222 lines
27 KiB
XML
222 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="818AFEFA57E759DBE45163B8F6DD9DAB">Spalacidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E55FB3D2662C94DDBEF85785D085269F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="802ABC46BD40E99968A0E35F37A79265">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F156A1FB4622AC7D1BE73B4874599C6">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="115608AFC79556157268C5DF663481BC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AE87DDFF96BD1AFFEAF94EF989F88B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608891" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195728738" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608891" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF96BD1AFFEAF94EF989F88B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87DDFF96BD1AFFEAF94EF989F88B" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEAF94EFF3DF889" blockId="10.[106,1151,1777,1904]" box="[109,166,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFFEAF94EFF3DF889" box="[109,166,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<figureCitation id="133C2A4EFF96BD1AFFEAF94EFF3DF889" box="[109,166,1777,1827]" captionStart="Plate 5: Spalacidae" captionStartId="2.[102,132,3298,3323]" captionTargetBox="[14,2754,13,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Altai Zokor (Myospalax myospalax), 2. Steppe Zokor (Myospalax aspalax), 3. Armand’s Zokor (Mpyospalax armandii), 4. Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus), 5. Khingan Zokor (Myospalax epsilanus), 6. Fontanier’s Zokor (FEospalax fontaniern), 7. Gansu Zokor (Fospalax cansus), 8. Qinling Zokor (Fospalax rufescens), 9. Plateau Zokor (FEospalax bailey), 10. Rothschild’s Zokor (Eospalax rothschildi), 11. Smith’s Zokor (Eospalax smithu), 12. Chinese Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sinensis), 13. Hoary Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), 14. Indomalayan Bamboo Rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis), 15. Lesser Bamboo Rat (Cannomys badius), 16. African Root Rat (Tachyoryctes splendens), 17. Giant Root Rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), 18. Oltenia Blind Mole-rat (Spalax istricus), 19. Mehely’s Blind Mole-rat (Spalax antiquus), 20. Bukovina Blind Mole-rat (Spalax graecus), 21. Podolsk Blind Mole-rat (Spalax zemni), 22. Sandy Blind Mole-rat (Spalax arenarius), 23. Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), 24. Giant Blind Mole-rat (Spalax giganteus), 25. Kazakhstan Blind Mole-rat (Spalax uralensis), 26. Lesser Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), 27. Anatolian Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax xanthodon), 28. Middle East Blind Mole-rat (Nannospalax ehrenbergi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609169/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">23.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFF3FF94EFD08F889" box="[184,659,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFF3FF94EFD08F889" blockId="10.[106,1151,1777,1904]" box="[184,659,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFF3FF94EFD08F889" box="[184,659,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFF3FF94EFD08F889" box="[184,659,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Greater Blind Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFD41F94EFBE5F889" box="[710,1150,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFD41F94EFBE5F889" blockId="10.[106,1151,1777,1904]" box="[710,1150,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFD41F94EFBE5F889" box="[710,1150,1777,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFD41F94EFBE5F889" ID-CoL="4YDZ5" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[710,1150,1777,1827]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFD41F94EFBE5F889" box="[710,1150,1777,1827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Spalax microphthalmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF88BFD8AF8DA" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF88BFC4CF8E3" blockId="10.[106,1151,1777,1904]" box="[108,983,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFFEBF88BFC4CF8E3" box="[108,983,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF88BFF23F8E3" bold="true" box="[108,184,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFF46F88BFED8F8E3" box="[193,323,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Grand Spalax</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFEDFF88BFE29F8E3" bold="true" box="[344,434,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFE3BF88BFDECF8E3" box="[444,631,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Steppenblindmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFD0CF88BFD7DF8E3" bold="true" box="[651,742,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFD76F88BFC4CF8E3" box="[753,983,1844,1865]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Rata topo ciega grande</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF8E4FD8AF8DA" blockId="10.[106,1151,1777,1904]" box="[108,529,1883,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<heading id="D0F081A7FF96BD1AFFEBF8E4FD8AF8DA" box="[108,529,1883,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF8E4FEF8F8DA" bold="true" box="[108,355,1883,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050446E5FF96BD1AFEEBF8E4FD8AF8DA" box="[364,529,1883,1904]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Greater Mole-rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFD48F821FCEFF84C" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFD48F821FCEFF84C" blockId="10.[718,1312,1950,2376]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFD48F821FCF0F815" bold="true" box="[719,875,1950,1983]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCFEF821FCF4F84C" ID-CoL="4YDZ5" authority="Guldenstadt, 1770" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">Spalax microphthalmus Guldenstadt, 1770</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFC01F876FB87F7A7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFC01F876FB87F7A7" blockId="10.[718,1312,1950,2376]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6F3C96FF96BD1AFC01F876FB87F7A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802165316" country="Russia" location="Novokhoper Steppe" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Voronezhskaya Oblast">
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<location id="8ED86010FF96BD1AFC01F876FB32F84C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87DDFF96BD1AFFEAF94EF989F88B:8ED86010FF96BD1AFC01F876FB32F84C" box="[902,1193,1993,2022]" country="Russia" name="Novokhoper Steppe" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" stateProvince="Voronezhskaya Oblast">Novokhoper Steppe</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C3F829FF96BD1AFB38F876FC35F7A7" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Voronezhskaya Oblast</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F310765BFF96BD1AFC38F853FB83F7A7" box="[959,1048,2028,2061]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFD49F7ABFC78F59F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFD49F7ABFC78F59F" blockId="10.[718,1312,1950,2376]" lastBlockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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All members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFBD0F7ABFB35F79F" box="[1111,1198,2068,2101]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spalax</taxonomicName>
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have at some time been treated as synonyms or subspecies of S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFC3CF7DCFB1EF72E" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[955,1157,2147,2180]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">microphthalmus</taxonomicName>
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. 1. Ya. Pavlinov and A. A. Lissovsky in 2012 treated S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFD7EF70DFC59F779" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[761,962,2226,2259]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">microphthalmus</taxonomicName>
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as monotypic, but they noted the possibility that populations in the western part of its distribution may constitute a distinct subspecies. V. A. Topachevskii in 1969 suggested that Ciscaucasian populations might be a distinct subspecies; the appropriate name for this
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFD04F6C9FCBEF63D" box="[643,805,2422,2455]" form="would" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" rank="form">form would</taxonomicName>
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appear to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFC60F6C9FBDBF63D" box="[999,1088,2422,2455]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhlus">typhlus</taxonomicName>
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by P. S. Pallas in 1779. M. Korobchenko and I. Zagorodnyuk in 2009 questioned inclusion of
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFB24F621FB67F615" box="[1187,1276,2462,2495]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="typhlus">typhlus</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFFE9F67AFEA3F64C" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[110,312,2501,2534]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">microphthalmus</taxonomicName>
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, suggesting that it has affinities with
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCBCF67AFC2EF64C" box="[827,949,2501,2534]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Elymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteus">giganteus</taxonomicName>
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and warrants recognition as a distinct species. Pending further study, they provisionally treated it as a distinct subspecies within S.
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFE0CF5ABFDCEF59F" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[395,597,2580,2613]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microphthalmus">microphthalmus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF584FB51F501" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF786643FF96BD1AFFEBF584FB51F501" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6609153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6609153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6609153/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" targetBox="[105,696,1958,2373]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF584FE67F5F6" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" box="[108,508,2619,2652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF584FE67F5F6" bold="true" box="[108,508,2619,2652]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFE9F5D8FB8DF52E" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" box="[110,1046,2663,2692]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFFE9F5D8FB8DF52E" authority="Guldenstadt, 1770" authorityName="Guldenstadt" authorityYear="1770" box="[110,1046,2663,2692]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="microphthalmus" subSpecies="microphthalmus">S.m.microphthalmusGuldenstadt,1770—EUkraineandSWRussia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFE9F535FB51F501" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" box="[110,1226,2698,2731]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFFE9F535FE21F501" authority="Pallas, 1779" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1779" box="[110,442,2698,2731]" class="Mammalia" family="Spalacidae" genus="Spalax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="microphthalmus" subSpecies="typhlus">S. m. typhlus Pallas, 1779</taxonomicName>
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— Ciscaucasian Russia immediately E of the Sea of Azov.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF50EFA9EF44F" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF50EFA9EF44F" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF50EFEFFF578" bold="true" box="[108,356,2737,2770]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 190-315 mm, no visible external tail; weight 120-818 g. Male Greater Blind Mole-rats are larger than females. They are large and straw-graybrown, with lighter and grayer head and straw-brown venter. Roots of hairs are mouse gray, and individuals can have this color when tips of hairs are worn off. Small yellowish white patch may be present on forehead. Some specimens have white longitudinal stripe on head. Fringe of yellowish hair extends outward from nose toward ears. Juveniles are much grayer than adults. Thicker winter pelage is present from September to May orJune. Three pairs of nipples are present. Diploid numberis 2n = 60 or 62.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF453FEE2F301" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF453FEE2F301" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF453FF40F3A7" bold="true" box="[108,219,3052,3085]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Flat steppes and forest steppes in the region between the Dniepr and Volga rivers, from roughly Mordovia southward into Ciscaucasia. Northern populations are fragmented. The Greater Blind Mole-rat prefers to dig in rich black soils and avoids loam and sand. It can be found in agricultural fields, melon plantations, gardens, orchards, and forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFFEBF306FEF9F23C" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFFEBF306FEF9F23C" blockId="10.[108,1312,2383,3478]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFFEBF306FEE4F378" bold="true" box="[108,383,3257,3282]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater Blind Mole-rat eats dandelion (7araxacum,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFB57F306FF5BF353" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), cow parsnip (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFE1AF363FDB2F353" box="[413,553,3292,3321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heracleum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFDBEF363FD5BF353" box="[569,704,3292,3321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), chicory (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCDEF363FC7AF353" box="[857,993,3292,3321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cichorium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cichorium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFC75F363FB16F353" box="[1010,1165,3292,3321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and tree seedlings such as oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFE30F2BBFDBAF28B" box="[439,545,3332,3361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFDB2F2BBFD20F28B" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[565,699,3332,3361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), mulberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFCF5F2BBFC53F28B" box="[882,968,3332,3361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Morus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFC5BF2BBFBF0F28B" box="[988,1131,3332,3361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and acacia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFFFFF298FF4AF2E2" box="[120,209,3367,3400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C074D48FF96BD1AFF64F298FEF1F2E2" box="[227,362,3367,3400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A higher ratio of leaves and shoots are eaten in spring than later in the year when roots and bulbs are preferred. Accumulated winterstores of food can weigh c.10-14 kg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0FE99F993FE3D" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0FE99F993FE3D" blockId="10.[1381,2588,294,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0FE99FA76FEED" bold="true" box="[1383,1517,294,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Blind Mole-rats breed once a year. Females give birth to 2-5 young in late February to early May. Females usually breed in their second year. Life span is 2-54 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE2FE23F82AFD9E" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE2FE23F82AFD9E" blockId="10.[1381,2588,294,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE2FE23F9CAFE17" bold="true" box="[1381,1617,412,445]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Digging activities of Greater Blind Mole-rat are most pronounced in spring when food stores are depleted. They are active year-round, but in winter, they reduce activity, focusing in deeper areas. An individual traversing aboveground facing a threat will immediately begin to burrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0FD85F974FAE2" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0FD85F974FAE2" blockId="10.[1381,2588,294,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0FD85F785FDF1" bold="true" box="[1383,2078,570,603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Blind Mole-rats are solitary; individuals may fight until one retreats or dies. Fighting usually involves bites to the face. Juveniles leave their mothers’ burrows and either create a separate adjacent burrow or disperse up to several hundred meters aboveground. Individuals of any age might travel aboveground in search of better locations for burrows, and males might travel aboveground in search of females. Burrow systems can take on a variety of shapes including almost linear, 1-2 central areas with feeding tunnels emerging as spokes, or more irregular arrangements. They vary widely in length but can be 100-450 m or more across. Feeding tunnels are 10-25 cm deep, and deeper chambers are found at depths of 120-320 cm. Upper and lower regions are connected by 2—4 vertical shafts. One or two nest chambers are present, and these are lined with grass and leaves. Usually 4-9 storerooms are present alongside multiple empty chambers. Multiple toilets are present, and these are sealed after filled. Mounds are variable in shape and size, with diameters of 20-240 cm (average 50 cm). They are located 1-2 m apart. A single individualis estimated to displace 0-2-0-3 m® of earth daily. Densities are 3-10 ind/ha and can be 20 ind/ha in good conditions but lower elsewhere. Populations do not usually exhibit extreme oscillations. Predators include the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo), the eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), the Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo), the Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans), and carnivorous mammals such as mustelids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0FAF1F9B8F929" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0FAF1F9B8F929" blockId="10.[1381,2588,294,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0FAF1F951FAC5" bold="true" box="[1383,1738,1358,1391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Broadly speaking, the Greater Blind Mole-rat has a large distribution in which it is abundant and common. It is found in protected areas. Many populations, particularly in the northern part ofits distribution, may be threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural practices. The Greater Blind Mole-rat can be an agricultural pest and is poisoned. It functions as an ecosystem engineer, affecting soil composition and plant communities. Its burrows are used by a variety of other animals such as small mammals and invertebrates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31D6540FF96BD1AFAE0F92DF989F88B" pageId="10" pageNumber="139" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB836CBFF96BD1AFAE0F92DF989F88B" blockId="10.[1381,2588,294,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B973EAD9FF96BD1AFAE0F92DF99BF901" bold="true" box="[1383,1536,1682,1707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="139">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Corbet (1978), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Korobchenko & Zagorodnyuk (2009), Musser & Carleton (2005), Németh et al. (2016), Nevo (1999), Ognev (1947), Pallas (1779), Pavlinov & Lissovsky (2012), Puzachenko (2016c), Topachevskii (1969), Tsytsulina, Formozov, Zagorodnyuk & Sheftel (2008a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |