261 lines
31 KiB
XML
261 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="D9311FB84EAB15BEB4573CCDDC403C67" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00496.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5444719" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630458066632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian" docDate="2009" docId="03B987FAFF99F70FFCC96C96FB2CE5F8" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2008.00496.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00496.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Grammia bolanderi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="553" masterDocId="FF80FF82FFB4F721FF926F2DFFC1E46B" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Grammia Rambur (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="597" masterPageNumber="507" pageNumber="552" updateTime="1699278284593" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4B58ECBC175169505D3C75283141B77D">Taxonomic revision of the genus Grammia Rambur (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4B7384EFA3065711D06E523C48634100">Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A93CDF462DC48EB1DE34AEFDC020B5AE">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D1934C6CA364CD2B1D698D3CDB22391C">
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<mods:date id="432D37003C49E9486E855B0C4CFA61D2">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="72B728711D8D331D9BFE77927B8CC59D">2009-07-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E8411B7AC6C69E65B500D6CE1D88A500" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2B2CD18D5442CB775D54939A39304EEA">156</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AA95010AE09DA50947AEFAA8A82EC20D" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00496.x</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B987FAFF99F70FFCC96C96FB2CE5F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5492377" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5492377" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987FAFF99F70FFCC96C96FB2CE5F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B987FAFF99F70FFCC96C96FB2CE5F8" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<subSubSection id="C30A6567FF99F70CFCC96C96FA41E7BB" box="[859,1408,954,976]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCC96C96FA41E7BB" blockId="45.[859,1408,954,976]" box="[859,1408,954,976]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<heading id="D0E78180FF99F70CFCC96C96FA41E7BB" box="[859,1408,954,976]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFCC96C96FB10E7BB" authority="(STRETCH)" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[859,1233,954,976]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCC96C96FB91E7A5" box="[859,1104,955,976]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">GRAMMIA BOLANDERI</emphasis>
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(STRETCH)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132B2A69FF99F70CFB766C97FAFFE7A4" box="[1252,1342,954,975]" captionStart="Figures 25–39" captionStartId="72.[144,234,198,217]" captionText="Figures 25–39. Habitus of adult Grammia (scale bar = 1 cm). 25A, Grammia eureka Ferguson & Schmidt ♂. Holotype. USA: UT: Juab Co., Eureka. 25B, G. eureka ♀. Paratype. USA: ID: Ada Co., Boise. 26, Grammia bowmani Ferguson & Schmidt ♂. Paratype. USA: CO: Mesa Co., Black Ridge, Coal Mine Pt. 7000′. 27, Grammia brillians Schmidt ♂. Holotype. USA: UT: Garfield Co., Bryce Cyn. NP, Water Cyn. 6800′. 28A, Grammia williamsii williamsii (Dodge) ♂. Neotype. USA: CO: Grand Co., Blacktail Ck. 28B, G. w. williamsii ♂. CAN: AB: Jenner, 10 km north. 28C, G. w. williamsii ♂. CAN: AB: Sandy Point, Hwy 41 at S. Saskatchewan R. 28D, G. w. williamsii ♀. CAN: AB: Grande Prairie, Kleskun Hill. 28E, G. williamsii tooele (B. & McD.) ♂. USA: UT: Nephi, 7 miles north-east, 6700′. 29, Grammia favorita (Neum.) ♂. USA: CO: Weld Co., Roggen. 30A, Grammia yavapai Schmidt ♂. Holotype. USA: AZ: Coconino Co., Parks 7100′. 30B, G. yavapai ♀. Paratype. USA: AZ: Coconino Co., Williams. 31, Grammia bolanderi (Stretch) ♂. Holotype. USA: CA: Mt. Shasta [reproduction of original illustration]. 32A, Grammia blakei (Grt.) ♂. CAN: AB: Tolman Bridge, Red Deer R. E Trochu. 32B, G. blakei ♀. CAN: AB: Hilda. 33A, Grammia cervinoides (Stkr.) ♂. USA: CO: Park Co. 33B, G. cervinoides ♀. USA: CO: Park Co., Horseshoe Gulch, Peerless Mtn Rd 12 000′. 34A, Grammia elongata (Stretch) ♂. CAN: AB: Bragg Creek, 22 km west, Jumpingpound Ridge. 34B, G. elongata ♀. CAN: AB: Waterton Lakes. 35A, Grammia fergusoni Schmidt ♂. Paratype. USA: CA: Tuolumne Co., Sonora Pass 9623′. 35B, G. fergusoni ♀. Paratype. USA: CA: Mono Co., Lake Marie. 36A, Grammia ornata (Pack.) ♂. USA: CA: Plumas Co., Squirrel Ck. 5800′. 36B, G. ornata ♂. CAN: BC: Kikomun Ck. 36C, G. ornata ♀. BC: Summerland, Garnet Valley. 37, Grammia hewletti (B. & McD.) ♂. USA: CA: San Diego Co., 3 miles east of Julian. 38A, Grammia complicata (Walker) ♂. CAN: BC: Wellington. 38B, G. complicata ♀. CAN: BC: Victoria. 39A, Grammia edwardsii (Stretch) ♂. USA: CA: San Francisco Co., Lake Merced. 39B, G. edwardsii ♀. [no data]." pageId="45" pageNumber="552">FIGS 31</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132B2A69FF99F70CFADF6C97FAB6E7BB" box="[1357,1399,954,976]" captionStart="Figures 126–131" captionStartId="87.[164,254,1685,1704]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,196,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-0@87.[238,1368,193,1655]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Figures 126–131. Distribution of examined specimens of Grammia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5444753" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5444753/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">131</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30A6567FF99F70CFCA86CCCFC65E01B" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCA86CCCFAADE79D" blockId="45.[826,1441,993,1137]" box="[826,1388,993,1015]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFCA86CCCFB0BE79C" authority="Stretch, 1872: 76" authorityName="Stretch" authorityPageNumber="76" authorityYear="1872" box="[826,1226,993,1015]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Arctia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCA86CCCFC37E79D" box="[826,1014,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Arctia bolanderi</emphasis>
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Stretch, 1872: 76
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 3, fig. 13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCA86B2DFCA8E058" blockId="45.[826,1441,993,1137]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0011C2FF99F70CFCA86B2DFCA8E058" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFCA86B2DFB60E07E" authority="(Stretch)" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" box="[826,1185,1023,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Apantesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCA86B2DFBE6E07F" box="[826,1063,1023,1045]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Apantesis bolanderi</emphasis>
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(Stretch)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB110FDFF99F70CFB2A6CD2FCA4E058" author="Franclemont JG" page="117" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF814B1DFF99F70CFB2A6CD2FCA4E058" author="Franclemont JG" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" pagination="114 - 119" refId="ref61913" refString="Franclemont JG. 1983. Arctiidae. In: Hodges RW, ed. Check list of the Lepidoptera of North America north of Mexico. London: E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, 114 - 119." type="book chapter" year="1983">Franclemont, 1983: 117</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCA86B10FC65E01B" blockId="45.[826,1441,993,1137]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0011C2FF99F70CFCA86B10FC65E01B" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFCA86B10FB60E038" authority="(Stretch)" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[826,1185,1085,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCA86B10FBE6E039" box="[826,1063,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Grammia bolanderi</emphasis>
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(Stretch)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB110FDFF99F70CFB2A6B10FC61E01B" author="Ferguson DC & Opler PA" page="10" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF814B1DFF99F70CFB2A6B10FC61E01B" author="Ferguson DC & Opler PA" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref61714" refString="Ferguson DC, Opler PA. 2006. Checklist of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera: Insecta) of the continental United States and Canada. Zootaxa 1299: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2006">Ferguson & Opler, 2006: 10</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30A6567FF99F70FFCA86B9DFB2CE5F8" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="553" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCA86B9DFADCE168" blockId="45.[826,1441,1200,1283]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<materialsCitation id="3B783CB1FF99F70CFCA86B9DFAD9E168" collectionCode="CA" country="United States of America" county="Siskiyou Co." location="Described" municipality="Mt. Shasta" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCA86B9DFC1FE0AE" box="[826,990,1200,1221]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<typeStatus id="54AB884EFF99F70CFCA86B9DFCAFE0AE" box="[826,878,1200,1221]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Type</typeStatus>
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material:
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</emphasis>
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<location id="8ECF6037FF99F70CFC746B9DFB96E0AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B987FAFF99F70FFCC96C96FB2CE5F8:8ECF6037FF99F70CFC746B9DFB96E0AD" box="[998,1111,1200,1222]" country="United States of America" county="Siskiyou Co." municipality="Mt. Shasta" name="Described" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Described</location>
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from a single male from
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BCBAC96FF99F70CFAEB6B9DFC48E08F" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Mt. Shasta</collectingMunicipality>
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[
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<collectingCounty id="62CE4E60FF99F70CFC0F6BE3FBF7E088" box="[925,1078,1229,1252]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Siskiyou Co.</collectingCounty>
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],
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<collectionCode id="ED01AE29FF99F70CFBDD6BE3FBB2E088" box="[1103,1139,1230,1251]" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
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[
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<collectingCountry id="F307767CFF99F70CFB176BE0FB01E088" box="[1157,1216,1229,1251]" name="United States of America" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">USA</collectingCountry>
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], and like most of Stretch’s
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<typeStatus id="54AB884EFF99F70CFC3A6BC0FC18E169" box="[936,985,1261,1282]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">type</typeStatus>
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material, is presumed lost
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF99F70CFCA86A1EFB55E304" blockId="45.[826,1441,1330,1903]" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFCA86A1EFC70E123" box="[826,945,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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I have not seen any specimens matching the original description and illustration of
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFA156A7CFC67E1EF" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFA156A7CFC67E1EF" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. bolanderi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the following is based only on the original description.
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFBB46AA3FAC6E1C8" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[1062,1287,1422,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFBB46AA3FAC6E1C8" box="[1062,1287,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Grammia bolanderi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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resembles
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFA156AA3FC6CE1AA" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFA156AA3FC6CE1AA" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. williamsii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the more elongate forewing shape, smaller, less robust body, reduced hindwing antemedial and medial spots, and discrete rather than confluent postmedial and subterminal markings distinguish
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFC31690AFBF5E257" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[931,1076,1575,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFC31690AFBF5E257" box="[931,1076,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. bolanderi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFBD4690AFB1CE257" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1094,1245,1575,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFBD4690AFB1CE257" box="[1094,1245,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. williamsii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not known to occur west of the Cascade/Sierra
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<collectingRegion id="49D4F80EFF99F70CFB656968FA8FE230" box="[1271,1358,1605,1627]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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crest, although both species could occur together in the northern Sierra
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<collectingRegion id="49D4F80EFF99F70CFC6F69AEFB99E2F2" box="[1021,1112,1667,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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. The small size and overall pattern of
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFC2E698CFBE9E2DD" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[956,1064,1697,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFC2E698CFBE9E2DD" box="[956,1064,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">bolanderi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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approach
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<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFB3B698FFAF6E2DD" box="[1193,1335,1697,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fergusoni">
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<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFB3B698FFAF6E2DD" box="[1193,1335,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. fergusoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the straight vs. curved postmedial line, lack of hindwing antemedial and medial spots (well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFA1569F2FC62E379" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fergusoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFA1569F2FC62E379" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">G. fergusoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and hindwing ground colour (pink vs. reddish orange) suggest that these species are not conspecific. Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF99F70CFB966817FBACE324" box="[1028,1133,1850,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="552" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fergusoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF99F70CFB966817FBACE324" box="[1028,1133,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">fergusoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4F80EFF99F70CFCA86874FC54E304" box="[826,917,1881,1903]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="45" pageNumber="552">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
. See ‘Remarks’ below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF9AF70FFF026FEBFEC0E79C" blockId="46.[144,759,198,1015]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFF026FEBFEA7E4B0" box="[144,358,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Description: Head</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFEEF6FEBFE0EE4B0" box="[381,463,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE756FEBFD90E4B0" box="[487,593,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
– Unknown; although the head, antennae, and markings of the thorax and abdomen are clearly visible in the illustration accompanying the original description, Stretch (1872) notes in the text description that ‘the condition of the body parts of the only specimen I have seen, is such as to preclude an accurate description.’ This calls into question the accuracy of the illustrated specimen. The thorax and abdomen are depicted with the light and dark striped pattern typical of the genus, but no written description is given. The antennae appear thickened, presumably slightly bipectinate.
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE126D1BFE2BE620" box="[384,490,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
– Wing expanse given as 1.00 inch, which corresponds to a forewing length of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE89B09FF9AF70FFE9F6D5FFE9CE6E3" box="[269,349,626,648]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
; ground colour blackish brown, fringes, costa, and anal margin yellowish; antemedial band restricted to wedge at costal margin; medial, postmedial, subterminal bands, and postcubital stripe well developed; medial and postmedial confluent at and extending through postcubital stripe; bands dirty yellowish in colour; anal dash absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFDFB6C07FD1AE754" box="[617,731,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Hindwing</emphasis>
|
||
– Ground colour described as rose, markings black, consisting of three postmedial spots and partial subterminal band; fringes yellowish; ventrally with similar pattern but more yellowish colour overall, hindwing ground colour orange-rose.
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFD176CEEFD37E7B3" box="[645,758,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Genitalia:</emphasis>
|
||
unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF9AF70FFF026B32FF2AE0FB" blockId="46.[144,759,1055,1168]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFF026B32FF2AE05F" box="[144,235,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Biology:</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFE1C6B32FDBEE05F" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[398,639,1055,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE1C6B32FDBEE05F" box="[398,639,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Grammia bolanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFE956B13FE5DE039" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[263,412,1085,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE956B13FE5DE039" box="[263,412,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. williamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFE456B13FDFEE039" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[471,575,1085,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blakei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE456B13FDFEE039" box="[471,575,1085,1107]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. blakei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and, like these species may fly in spring or early summer. May be diurnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF9AF70FFF026B95FE5AE087" blockId="46.[144,758,1208,1260]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFF026B95FEE0E0A6" box="[144,289,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from Mt. Shasta,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED01AE29FF9AF70FFD096B95FD00E0A6" box="[667,705,1208,1229]" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AB884EFF9AF70FFF026BFAFF00E087" box="[144,193,1239,1260]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B2A69FF9AF70FFEA26BFBFE4EE087" box="[304,399,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figures 126–131" captionStartId="87.[164,254,1685,1704]" captionTargetBox="[240,1365,196,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-0@87.[238,1368,193,1655]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Figures 126–131. Distribution of examined specimens of Grammia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5444753" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5444753/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF9AF70FFF026A3EFECDE123" blockId="46.[144,758,1299,1352]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFF026A3EFE41E142" box="[144,384,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Molecular variation:</emphasis>
|
||
No data available, no extant specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF36ECFF9AF70FFF026A42FB2CE5F8" blockId="46.[144,759,1391,1903]" lastBlockId="46.[806,1422,198,403]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFF026A42FF3AE1EF" box="[144,251,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Little additional information on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFD186A42FD37E1EF" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[650,758,1391,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFD186A42FD37E1EF" box="[650,758,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">bolanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has come to light since Marion Smith remarked that ‘its specific standing must remain in question’ 70 years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF814B1DFF9AF70FFE806AE6FE70E18A" author="Smith ME" box="[274,433,1483,1505]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" refId="ref64404" refString="Smith ME. 1938 a. A revision of the genus Apantesis Walker (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Urbana: University of Illinois." type="book" year="1938">Smith, 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, the original description and accompanying illustration leave little doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFE9F6925FEB8E276" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[269,377,1544,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE9F6925FEB8E276" box="[269,377,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">bolanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct from any other species known to occur in northern
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED01AE29FF9AF70FFE5D690AFE32E257" box="[463,499,1575,1596]" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
|
||
and the Pacific Northwest. Earlier authors often associated it with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFD4E696BFF14E212" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blakei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFD4E696BFF14E212" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. blakei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the differences in markings, coloration, habitat, and geographical range preclude conspecific status with that species. The small size, forewing shape, straight postmedial band, and absence of basal and antemedial bands are characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFD0E69F2FF19E378" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFD0E69F2FF19E378" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. williamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the loss of hindwing antemedial and medial elements is rare in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFE5B6831FD9EE35A" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[457,607,1820,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFE5B6831FD9EE35A" box="[457,607,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. williamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly males. Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFEB06817FE76E324" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[290,439,1850,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFEB06817FE76E324" box="[290,439,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. williamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known to occur west of the Great Basin ranges and the east slope of the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4F80EFF9AF70FFCE56FEBFC10E4B7" box="[887,977,198,220]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
, with the nearest records from Sierra Co.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED01AE29FF9AF70FFCF06FC8FC49E491" box="[866,904,229,250]" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CE89B09FF9AF70FFC7C6FC9FB83E491" box="[1006,1090,228,250]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" unit="km" value="250.0">250 km</quantity>
|
||
south-east of Mt. Shasta. Given the phenotypic and biogeographical differences,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFCB46E0FFC7BE55C" baseAuthorityName="Stretch" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[806,954,290,311]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bolanderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFCB46E0FFC7BE55C" box="[806,954,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. bolanderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFB926E0FFB5AE55C" baseAuthorityName="Dodge" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1024,1179,290,311]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFB926E0FFB5AE55C" box="[1024,1179,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">G. williamsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not conspecific. Until specimens from the vicinity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AB884EFF9AF70FFA926E6CFAF0E53D" box="[1280,1329,321,342]" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality are discovered, the taxonomic affinities of this enigmatic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C104D6FFF9AF70FFCE26E53FC1FE5F8" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1866" box="[880,990,382,403]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Grammia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="553" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964EAFEFF9AF70FFCE26E53FC1FE5F8" box="[880,990,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="553">Grammia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will remain uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |