199 lines
22 KiB
XML
199 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A36C55C82AE28B62FE18AB6C9A4DA70C">Dealing with allometry in linear and geometric morphometrics: a taxonomic case study in the Leporinus cylindriformis group (Characiformes: Anostomidae) with description of a new species from Suriname</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="67EBB53306FD1580FE2A2511AC98AECD">Sidlauskas, Brian L</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="61681248C155A72F998DE0D8E72328B3">Mol, Jan H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C330A716A5AF4412AB704C393B82370">Vari, Richard P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9093E780BE87222708308E3B4EE0FE68">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B8FA36495CB22BFCD1ADF6FC0DF957" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5491887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5491887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B8FA36495CB22BFCD1ADF6FC0DF957" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B8FA36495CB22BFCD1ADF6FC0DF957" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
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<subSubSection id="C30B18AB495CB22BFCD1ADF6FB08FDA7" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAE4B20495CB22BFCD1ADF6FA77FE47" blockId="23.[832,1435,465,486]" box="[832,1435,465,486]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
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<heading id="D0E6FC4C495CB22BFCD1ADF6FA77FE47" box="[832,1435,465,486]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFCD1ADF6FAB1FE47" ID-CoL="3TG68" authority="OF RECENT YEARS" authorityName="OF RECENT YEARS" box="[832,1373,465,486]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">LEPORINUS CYLINDRIFORMIS OF RECENT YEARS</taxonomicName>
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: NOT
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE4B20495CB22BFC66ADD3FB08FDA7" blockId="23.[1015,1252,500,517]" box="[1015,1252,500,517]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
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<heading id="D0E6FC4C495CB22BFC66ADD3FB08FDA7" box="[1015,1252,500,517]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" reason="8">WHAT WAS THOUGHT</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B18AB495CB22BFCABAE30FC0DF957" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAE4B20495CB22BFCABAE30FB72FC3E" blockId="23.[826,1441,535,1781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
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The
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<typeStatus id="54AAF582495CB22BFCE4AE30FC3AFD8F" box="[885,982,535,557]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFB99AE3FFB3CFD8E" box="[1032,1232,535,557]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFB99AE3FFB3CFD8E" box="[1032,1232,535,557]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clearly does not match the series of specimens assigned to that species by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8036D1495CB22BFCCDAE73FB9FFDC8" author="Santos GMd & Zuanon J" box="[860,1139,596,618]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" pagination="35 - 42" refId="ref18921" refString="Santos GMd, Zuanon J. 2008. Leporinus amazonicus, a new anostomid species from the Amazon lowlands, Brazil (Osteichthyes: Characiformes). Zootaxa 1815: 35 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Santos & Zuanon (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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, which are referred herein to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFCCAAE53FC14FD2A" box="[859,1016,627,649]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFCCAAE53FC21FD2B" box="[859,973,628,649]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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Both linear and geometric methods revealed the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFC4EAEB5FB4BFD04" box="[991,1191,657,679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFC4EAEB5FB4BFD04" box="[991,1191,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54AAF582495CB22BFB26AEB6FAF4FD05" box="[1207,1304,657,679]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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to have a shallower body than does
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFBE0AE96FAE2FD64" box="[1137,1294,689,710]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFBE0AE96FB0FFD64" box="[1137,1251,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132A57A5495CB22BFAB1AE97FA85FD64" box="[1312,1385,688,710]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[144,223,1260,1279]" captionTargetBox="[303,1264,201,1228]" captionTargetId="graphics-217@8.[423,1262,205,971]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Scatterplot of principal component two (PC2) versus one from traditional linear morphometrics for species of Leporinus discussed in text. PC1 is an allometric vector describing size and shape variation, whereas PC2 is essentially size-free. Polygons indicate convex hulls." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440289/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132A57A5495CB22BFAE9AE97FA78FD64" box="[1400,1428,688,710]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="13.[164,243,1446,1465]" captionTargetBox="[421,1187,197,1257]" captionTargetId="graphics-154@13.[511,1175,197,775]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 11. Scatterplot of (A) principal components one and two and (B) principal components one and three from geometric morphometrics after allometric correction. Polygons represent convex hulls surrounding nominal species of Leporinus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440301/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">11</figureCitation>
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). The
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFCE0AEE8FBD8FD46" box="[881,1076,719,740]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFCE0AEE8FBD8FD46" box="[881,1076,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54AAF582495CB22BFBAFAEE8FB73FD47" box="[1086,1183,719,741]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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falls well outside the 95% confidence ellipse for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFBE2AEC9FAFCFCA1" box="[1139,1296,750,771]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFBE2AEC9FB09FCA1" box="[1139,1253,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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in the scatterplot of PC2 versus PC1 from the geometric analysis. Furthermore, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFBAEAF0CFAEEFC9D" box="[1087,1282,810,832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFBAEAF0CFAEEFC9D" box="[1087,1282,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<typeStatus id="54AAF582495CB22BFA9CAF0DFA82FCE2" box="[1293,1390,810,832]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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has six scales in the transverse series above the lateral line, whereas all examined specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFA99AF4FFA4DFCDF" box="[1288,1441,872,893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFA99AF4FFA96FCDF" box="[1288,1402,872,893]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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have five scales in that series.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE4B20495CB22BFCC2AF82FB72FA88" blockId="23.[826,1441,535,1781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
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It is important to note that the lot of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFA97AF81FA4DFC18" box="[1286,1441,933,955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFA97AF81FA94FC19" box="[1286,1400,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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examined in this study (INPA 15405) does not appear in the series of comparative material that
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8036D1495CB22BFAA4AFC5FC08FBB5" author="Santos GMd & Zuanon J" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" pagination="35 - 42" refId="ref18921" refString="Santos GMd, Zuanon J. 2008. Leporinus amazonicus, a new anostomid species from the Amazon lowlands, Brazil (Osteichthyes: Characiformes). Zootaxa 1815: 35 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Santos & Zuanon (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFB12A826FAA4FBB4" box="[1155,1352,1025,1046]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFB12A826FAA4FBB4" box="[1155,1352,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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during their description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFBD8A807FB11FB97" authorityName="Santos & Zuanon" authorityYear="2008" box="[1097,1277,1056,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amazonicus">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFBD8A807FB11FB97" box="[1097,1277,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. amazonicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, presumably because it was on loan to us at the time that they prepared their manuscript. The lot that we examined is from the same general region of
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<collectingCountry id="F3060BB0495CB22BFB5BA85CFAFCFB33" box="[1226,1296,1147,1169]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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as
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8036D1495CB22BFAA9A85CFC1DFB12" author="Santos GMd & Zuanon J" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" pagination="35 - 42" refId="ref18921" refString="Santos GMd, Zuanon J. 2008. Leporinus amazonicus, a new anostomid species from the Amazon lowlands, Brazil (Osteichthyes: Characiformes). Zootaxa 1815: 35 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Santos & Zuanon’s (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specimens (
|
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<figureCitation id="132A57A5495CB22BFB10A8BDFB23FB12" box="[1153,1231,1178,1200]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[144,223,818,837]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,197,788]" captionTargetId="figure-490@22.[303,1263,197,788]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Geographical distribution of examined specimens of Leporinus amazonicus, Leporinus apollo sp. nov., Leporinus cylindriformis, Leporinus niceforoi, Leporinus cf. niceforoi, and Leporinus sp. Some symbols represent more than one collection locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5440303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5440303/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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) and it was originally identified by staff at INPA as
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFB74A89EFC49FB4E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFB74A89EFC49FB4E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus cylindriformis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
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. There is no doubt that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8036D1495CB22BFB57A8F0FC6DFAAE" author="Santos GMd & Zuanon J" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" pagination="35 - 42" refId="ref18921" refString="Santos GMd, Zuanon J. 2008. Leporinus amazonicus, a new anostomid species from the Amazon lowlands, Brazil (Osteichthyes: Characiformes). Zootaxa 1815: 35 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Santos & Zuanon’s (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concept of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFB9BA8D1FB20FAA8" box="[1034,1228,1269,1291]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFB9BA8D1FB20FAA8" box="[1034,1228,1269,1291]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
matches the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFAFEA8D1FC41FA88" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFAFEA8D1FC6EFA88" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
|
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sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of this contribution.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE4B20495CB22BFCC2A914FC0DF957" blockId="23.[826,1441,535,1781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">
|
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Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFC59A914FB89FAEA" box="[968,1125,1331,1352]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFC59A914FBD6FAEA" box="[968,1082,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly does not belong to the same species as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFBDFA975FAE2FAC4" box="[1102,1294,1361,1383]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cylindriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFBDFA975FAE2FAC4" box="[1102,1294,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. cylindriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AAF582495CB22BFA84A976FA94FAC5" box="[1301,1400,1361,1383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, its taxonomic status is unresolved. It might represent an undescribed species, but it is morphometrically (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6937E9B495CB22BFCD3A98AFC4CFA61" box="[834,928,1453,1475]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="10.[119,183,442,463]" captionText="Table 2. P-values from pairwise analyses in SMATR of reduced major axis regressions of principal component one (PC1) scores on log-transformed standard length" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
–4) and meristically (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6937E9B495CB22BFB0DA98AFB03FA61" box="[1180,1263,1453,1475]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="15.[119,183,383,404]" captionText="Table 5. Meristic counts summarized as ranges followed by the mean ± 1 standard deviation in parentheses. Single values in a cell indicate invariable counts amongst the examined specimens for a given species" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
) indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFC3CA9EBFBA1FA43" box="[941,1101,1484,1506]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niceforoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFC3CA9EBFC28FA43" box="[941,964,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFC7DA9EBFBA1FA43" box="[1004,1101,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">niceforoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
despite inhabiting a separate region of the Amazon drainage. These two groups also share similar colour patterns. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFB4AAA2EFA92F9BC" box="[1243,1406,1545,1566]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFB4AAA2EFAA1F9BC" box="[1243,1357,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conspecific with all, or part of, the current concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFCABAA60FC28F9F9" box="[826,964,1606,1628]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niceforoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFCABAA60FC28F9F9" box="[826,964,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. niceforoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this would represent a major range extension for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFC47AA42FBBAF9D8" box="[982,1110,1637,1658]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niceforoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFC47AA42FBBAF9D8" box="[982,1110,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">L. niceforoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Many more specimens from a broader geographical range are required to resolve this question. Until such specimens are available, we prefer to put the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1130A3495CB22BFA92AAE6FA4DF974" box="[1283,1441,1729,1750]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Anostomidae" genus="Leporinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9659732495CB22BFA92AAE6FA99F974" box="[1283,1397,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="126">Leporinus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into abeyance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |