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<document id="378212D04FED23B3A3250AD7CF6348FD" ID-CLB-Dataset="39059" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4111.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="391454cb-8439-4607-87fa-11bfe06b80c3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262383" ID-ZooBank="1D0CC2DC-5020-47DD-BB0D-306C5D947027" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1463466208973" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carrera-Martínez, Roberto &amp; Snyder, Bruce A." docDate="2016" docId="03AE87F0FFF0FFD3F38EF9D9FB19D679" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4111.3.7.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4111 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Amynthas carnosus Goto &amp; Hatai 1899" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="299" masterDocId="FF97FF88FFF0FFD1F319FF9BFFBDD470" masterDocTitle="First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="297" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1698662511973" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5DD0B7CF97D52D61D9D5489DCBA2347E">First report of Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in the Western Hemisphere</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AB0831D73AA875BFB42C682CDE5AA8BF">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="81236D1405B9F785F9D78CF5DBFCCE72">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AE87F0FFF0FFD3F38EF9D9FB19D679" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507566" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120678357" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507566" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87F0FFF0FFD3F38EF9D9FB19D679" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87F0FFF0FFD3F38EF9D9FB19D679" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<subSubSection id="C31D656DFFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FD29D22D" box="[151,660,1602,1629]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FD29D22D" blockId="0.[151,1000,1602,1730]" box="[151,660,1602,1629]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<heading id="D0F0818AFFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FD29D22D" bold="true" box="[151,660,1602,1629]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FD29D22D" authority="Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hatai" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,660,1602,1629]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FD29D22D" bold="true" box="[151,660,1602,1629]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF9D9FE38D22C" bold="true" box="[151,389,1602,1628]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F28DF9D8FD31D22D" author="Goto" box="[404,652,1603,1629]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Goto, S. &amp; Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of Earthworms, No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 3, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31D656DFFF0FFD1F38EF9FEFC55D2B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF0FFD1F38EF9FEFD24D2EF" blockId="0.[151,1000,1602,1730]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711C8FFF0FFD1F38EF9FEFD24D2EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF0FFD1F38EF9FEFDD0D20C" authority="Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899: 15" authorityName="Goto &amp; Hatai" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,621,1637,1661]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosa">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF9FEFED4D20D" box="[151,361,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Perichaeta carnosa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610F7FFF0FFD1F276F9FEFDD0D20C" author="Goto" box="[367,621,1637,1660]" page="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F276F9FEFDFBD20C" author="Goto" box="[367,582,1637,1660]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Goto, S. &amp; Hatai, S. (1899) New or imperfectly known species of Earthworms, No. 2. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 3, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1899">Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 15
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 24, Figs. 4, 5.
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF0FFD1F38EF91CFDE3D2EF" authority="Michaelsen 1900: 260" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityPageNumber="260" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,606,1671,1695]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosa">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF91CFEDCD2EF" box="[151,353,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Pheretima carnosa</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610F7FFF0FFD1F276F913FDE3D2EF" author="Michaelsen" box="[367,606,1672,1695]" page="260" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F276F913FD97D2EF" author="Michaelsen" box="[367,554,1672,1695]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1900) Das Tierreich Vol. 10: Oligochaeta. Friedlander &amp; Sohn, Berlin, xxix + 575 pp." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 260
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–261.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF0FFD1F38EF931FC55D2B2" blockId="0.[151,1000,1602,1730]" box="[151,1000,1706,1730]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1711C8FFF0FFD1F38EF931FC55D2B2" box="[151,1000,1706,1730]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF0FFD1F38EF931FD37D2B2" authority="Sims &amp; Easton 1972: 235" authorityName="Sims &amp; Easton" authorityPageNumber="235" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,650,1706,1730]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF931FEDAD2B2" box="[151,359,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610F7FFF0FFD1F26CF930FD37D2B2" author="Sims" box="[373,650,1707,1730]" page="235" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F26CF930FDE9D2B2" author="Sims" box="[373,596,1707,1730]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Sims, R. W. &amp; Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims &amp; Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 235
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AA610F7FFF0FFD1F18DF930FCD3D2B2" author="Blakemore" box="[660,878,1707,1730]" page="36" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F18DF930FCF4D2B2" author="Blakemore" box="[660,841,1707,1730]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 36
</treatmentCitation>
–40,
<figureCitation id="133C2A63FFF0FFD1F0BAF930FC5FD2B2" box="[931,994,1707,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1501,1523]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,749,1477]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A) Amynthas corticis, B) A. carnosus, and C) A. gracilis. ♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31D656DFFF0FFD3F38EF971FBF3D484" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF0FFD0F38EF971FA21D5D1" blockId="0.[151,1436,1770,2036]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,695]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF0FFD1F38EF971FE9FD372" bold="true" box="[151,290,1770,1794]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297">Description.</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="4CFF9B03FFF0FFD1F266F970FDAED372" box="[383,531,1771,1794]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="165.0" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="150.0">150–180 mm</quantity>
. Width
<quantity id="4CFF9B03FFF0FFD1F172F970FD12D372" box="[619,687,1771,1794]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
. Live specimens dark brown or purple dorsally, yellowish ventrally. Preserved specimens lost little pigment within the first six months of storage. Prostomium epilobic. Setae perichaetine. 16–19 setae between male pores. Four paired spermathecal pores just anterior to 5/6–8/
<quantity id="4CFF9B03FFF0FFD1F727F8ABFBDAD337" box="[1086,1127,1840,1863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
four of the earthworms. The fifth earthworm had three paired spermathecal pores from 6/7–8/9. First dorsal pore on 12/13. Clitellum at xiv–xvi, annular, cream-yellowish coloration in live and brown in preserved specimens. Two pairs of pre-clitellar genital markings pre-setal on viii and ix; pair on ix spaced further apart than the pair on viii (markings on ix more lateral, similar to the
<typeStatus id="54BC8844FFF0FFD1F3C5F820FE8DD3A2" box="[220,304,1979,2002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
as drawn in
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF0FFD1F2A6F820FDCBD3A2" author="Blakemore" box="[447,630,1979,2002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="297" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Up to three pairs of genital markings near male pores on xviii. First pair pre-setal on xviii, slightly median to male pores; second pair post-setal and more medial than the first; third pair pre-setal on xix, slightly more lateral than the second pair, but not as lateral as the first pair (
<figureCitation id="133C2A63FFF1FFD0F723FF03FB28D4DF" box="[1082,1173,152,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1501,1523]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,749,1477]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A) Amynthas corticis, B) A. carnosus, and C) A. gracilis. ♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Figure 1</figureCitation>
B). This arrangement is similar to Figure 3,
<typeStatus id="54BC8844FFF1FFD0F269FF21FE18D4A1" box="[368,421,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Type</typeStatus>
V of post-clitellar genital markings in
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F056FF21FBABD4A1" author="Blakemore" box="[847,1046,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, but with the first and third pairs of genital marking slightly lateral to the second pair. All three pairs were present in two octothecal specimens. Two octothecal specimens had only three genital markings comprised of the post-setal xviii pair and a single marking in xix (left side in one specimen, right side in the other). The sexthecal specimen was only lacking the pre-setal xviii genital marking on the left side. Spermathecae in vi–ix, or vii–ix (in the specimen with only three pairs of spermathecal pores). Gizzard viii–ix. Intestinal origin xv. Intestinal caeca simple, beginning in xxvii and extending anteriorly for 3–4 segments. Prostate glands racemose, ducts in xviii, and extending anteriorly 1–2 segments and posteriorly 1–3 segments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF1FFD0F3DEFE36FB4DD6C7" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">
Following the keys by
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F2DFFE36FDC1D5B4" author="Reynolds" box="[454,636,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta), IV, Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the State. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 129." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds (1978)</bibRefCitation>
or
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F1BCFE36FC89D5B4" author="Gates" box="[677,820,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F0C2FE36FBE6D5B4" box="[987,1115,429,452]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F0C2FE36FBE6D5B4" box="[987,1115,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F69CFE36FE37D597" authority="Kinberg, 1867" authorityName="Kinberg" authorityYear="1867" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F69CFE36FF5AD597" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F3F4FE4BFE37D597" author="Kinberg" box="[237,394,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar Stockholm, 23, 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F28DFE54FD1BD597" authority="Kinberg, 1867" authorityName="Kinberg" authorityYear="1867" box="[404,678,463,487]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F28DFE54FDBED597" box="[404,515,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F113FE4BFD1BD597" author="Kinberg" box="[522,678,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Kinberg, J. G. H. (1867) Annulata nova. Ofversigt af Kongl Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar Stockholm, 23, 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1867">Kinberg, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, or as
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F1F3FE54FB82D597" authority="Michaelsen, 1895" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1895" box="[746,1087,463,487]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hupeiensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F1F3FE54FCCAD597" box="[746,887,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. hupeiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F067FE4BFB82D597" author="Michaelsen" box="[894,1087,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1895) Zur Kenntnis der Oligochaeten. Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins, Hamburg, 13, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1895">Michaelsen, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F7C2FE4BFA2AD597" author="Blakemore" box="[1243,1431,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore (2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F38EFE69FF67D679" author="Blakemore" box="[151,218,498,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2, 99 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">2013b</bibRefCitation>
) reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F265FE69FE41D679" box="[380,508,498,521]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F265FE69FE41D679" box="[380,508,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been misclassified as
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F007FE69FC30D679" box="[798,909,498,521]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F007FE69FC30D679" box="[798,909,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F0DDFE69FB88D679" box="[964,1077,497,521]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F0DDFE69FB88D679" box="[964,1077,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<figureCitation id="133C2A63FFF1FFD0F75DFE69FB1DD679" box="[1092,1184,498,521]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1501,1523]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,749,1477]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A) Amynthas corticis, B) A. carnosus, and C) A. gracilis. ♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Figure 1</figureCitation>
compares key external features of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F20BFD8EFE3FD65C" box="[274,386,533,556]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F20BFD8EFE3FD65C" box="[274,386,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F288FD8EFDADD65C" box="[401,528,533,556]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F288FD8EFDADD65C" box="[401,528,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F157FD8EFD02D65C" box="[590,703,532,556]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F157FD8EFD02D65C" box="[590,703,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Externally, octothecal
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F0D8FD8EFBFDD65C" box="[961,1088,533,556]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F0D8FD8EFBFDD65C" box="[961,1088,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F69CFD8EFF5AD63F" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F69CFD8EFF5AD63F" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is also octothecal, by the two pairs of genital markings usually median and anterior to the setal line at viii and ix and by the genital markings median to the male pores and sometimes extending to anterior xix (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F7C0FDC1FA2DD601" author="Blakemore" box="[1241,1424,602,625]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F38EFDE6FEBAD6E4" box="[151,263,637,660]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F38EFDE6FEBAD6E4" box="[151,263,637,660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
normally has three small paired genital markings on vii–ix adjacent to the spermathecal pores, and rarely median to the male pores (
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F2ABFD04FE78D6C7" box="[434,453,671,695]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">cf</emphasis>
.
<figureCitation id="133C2A63FFF1FFD0F2CAFD3BFDB0D6C7" box="[467,525,672,695]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1501,1523]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,749,1477]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A) Amynthas corticis, B) A. carnosus, and C) A. gracilis. ♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A and 1B) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F197FD3BFCB1D6C7" author="Gates" box="[654,780,672,695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F00FFD3BFBAAD6C7" author="Borges" box="[790,1047,672,695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Borges, S. &amp; Moreno, A. G. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de los oligoquetos terrestres de Puerto Rico: las &quot; pheretimas. &quot; Caribbean Journal of Science, 26, 141 - 151." type="journal article" year="1990">Borges &amp; Moreno 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F73BFD3BFB59D6C7" author="Blakemore" box="[1058,1252,672,695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 b) Megascolex (Perichaeta) diffringens Baird, 1869 and Pheretima pingi Stephenson, 1925 types compared to the Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and A. carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) species-groups (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 2, 99 - 126." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="b">Blakemore 2013b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF78666EFFF1FFD0F38EFA46FD1AD260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" targetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF1FFD0F38EFA46FD1AD260" blockId="1.[151,1435,1501,1552]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F38EFA46FEB1D183" bold="true" box="[151,268,1501,1523]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A)
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F074FA46FB9DD182" box="[877,1056,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F074FA46FBA1D182" box="[877,1052,1501,1522]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">Amynthas corticis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
B)
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F75AFA46FB0ED182" box="[1091,1203,1501,1522]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F75AFA46FB0ED182" box="[1091,1203,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and C)
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F61EFA46FACFD182" box="[1287,1394,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F61EFA46FAD0D182" box="[1287,1389,1501,1522]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">A. gracilis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF1FFD0F3DEF9AEFB3CD39C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1589,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">
The sexthecal morph of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F2CCF9AEFDEBD23D" box="[469,598,1589,1613]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F2CCF9AEFDEBD23D" box="[469,598,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F0AAF9AEFB99D23D" box="[947,1060,1589,1613]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F0AAF9AEFB99D23D" box="[947,1060,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the past, due to similar genital markings median to the male pores and because
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F1A2F9C3FC93D21F" box="[699,814,1623,1647]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F1A2F9C3FC93D21F" box="[699,814,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sexthecal. The spermathecal pores on
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F7E7F9C3FACDD21F" box="[1278,1392,1623,1647]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F7E7F9C3FACDD21F" box="[1278,1392,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are located on 5/6–7/8 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F274F9E0FE56D2E2" author="Gates" box="[365,491,1659,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
), while in the sexthecal morph of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F040F9E1FC65D2E2" box="[857,984,1658,1682]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F040F9E1FC65D2E2" box="[857,984,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spermathecal pores are located at 6/7–8/9 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F387F906FDADD2C4" author="Blakemore" box="[158,528,1693,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012; our specimens</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F135F906FD48D2C5" box="[556,757,1693,1717]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F135F906FD48D2C5" box="[556,757,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Amynthas gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported to also have genital markings near the spermathecal pores, but not commonly paired and usually extending from vi–ix (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F72EF95BFB07D2A7" author="Gates" box="[1079,1210,1728,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F7D2F95BFAB9D2A7" author="Gates" box="[1227,1284,1728,1751]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
). The genital markings on
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F23AF979FE2FD28A" box="[291,402,1762,1786]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F23AF979FE2FD28A" box="[291,402,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
median to the male pores are arranged as clusters of 1–11 markings posterior to the setae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F644F978FF6DD36C" author="Gates" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
), while other authors reported fewer: one to three genital marks at each male pore (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F741F89EFAE3D36C" author="Borges" box="[1112,1374,1797,1820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Borges, S. &amp; Moreno, A. G. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de los oligoquetos terrestres de Puerto Rico: las &quot; pheretimas. &quot; Caribbean Journal of Science, 26, 141 - 151." type="journal article" year="1990">Borges &amp; Moreno 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The genital markings in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F277F8B3FE63D34F" box="[366,478,1831,1855]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F277F8B3FE63D34F" box="[366,478,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than those of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F1E0F8B3FCCAD34F" box="[761,887,1832,1855]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F1E0F8B3FCCAD34F" box="[761,887,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F091F8BCFC26D34F" box="[904,923,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">cf</emphasis>
.
<figureCitation id="133C2A63FFF1FFD0F0B3F8B3FC5BD34F" box="[938,998,1832,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1501,1523]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,754,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,749,1477]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagram of pores and genital markings in a ventral view of A) Amynthas corticis, B) A. carnosus, and C) A. gracilis. ♂ = male pores, ♀ = female pores, ⚥ = spermathecal pores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B and 1C). Male pore-associated genital markings on
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F23BF8D1FE1DD312" box="[290,416,1866,1890]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F23BF8D1FE1DD312" box="[290,416,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are highly variable ranging from no genital markings up to 6 individual markings, which might not always be paired and might extend to be on the anterior part of xix (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F0B7F8F6FBDAD3F4" author="Blakemore" box="[942,1127,1901,1924]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The first dorsal pore on
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F69CF8F6FF54D3D7" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F69CF8F6FF54D3D7" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually at 10/11 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F2D8F80BFD82D3D7" author="Gates" box="[449,575,1936,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F153F80BFD3ED3D7" author="Gates" box="[586,643,1936,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F197F80BFC32D3D7" author="Borges" box="[654,911,1936,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Borges, S. &amp; Moreno, A. G. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de los oligoquetos terrestres de Puerto Rico: las &quot; pheretimas. &quot; Caribbean Journal of Science, 26, 141 - 151." type="journal article" year="1990">Borges &amp; Moreno 1990</bibRefCitation>
) and at 11/12 on
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F752F80BFB04D3D7" box="[1099,1209,1936,1959]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F752F80BFB04D3D7" box="[1099,1209,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F7DEF80BFAFBD3D7" author="Gates" box="[1223,1350,1936,1959]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms: an introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F648F80BFEF1D3BA" author="Borges" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Borges, S. &amp; Moreno, A. G. (1990) Contribucion al conocimiento de los oligoquetos terrestres de Puerto Rico: las &quot; pheretimas. &quot; Caribbean Journal of Science, 26, 141 - 151." type="journal article" year="1990">Borges &amp; Moreno 1990</bibRefCitation>
), while in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F2DCF829FDF8D3BA" box="[453,581,1970,1994]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F2DCF829FDF8D3BA" box="[453,581,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is on 12/13 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF1FFD0F1ECF828FC12D3BA" author="Blakemore" box="[757,943,1971,1994]" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens from North
<collectingCountry id="F3107676FFF1FFD0F7DFF828FA9CD3BA" box="[1222,1313,1971,1994]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">America</collectingCountry>
previously classified as
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F206F84EFE31D39D" box="[287,396,2005,2029]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F206F84EFE31D39D" box="[287,396,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF1FFD0F2A9F84EFDA2D39D" box="[432,543,2005,2029]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="1" pageNumber="298" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF1FFD0F2A9F84EFDA2D39D" box="[432,543,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="298">A. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be carefully reexamined to confirm their identity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF2FFD3F3DEFF0CFBF3D484" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F3DEFF0CFE11D4DF" box="[199,428,151,175]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hupeiensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F3DEFF0CFE11D4DF" box="[199,428,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">Amynthas hupeiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sexthecal with spermathecal pores in the same locations as
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F765FF0CFABBD4DF" box="[1148,1286,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F765FF0CFABFD4DF" box="[1148,1282,151,175]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">A. carnosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is easily differentiated by the color of live specimens.
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F19DFF22FCDBD4A1" box="[644,870,185,209]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hupeiensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F19DFF22FCDBD4A1" box="[644,870,185,209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">Amynthas hupeiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually green, while
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F773FF21FB54D4A1" box="[1130,1257,186,209]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F773FF21FB54D4A1" box="[1130,1257,186,209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is brown-purple colored (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F3EDFF46FE11D484" author="Blakemore" box="[244,428,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F126FF46FD70D484" box="[575,717,220,244]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hupeiensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F126FF46FD70D484" box="[575,717,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">A. hupeiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually smaller than
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F0D3FF46FBFAD484" box="[970,1095,221,244]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F0D3FF46FBFAD484" box="[970,1095,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D656DFFF2FFD3F3DEFF64FB19D679" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB836E6FFF2FFD3F3DEFF64FB19D679" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F3DEFF64FE26D567" box="[199,411,255,279]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F3DEFF64FE26D567" box="[199,411,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">Amynthas carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to have a wide range in Asia: it has been reported in
<collectingCountry id="F3107676FFF2FFD3F79EFE9BFB76D567" box="[1159,1227,256,279]" name="South Korea" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">Korea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3107676FFF2FFD3F7C2FE9BFAA6D567" box="[1243,1307,256,279]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3107676FFF2FFD3F645FE9BFA21D567" box="[1372,1436,256,279]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F387FEB9FEE8D549" author="Blakemore" box="[158,341,290,313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2003) Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution, 3, 241 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1078 / 1439 - 6092 - 00082" type="journal article" year="2003">Blakemore 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F278FEB9FE27D549" author="Blakemore" box="[353,410,290,313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2012) Amynthas carnosus (Goto &amp; Hatai, 1899) redescribed on its neotype (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Journal of Species Research, 1, 35 - 43. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2012.1.1.035" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F2BFFEB9FE57D549" author="Blakemore" box="[422,490,290,313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2013 a) Jeju-do earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea) - Quelpart Island revisited. Journal of Species Research, 2, 15 - 54." type="journal article" year="2013" yearSuffix="a">2013a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F2EFFEB9FD51D549" author="Blakemore" box="[502,748,289,313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J., Chang, C. - H., Chuang, S. C., Ito, M. T., James, S. &amp; Chen, J. H. (2006) Biodiversity of earthworms in Taiwan: a species checklist with the confirmation and new records of the exotic Lumbricids Eisenia fetida and Eiseniella tetraedra. Taiwania, 51, 226 - 236." type="journal article" year="2006">
Blakemore
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F16DFEB9FD19D549" box="[628,676,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F1EEFEB9FC46D549" author="Blakemore" box="[759,1019,290,313]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Blakemore, R. J. &amp; Lee, S. (2013) Survey of Busan Oligochaeta earthworms supported by DNA barcodes. Journal of Species Research, 2, 127 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.12651 / JSR. 2013.2.2.127" type="journal article" year="2013">Blakemore &amp; Lee 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Approximately 10–20 species of this genus are known to be peregrine species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F141FEDEFCDAD52C" author="Edwards" box="[600,871,325,348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Edwards, C. A. &amp; Bohlen, P. J. (1995) Earthworm diversity and geographical distribution. In: Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3 rd Ed. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, pp. 30 - 45." type="book chapter" year="1995">Edwards &amp; Bohlen 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F06AFEDEFBF4D52C" author="Hendrix" box="[883,1097,324,348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Hendrix, P. F., Callaham Jr., M. A., Drake, J. M., Huang, C. - Y., James, S. W., Snyder, B. A. &amp; Zhang, W. (2008) Pandora's Box contained bait: the global problem of introduced earthworms. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39, 593 - 613. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 39.110707.173426" type="journal article" year="2008">
Hendrix
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F0CBFEDEFBBCD52C" box="[978,1025,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). As the vector for introduction of this species can only be speculated, it might have been used as fishing bait, as the area of collection is popular among anglers (C. Berry, pers. comm.). It also appears that
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F1DAFE11FCFDD5D1" box="[707,832,394,417]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F1DAFE11FCFDD5D1" box="[707,832,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be well established in the area, as it was collected in a relatively high number. The potential of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D65FFF2FFD3F16FFE36FD49D5B4" box="[630,756,429,452]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="carnosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F16FFE36FD49D5B4" box="[630,756,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">A. carnosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a peregrine species is yet to be determined, and effects of its colonization are unknown. Close attention should be given to the ecological effects after the establishment of this species, due to the known effects of related species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F1E0FE69FC7DD679" author="Snyder" box="[761,960,497,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Snyder, B. A., Callaham Jr., M. A. &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2011) Spatial variability of an invasive earthworm (Amynthas agrestis) population and potential impacts on soil characteristics and millipedes in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Biological Invasions, 13, 349 - 358." type="journal article" year="2011">
Snyder
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F055FE69FCC6D679" box="[844,891,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B17FFF2FFD3F0D3FE69FB25D679" author="Greiner" box="[970,1176,497,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="299" refString="Greiner, H. G., Kashian, D. R. &amp; Tiegs, S. D. (2012) Impacts of invasive Asian (Amynthas hilgendorfi) and European (Lumbricus rubellus) earthworms in a North American temperate deciduous forest. Biological Invasions, 14, 2017 - 2027. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 012 - 0208 - y" type="journal article" year="2012">
Greiner
<emphasis id="B973EAF4FFF2FFD3F73BFE69FBECD679" box="[1058,1105,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="299">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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