,590,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD59237F901FD5F159D" box="[606,665,1682,1706]" name="Kosovo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KSB</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD592C5F901FD3D159D" box="[684,763,1682,1706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MATO</collectionCode>
|
||
GROSSO: Buriti, K. S. Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD5940AF900FB4A159C" box="[1123,1164,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD594F2F901FB12159D" box="[1179,1236,1682,1706]" name="Kosovo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KSB</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF746B30045FFD59482F901FEE815F9" author="Suomalainen" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Suomalainen, E & Brown, K. S. (1984) Chromosome number variation within Philaethria butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae). Chromosoma, 90, 170 - 176." type="journal article" year="1984">Suomalainen & Brown, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D60F0CB0045FFD5912BF925FE6015F9" box="[322,422,1718,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD591DBF924FDC115F8" bold="true" box="[434,519,1719,1743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD591DBF924FDC415F8" box="[434,514,1719,1743]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">PERU</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD59266F924FDB215F8" box="[527,628,1719,1743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MADRE</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3717BD20045FFD59215F924FD6715F9" box="[636,673,1719,1742]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">DE</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED77A3870045FFD592C0F925FD2B15F9" box="[681,749,1718,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">DIOS</collectionCode>
|
||
, Santuario Nacional Pampas del Heath, Rufugio Juliaca,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9E96A70045FFD5951BF925FF6915C5" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="220.0">220 m</quantity>
|
||
, bosque de galería,
|
||
<date id="FFD81D820045FFD591E4F949FDD515C5" box="[397,531,1754,1778]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1992-06-16">16-VI-1992</date>
|
||
, G. Lamas
|
||
<emphasis id="B912E7500045FFD592E6F948FD7715C4" box="[655,689,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (MHNUSM)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |