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<mods:title id="5D32E162983FEFF91687A93D44DA7369">Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) of the Okeanos Explorer expeditions (CAPSTONE) to the central Pacific</mods:title>
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Genus
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE276B56F6F4647FA19" bold="true" box="[238,373,1392,1419]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thouarella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE277266F6F4534FA18" author="Gray, J. E." box="[381,518,1392,1418]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref28426" refString="Gray, J. E. (1870) Catalogue of the Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 51 pp." type="book" year="1870">Gray, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFC8FFE276CC6FAB4670FA5E" ID-CoL="84V8S" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,322,1460,1484]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE276CC6FAB4635FA5E" box="[151,263,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thouarella</emphasis>
Gray
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, 170: 45.—
<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFC8FFE277E36FAB45FDFA5F" author="Wright, E. P. &amp; Studer, T." box="[440,719,1460,1485]" page="59" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE277E36FAB4598FA5E" author="Wright, E. P. &amp; Studer, T." box="[440,682,1460,1485]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 314" refId="ref29295" refString="Wright, E. P. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 31 (64), 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 59
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61.—
<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFC8FFE275486FAB44F9FA5F" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[787,971,1460,1485]" page="415" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE275486FAB44A9FA5E" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[787,923,1460,1485]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="413 - 440" refId="ref27384" refString="Cairns, S. D. (2010) A review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai'i and adjacent seamounts, Part 3: The genera Thouarella, Plumarella, Callogorgia, Fanellia, and Parastenella. Pacific Science, 64 (3), 413 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 64.3.413" type="journal article" year="2010">Cairns, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 415
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.—Taylor,
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE272616FAA435CFA5E" box="[1082,1134,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013: 2021 (monograph of genus, including key to all species).—
<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFC8FFE274126FCD4440FA79" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3503683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3503683" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Wirshing, H. H." box="[585,882,1490,1515]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B0147FFFC8FFE276CC6F6F4544F86F" page="11" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE274126FCD447CFA79" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Wirshing, H. H." box="[585,846,1490,1515]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref28169" refString="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Wirshing, H. H. (2018) A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18 (66), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1182 - 5" type="journal article" year="2018">Cairns &amp; Wirshing, 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 11
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.
<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFC8FFE276CC6FED45A9F998" ID-CoL="85KXH" authority="(Thouarella) Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 33" authorityName="Cairns &amp; Bayer" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,667,1521,1546]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Thouarella">
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE276CC6FED46BFF998" box="[151,397,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thouarella (Thouarella)</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AB88378FFC8FFE277CF6FEE45A9F998" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Bayer, F. M." box="[404,667,1521,1546]" page="33" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE277CF6FEE4544F998" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Bayer, F. M." box="[404,630,1521,1546]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref28003" refString="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629" type="journal article" year="2009">Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 33
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.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE276CC6C2B4610F9DF" bold="true" box="[151,290,1588,1613]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<typeStatus id="54A21BCBFFC8FFE276CC6C2B47FEF9DE" box="[151,204,1588,1612]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Type</typeStatus>
Species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFC8FFE277756C2A45F3F9DF" authority="Valenciennes, 1846" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" box="[302,705,1588,1613]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Primnoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE277756C2A46C6F9DE" box="[302,500,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Primnoa antarctica</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1846
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, by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE276CC6C654638F907" bold="true" box="[151,266,1658,1685]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Colonies bottlebrush in shape or uniplanar, the latter branched dichotomously or pinnately. Polyps isolated on branches (nominate subgenus) or arranged in pairs or whorls (subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C19DEEAFFC8FFE272686C8043F4F92B" box="[1075,1222,1695,1721]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Euthouarella">
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE272686C8043F4F92B" box="[1075,1222,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Euthouarella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Polyps protected by 68 rows of body wall scales, the 2 adaxial rows having smaller and fewer scales, especially near base of polyp. Marginal scales capable of folding over operculum, arranged in two circles of four scales. Marginals have a prominently keeled inner surface.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C303F6E2FFC8FFE2769C6D3146BCF84B" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA6A569FFC8FFE2769C6D3146BCF84B" blockId="38.[151,1437,1658,2045]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE2769C6D314677F8DB" bold="true" box="[199,325,1838,1865]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Discussion</emphasis>
. The genus was monographed by Taylor
<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE2757B6D2F4469F8DB" box="[800,859,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
(2013), in which all species were described, illustrated and keyed. They divided the genus into two groups: group 1 having isolated polyps, group 2 having polyps arranged in pairs or whorls.
<bibRefCitation id="EF88D898FFC8FFE277976D6845DFF803" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Wirshing, H. H." box="[460,749,1911,1937]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref28169" refString="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Wirshing, H. H. (2018) A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18 (66), 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 018 - 1182 - 5" type="journal article" year="2018">Cairns &amp; Wirshing (2018)</bibRefCitation>
resurrected subgeneric names for these two group names. The genus currently consists of 32 species, and, although worldwide in distribution, is concentrated in the Subantarctic and Antarctic regions.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96D797BFFC8FFE2769C6DFD466BF86F" bold="true" box="[199,345,2018,2045]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Distribution</emphasis>
. Worldwide,
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.
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