treatments-xml/data/03/AD/E3/03ADE350B104FF93F1CFFAAF8B0FCF39.xml

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<mods:title id="AD2ED82D070697BE1BBAD4E90667886F">Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B104FF9DF1CFFAAF898DC933" blockId="23.[151,455,1340,1366]" box="[151,455,1340,1366]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D0F3E52AB104FF9DF1CFFAAF898DC933" bold="true" box="[151,455,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1CFFAAF898DC933" ID-CoL="8V5Y4" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,455,1340,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFFAAF898DC933" bold="true" box="[151,455,1340,1366]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFFAAF895BC933" bold="true" box="[151,273,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF040FAAF898DC933" author="Kumata" box="[280,455,1340,1366]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B104FF9DF1CFFA1089F1C9FD" blockId="23.[151,1203,1410,1433]" box="[151,443,1410,1433]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA57457B104FF9DF1CFFA1089FCC9FD" author="Kumata, T." box="[151,438,1410,1433]" page="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1963">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1CFFA1089FCC9FD" ID-CoL="8V5Y4" authority="Kumata 1963: 28" authorityName="Kumata" authorityPageNumber="28" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,438,1410,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFFA1088B4C9FC" box="[151,254,1411,1433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF05CFA1089FCC9FD" author="Kumata" box="[260,438,1410,1432]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963: 28</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BBB5246B104FF9DF098FA108CF9C9FD" blockId="23.[151,1203,1410,1433]" box="[448,1203,1410,1433]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Type species: 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF317FA108B6AC9FD" box="[591,800,1411,1433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis puerariae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF27EFA108BF2C9FD" author="Kumata" box="[806,952,1410,1432]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation.
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFFA56892CC9BB" bold="true" box="[151,358,1477,1502]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">Historic account.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF02AFA5689AEC9B8" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[370,484,1477,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF02AFA5689AEC9B8" box="[370,484,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
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includes four Japanese species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF23CFA558CD6C9B8" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[868,1180,1477,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pueraria">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF23CFA558BA6C9B8" box="[868,1004,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. pueraria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF2AFFA558CD6C9B8" author="Kumata" box="[1015,1180,1477,1501]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF5F4FA55889BCA64" authority="Kumata 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desmodii">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF5F4FA558D72C9B8" box="[1196,1336,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. desmodii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF41BFA55889BCA64" author="Kumata" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1B9FA798A7BCA64" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[225,561,1513,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lespedezae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1B9FA7989CACA67" box="[225,384,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. lespedezae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF0D4FA798A7BCA64" author="Kumata" box="[396,561,1513,1537]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF32DFA798BF9CA64" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[629,947,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wisteriae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF32DFA798B49CA64" box="[629,771,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. wisteriae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF256FA798BF9CA64" author="Kumata" box="[782,947,1513,1537]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, all off which feed on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF591FA7A8D7FCA64" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1225,1333,1513,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF41BFA7988ABCA40" author="Kumata" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata (1963)</bibRefCitation>
proposed the genus because of differences in the biology and wing venation from those of 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFF9A18A7FCA2F" box="[151,565,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1CFF9A18938CA2F" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,370,1586,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF025F9A18A7BCA2F" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[381,561,1586,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF334F9A18B58CA2F" box="[620,786,1586,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF334F9A18B58CA2F" box="[620,786,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF54DF9A18CCDCA2F" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1045,1159,1586,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF54DF9A18CCDCA2F" box="[1045,1159,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess an appendage at the base of the valval costa and an incomplete transtilla (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF256F9C68BE0CA08" author="Kumata" box="[782,938,1621,1645]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF2EDF9C58D7ACA08" author="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" box="[949,1328,1621,1645]" firstAuthor="Kuznetzov" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref196203" refString="Kuznetzov, V. I. &amp; Baryshnikova, S. V. (2001) Review of Palaearctic genera of the gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new subfamily Ornixolinae Kuznetzov et Baryshnikova, subfam. n. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 80, 96 - 120." type="journal article" year="2001">
Kuznetzov &amp; 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF50AF9C68D7ACA08" authority="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" box="[1106,1328,1621,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Baryshnikova">Baryshnikova 2001</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF41BF9C588ABCAF4" author="Kumata" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
drew attention to the diagnostic value of the apical setae on the tegumen. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF51DF9E98CFCCAF7" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1093,1206,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF51DF9E98CFCCAF7" box="[1093,1206,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has more than four setae on the apex of tegumen, similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF332F90D8B09CAD3" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[618,835,1694,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF332F90D8B09CAD3" box="[618,835,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF57CF90D8C86CAD3" box="[1060,1228,1694,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF57CF90D8C86CAD3" box="[1060,1228,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(apex of tegumen without setae) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF033F9518A56CABF" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[363,540,1730,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF033F9518A56CABF" box="[363,540,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(four setae) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF3E9F9528B04CABC" author="Kumata" box="[689,846,1729,1753]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The fifth species presently belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF47BF9518DDFCABF" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1315,1429,1730,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF47BF9518DDFCABF" box="[1315,1429,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1CFF9758A45CA98" authority="(Ermolaev, 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Ermolaev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[151,527,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improvisella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1CFF9758909CA9B" box="[151,323,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. improvisella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF009F9768A4DCA98" author="Ermolaev" box="[337,519,1765,1789]" firstAuthor="Ermolaev" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="741 - 752" refId="ref192919" refString="Ermolaev, V. P. (1986) New and little known species of leafblotch miners (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) from the south of Primorye Territory. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 65, 741 - 752." type="journal article" year="1986">Ermolaev, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, was described from the Far East of Russia in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF5DAF9758D44CA9B" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[1154,1294,1766,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF5DAF9758D44CA9B" box="[1154,1294,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the same paper, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF1B6F89A89F2CB44" author="Ermolaev" box="[238,440,1801,1825]" firstAuthor="Ermolaev" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="741 - 752" refId="ref192919" refString="Ermolaev, V. P. (1986) New and little known species of leafblotch miners (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) from the south of Primorye Territory. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 65, 741 - 752." type="journal article" year="1986">Ermolaev (1986)</bibRefCitation>
transferred the type species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF205F8998B84CB47" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[861,974,1802,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF205F8998B84CB47" box="[861,974,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF2B0F8998CCFCB44" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1000,1157,1802,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puerariae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF2B0F8998CCFCB44" box="[1000,1157,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. puerariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF59FF8998D19CB47" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[1223,1363,1802,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF59FF8998D19CB47" box="[1223,1363,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus synonymizing 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF067F8BD89FACB23" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[319,432,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF067F8BD89FACB23" box="[319,432,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF35DF8BD8ADBCB23" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[517,657,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF35DF8BD8ADBCB23" box="[517,657,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF241F8BE8BEBCB20" author="Park" box="[793,929,1837,1861]" firstAuthor="Park" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref198731" refString="Park, K. T. (1983) Microlepidoptera of Korea. Insecta Koreana, ser. 3, 1 - 189, pls. 1 - 2." type="book chapter" year="1983">Park (1983)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF285F8BE8CCCCB20" author="Kamijo" box="[989,1158,1837,1861]" firstAuthor="Kamijo" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="293 - 302" refId="ref194864" refString="Kamijo, K. (1990) Five new species of Achrysocharoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) associated with Leguminosae in Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 293 - 302." type="journal article" year="1990">Kamijo (1990)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF44CF8BD8DCCCB23" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1300,1414,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF44CF8BD8DCCCB23" box="[1300,1414,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a valid genus. Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF025F8C28A67CB0C" author="Noreika" box="[381,557,1873,1897]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="105 - 113" refId="ref198362" refString="Noreika, R. (1994) Two new species of Phyllonorycter Hubner, 1822 from the Far East area (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Phegea, 22, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1994">Noreika (1994)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF3D6F8C18B76CB0F" baseAuthorityName="Ermolaev" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[654,828,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="improvisella">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF3D6F8C18B76CB0F" box="[654,828,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L. improvisella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF232F8C18B91CB0F" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[874,987,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF232F8C18B91CB0F" box="[874,987,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and returned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF5F7F8C18D6ACB0F" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1199,1312,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF5F7F8C18D6ACB0F" box="[1199,1312,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
two other species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF1A4F8E589D9CBE8" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[252,403,1910,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puerariae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF1A4F8E589D9CBE8" box="[252,403,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. puerariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF08EF8E58A3DCBEB" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[470,631,1910,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lespedezae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF08EF8E58A3DCBEB" box="[470,631,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">H. lespedezae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF2F0F8E58C12CBE8" author="Kumata" box="[936,1112,1909,1933]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata (1963)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF5D0F8E58CB3CBEB" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1160,1273,1910,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF5D0F8E58CB3CBEB" box="[1160,1273,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In keys and catalogues published later, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF090F8098A73CBD7" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[456,569,1946,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B104FF9DF090F8098A73CBD7" box="[456,569,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was listed as one of the genera of Palaearctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF519F80A8CA0CBD4" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1089,1258,1945,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF5A1F80A8DDDCBD4" author="Noreika" box="[1273,1431,1945,1969]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="105 - 113" refId="ref198362" refString="Noreika, R. (1994) Two new species of Phyllonorycter Hubner, 1822 from the Far East area (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Phegea, 22, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1994">Noreika 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF1CFF82E8898CBB0" author="Noreika" box="[151,210,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="Noreika" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="373 - 429" refId="ref198396" refString="Noreika, R. (1997) Gracillariidae. In: Ler, P. A. (Ed.), Key to the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. V. Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Part 1. Dal'nauka, Vladivostok, pp. 373 - 429." type="book chapter" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF185F82D8A1DCBB0" author="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" box="[221,599,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="Kuznetzov" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref196153" refString="Kuznetzov, V. I. &amp; Baryshnikova, S. V. (1998) Brief catalogue of the mining moths of the fam. Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) of Russia and adjacent countries. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Rossijskaya Akademija Nauk, 274, 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1998">
Kuznetzov &amp; 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF022F82E8A1DCBB0" authority="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" box="[378,599,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Baryshnikova">Baryshnikova 1998</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF33BF82E8AD4CBB0" author="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" box="[611,670,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="Kuznetzov" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref196203" refString="Kuznetzov, V. I. &amp; Baryshnikova, S. V. (2001) Review of Palaearctic genera of the gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new subfamily Ornixolinae Kuznetzov et Baryshnikova, subfam. n. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 80, 96 - 120." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B104FF9DF3F2F82E8BCDCBB0" authority="Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" box="[682,903,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" status="subfam. nov." subFamily="Baryshnikova">
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF3F2F82E8BCDCBB0" author="Baryshnikova" box="[682,903,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="Baryshnikova" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="197 - 214" refId="ref189860" refString="Baryshnikova, S. V. (2002) Types of the gracillariid moth species-group taxa in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 81, 197 - 214." type="journal article" year="2002">Baryshnikova 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF2CBF82D8CF1CBB0" author="De Prins &amp; De Prins" box="[915,1211,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref192296" refString="De Prins, W. &amp; De Prins, J. (2005) Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). In: Landry, B. (Ed.), World catalogue of insects. Volume 6. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 502 pp." type="book" year="2005">De Prins &amp; De Prins 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B104FF9DF59EF82E8D49CBB0" author="De Prins &amp; De Prins" box="[1222,1283,1981,2005]" firstAuthor="De Prins" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="41 - 62" refId="ref192110" refString="De Prins, J. &amp; Sruoga, V. (2012) A review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus Urodeta (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae), with description of new species. Zootaxa, 3488, 41 - 62." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10BFF92F19FFF0489E1CCB1" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Until now, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F01CFF0B89FFCCD5" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[324,437,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F01CFF0B89FFCCD5" box="[324,437,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known exclusively from the Palaearctic. Here we report 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F534FF0B8D31CCCA" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1132,1403,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F534FF0B8D45CCD5" box="[1132,1295,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis luki</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB10BFF92F4DFFF0B88F2CCB1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, from Central Africa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10BFF93F19FFF738A43CE05" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10BFF92F19FFF738C4FC89C" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F19FFF73890BCC9D" box="[199,321,224,249]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F19FFF738970CC9C" bold="true" box="[199,314,224,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F34AFF728A85CC9D" author="Kumata" box="[530,719,224,248]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3B3FF728B16CC9C" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[747,860,225,249]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3B3FF728B16CC9C" box="[747,860,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically most closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFE96893ACD78" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,261,285]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFE96893ACD78" box="[151,368,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0EDFE968A16CD78" box="[437,604,261,285]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0EDFE968A16CD78" box="[437,604,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it also shares many external and internal characters with other 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFEBA890ACD24" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,320,297,321]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera. The adult head has a tuft of long scales that projects forward above the vertex between the antennae as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F00AFEDD8987CD03" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[338,461,334,358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F00AFEDD8987CD03" box="[338,461,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0BAFEDD8AD9CD03" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[482,659,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0BAFEDD8AD9CD03" box="[482,659,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3F0FEDD8B05CD03" box="[680,847,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3F0FEDD8B05CD03" box="[680,847,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2C3FEDD8C78CD03" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[923,1074,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F2C3FEDD8C78CD03" box="[923,1074,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F510FEDD8D14CD03" box="[1096,1374,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F510FEDD8C89CD03" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[1096,1219,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F58DFEDD8D14CD03" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[1237,1374,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucanthiza</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFEE18910CDEF" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,346,370,394]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFEE18910CDEF" box="[151,346,370,394]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all possess a smooth vertex. The black margins of the white forewing markings in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F472FEE18DD6CDEF" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1322,1436,370,394]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F472FEE18DD6CDEF" box="[1322,1436,370,394]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly differ from of comparable markings in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3E2FE048B7FCDCA" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[698,821,407,431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3E2FE048B7FCDCA" box="[698,821,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F22AFE048C18CDCA" box="[882,1106,407,431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F22AFE048C04CDCA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[882,1102,407,431]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In the latter two genera the black margins of white forewings markings are situated apically whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F55AFE288C39CDB6" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1026,1139,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F55AFE288C39CDB6" box="[1026,1139,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they can be situated both basally and apically as in 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F099FE4C8ABACD92" box="[449,752,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F099FE4C8A76CD92" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[449,572,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F311FE4C8ABACD92" box="[585,752,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F258FE4C8BDDCD92" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[768,919,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F258FE4C8BDDCD92" box="[768,919,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F281FE4C8CD6CD92" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[985,1180,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F281FE4C8CD6CD92" box="[985,1180,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Forewing venation is similar to that of 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F000FD978A8DCE79" box="[344,711,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F000FD978A79CE79" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[344,563,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F366FD978A8DCE79" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[574,711,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucanthiza</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F38DFD978BCCCE79" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[725,902,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F38DFD978BCCCE79" box="[725,902,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F29CFD978CCDCE79" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[964,1159,516,540]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F29CFD978CCDCE79" box="[964,1159,516,540]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having veins R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F465FD808D0FCE44" attach="left" box="[1341,1349,531,545]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F4CCFD808DD6CE44" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,531,545]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
absent. Hindwing venation is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3F6FDB88BCCCE26" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[686,902,555,579]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3F6FDB88BCCCE26" box="[686,902,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2CEFDB88C67CE26" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[918,1069,555,579]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F2CEFDB88C67CE26" box="[918,1069,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F53EFDB88D63CE26" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[1126,1321,555,579]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F53EFDB88D63CE26" box="[1126,1321,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F1E8FDCD88F2CE09" attach="left" box="[176,184,606,620]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
. The male genitalia are symmetrical or asymmetrical (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F240FDDC8B95CE02" author="Kumata" box="[792,991,591,615]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963: 28</bibRefCitation>
). In the male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F5A3FDDC8D27CE02" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1275,1389,591,615]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F5A3FDDC8D27CE02" box="[1275,1389,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the apex of the tegumen has 4 or more setae, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3B0FDE48BD3CEEA" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[744,921,631,655]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3B0FDE48BD3CEEA" box="[744,921,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F284FDE48CFFCEEA" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[988,1205,631,655]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F284FDE48CFFCEEA" box="[988,1205,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differers from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFD088974CED6" box="[151,318,667,691]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFD088974CED6" box="[151,318,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which lacks setae on the apex of the tegumen. Other 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2E8FD088C13CED6" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[944,1113,667,691]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F442FD088DDFCED6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1306,1429,667,691]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F442FD088DDFCED6" box="[1306,1429,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFD2C895BCEB2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,273,703,727]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFD2C895BCEB2" box="[151,273,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F078FD5389FECEB2" authorityName="Davis &amp; De Prins" authorityYear="2011" box="[288,436,704,727]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F078FD5389FECEB2" box="[288,436,704,727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Macrosaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0B6FD2C8ACFCEB2" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[494,645,703,727]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0B6FD2C8ACFCEB2" box="[494,645,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have one pair of setae on the apex of the tegument. The transtilla in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFD778943CE99" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,265,740,764]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFD778943CE99" box="[151,265,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is incomplete as in most species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3FBFD778B54CE99" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[675,798,740,764]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3FBFD778B54CE99" box="[675,798,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the valva has an ovate knob at the base of of the costa; the saccus is well developed, projected; and the anellus is sclerotized as in some 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F5BCFC9B8D15CF45" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1252,1375,776,800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F5BCFC9B8D15CF45" box="[1252,1375,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFCBE893ACF20" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,368,813,837]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFCBE893ACF20" box="[151,368,813,837]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sternum VIII in the male is enlarged into a wide flap. The female genitalia have a sclerotized plate on segment VIII, except in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F34FFCC18B1BCF0C" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[535,849,849,873]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wisteriae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F34FFCC18AE8CF0C" box="[535,674,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. wisteriae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F3F5FCC18B1BCF0C" author="Kumata" box="[685,849,849,873]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; the ostium bursae opens in segment VIII, and the sterigma around the ostium bursae is sclerotized. The antrum and/or ductus bursae is usually sclerotized posteriorly. The corpus bursae is in the form of an enlarged, irregularly shaped sac, without signa or with a single very long signum (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0DEFC2C8A45CFB3" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[390,527,959,982]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wisteriae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0DEFC2C8A45CFB3" box="[390,527,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. wisteriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3CFFC2D8B43CFB3" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[663,777,958,982]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3CFFC2D8B43CFB3" box="[663,777,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make entirely flattened mines, different from the tentiform mines of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1A7FC7089EDCF9E" box="[255,423,995,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1A7FC7089EDCF9E" box="[255,423,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other lithocolletine genera. The cocoon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2E0FC708C60CF9E" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[952,1066,995,1019]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F2E0FC708C60CF9E" box="[952,1066,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is orbicular, with frass placed on one side of mine in a round patch (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F377FB948A85C87A" author="Kumata" box="[559,719,1031,1055]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3BCFB948BFBC87A" box="[740,945,1031,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3BCFB948B1FC87A" box="[740,853,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
feed on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F541FB948CCEC87A" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1049,1156,1031,1055]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
, a character shared with 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFBBF895BC821" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,273,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFBBF895BC821" box="[151,273,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F07BFBBF899EC821" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[291,468,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F07BFBBF899EC821" box="[291,468,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0BFFBBF8A34C821" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[487,638,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0BFFBBF8A34C821" box="[487,638,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3E5FBBF8BCAC821" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[701,896,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3E5FBBF8BCAC821" box="[701,896,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F52BFBBF8D01C821" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[1139,1355,1068,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F52BFBBF8D01C821" box="[1139,1355,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which feed on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1AAFBDC8927C802" box="[242,365,1103,1127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0FDFBDC8A7CC802" box="[421,566,1103,1127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
. The chaetotaxy of the last instar larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F54AFBC38CC9C80D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1042,1155,1104,1128]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F54AFBC38CC9C80D" box="[1042,1155,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFBE78902C8E9" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,328,1140,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFBE78902C8E9" box="[151,328,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the thoracic legs of the last instar are not reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2A5FBE78D61C8E9" authority="(Kumata 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1021,1323,1140,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F2A5FBE78C25C8E9" box="[1021,1135,1140,1164]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F5D9FBE78D69C8E9" author="Kumata" box="[1153,1315,1140,1164]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFB0A8943C8D4" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[151,265,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFB0A8943C8D4" box="[151,265,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be paraphyletic with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F3FEFB0A8B1DC8D4" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[678,855,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F3FEFB0A8B1DC8D4" box="[678,855,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10BFF92F23FFB0B8BE1C8D5" box="[871,939,1176,1200]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), support for 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F51CFB0A8C87C8D5" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1092,1229,1177,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wisteriae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F51CFB0A8C87C8D5" box="[1092,1229,1177,1200]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. wisteriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F5B3FB0A8DD6C8D4" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1259,1436,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F5B3FB0A8DD6C8D4" box="[1259,1436,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our analyses was weak (BP = 66%; PP = 0.93), and thus we consider the paraphyly of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F5E9FB2E8D68C8B0" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1201,1314,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F5E9FB2E8D68C8B0" box="[1201,1314,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uncertain. Additional taxa will need to be sequenced to test the monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F2D4FB728BB4C89C" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[908,1022,1249,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F2D4FB728BB4C89C" box="[908,1022,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10BFF92F19FFA968C3BC9B1" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F19FFA968A24C97B" bold="true" box="[199,622,1285,1310]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Diagnosis of Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0A2FA968A24C97B" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[506,622,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0A2FA968A24C97B" bold="true" box="[506,622,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F324FA958AA4C97B" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[636,750,1286,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F324FA958AA4C97B" box="[636,750,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by only one species in the Afrotropical region, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F1CFFAB8891BC927" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,337,1322,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F1CFFAB888AEC927" box="[151,228,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. luki</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB10BFF92F006FAB889D7C927" box="[350,413,1323,1346]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, which is very small species with a wing length of ca. 1.5 mm. The external characters of Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F075FADC89D5C902" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[301,415,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F075FADC89D5C902" box="[301,415,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to those of Japanese 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F273FADC8BB3C902" box="[811,1017,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F273FADC8BD7C902" box="[811,925,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(2 paratypes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F599FAC38D05C903" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1217,1359,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wisteriae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F599FAC38D05C903" box="[1217,1359,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. wisteriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 2 paratypes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F070FAE789F3C9EE" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[296,441,1396,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puerariae">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F070FAE789F3C9EE" box="[296,441,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. puerariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were compared, drawer Mi 10022 in BMNH, see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10BFF92F57EFAE08C88C9EE" author="Kumata" box="[1062,1218,1395,1419]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 5, 
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10BFF92F456FAE08DDAC9EE" box="[1294,1424,1395,1419]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 63–68" captionStart-1="FIGURES 69–74" captionStartId-0="198.[151,263,1826,1849]" captionStartId-1="199.[151,264,1828,1851]" captionTargetBox-0="[209,1376,193,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[225,1358,207,1802]" captionTargetId-0="figure-137@198.[209,1378,193,1805]" captionTargetId-1="figure-135@199.[225,1360,183,1802]" captionTargetPageId-0="198" captionTargetPageId-1="199" captionText-0="FIGURES 63–68. Adults. Scale bar 1 mm. 63, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, paratype 6408♂, South Africa, Hennops River, 15.iii.1955, leg. L. Vári, in TMSA. 64, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, ♂, Kenya, Lake Nakuru, mine 11.x.2001, leg. J. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000004032. 65, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, ♂, Kenya, Lake Nakuru, mine 11.x.2001, leg. J. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000004033. 66, Phyllonorycter ipomoellus, holotype ♀, Rwanda, Nyungwe, mine 31.vii.2008, leg. J. &amp; W. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000005149. 67, Phyllonorycter ipomoellus, paratype ♀, Rwanda, Nyungwe, mine 31.vii.2008, leg. J. &amp; W. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000005150. 68, Phyllonorycter turensis, holotype ♀, Kenya, Rift Valley, Turi, 26.v.1999, leg. D.J.L. Agassiz, in BMNH." captionText-1="FIGURES 69–74. Adults. Scale bar 1 mm. 69, Phyllonorycter hibiscola, holotype ♀, Kenya, Kakamega Forest, mine 28.iii.2003, leg. J. &amp; W. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000003278. 70, Phyllonorycter hibiscola, paratype ♀, Kenya, Kakamega Forest, mine 17.iv.2001, leg. J. De Prins, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000003266. 71, Phyllonorycter jabalshamsi, holotype ♂, Oman, Jabal Shams, Al Hamra, 07.i.1993, leg. B. Skule, in ZMUC. 72, Phyllonorycter lemarchandi, holotype ♂, Madagascar, Antananarivo, mine 03.i.1949, in MNHN. 73, Phyllonorycter albertinus, holotype ♂, Kenya, Rift Valley, Turi, 05.ii.1999, leg. D.J.L. Agassiz, in BMNH. 74, Phyllonorycter albertinus, paratype ♂, Kenya, Rift Valley, Turi, 18.i.1999, leg. D.J.L. Agassiz, specimen ID: RMCA ENT 000006147." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052175" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052179" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6052175/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6052179/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs 66–69</figureCitation>
). However, Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F0FCFA048A5CC9CA" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[420,534,1431,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F0FCFA048A5CC9CA" box="[420,534,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has strikingly different male genitalia from the Palaearctic species. Genitalia dissections are necessary for distinguishing nearly all Afrotropical lithocolletine genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10BFF92F19FFA738AA7CA00" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F19FFA738947C99D" box="[199,269,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Head:</emphasis>
With tufted scales on posterior part of vertex and occiput; frons smooth, white, with silvery gloss. Maxillary palpus rudimentary; labial palpus short, drooping, filiform, pointed; haustellum of moderate length. Antenna nearly as long as forewing, flagellum thicker than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10BFF92F201F9BA8C4BCA24" box="[857,1025,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F201F9BA8C4BCA24" box="[857,1025,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; pedicel slightly thicker, but shorter than flagellomere; scape short and thick, with pecten.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10BFF93F19FF9E18C6BCCB1" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10BFF92F19FF9E18952CAEF" box="[199,280,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Thorax</emphasis>
: Forewing background colour golden-ochreous; apex of forewing broadly rounded; forewing bearing sparsely distributed distinct, mostly fasciate and one strigulate (the basal) white markings; apical marking rounded. Margin of markings distincly black basally with light shading, brownish-greyish apically. Descaled forewing, short lanceolate, elongate, and pointed: maximum width/length ratio ca. 0.2. Forewing venation reduced to 9 veins, apical portion with 6 veins (R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F0AAF88089B0CB44" attach="left" box="[498,506,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F345F8808A6FCB44" attach="left" box="[541,549,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">3</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F311F8808A1BCB44" attach="left" box="[585,593,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">4</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F32CF8808A36CB44" attach="left" box="[628,636,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">5</subScript>
, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F3FDF8808AE7CB44" attach="left" box="[677,685,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F386F8808AACCB44" attach="left" box="[734,742,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
); R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F24CF8808B56CB44" attach="left" box="[788,796,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
originates at 4/5 of discal cell; M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F5F0F8808CFACB44" attach="left" box="[1192,1200,1811,1825]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
not stalked, the cell between R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F056F8A9895CCB2D" attach="left" box="[270,278,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">5</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F03EF8A98924CB2D" attach="left" box="[358,366,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
open, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F091F8A9899BCB2D" attach="left" box="[457,465,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">5</subScript>
originates from apex of cell to costa, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F2CCF8A98BD6CB2D" attach="left" box="[916,924,1850,1864]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
arises from apical margin of the discal cell to termen, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F04EF8F28954CB0A" attach="left" box="[278,286,1889,1903]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
separate, R indistinct at basal half, CuP indistinct over entire length, 1A thick, separate. Hindwing lanceolate, about 3/4 as long as forewing, with 6 veins: Sc very short, Rs long, running to apical 1/3 of costa, M branched to M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F064F83E890ECBDE" attach="left" box="[316,324,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F0CEF83E89D4CBDE" attach="left" box="[406,414,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
, basal 2/3 of M 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F30BF83E8A11CBDE" attach="left" box="[595,603,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
indistinct, parallel to Rs, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F2FAF83E8BE0CBDE" attach="left" box="[930,938,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
absent, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F571F83E8C7BCBDE" attach="left" box="[1065,1073,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2</subScript>
thick, simple; A 
<subScript id="17805003B10BFF92F5B7F83E8CBDCBDE" attach="left" box="[1263,1271,1965,1979]" fontSize="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1</subScript>
vestigial (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10BFF92F436F80E88FECBB8" captionStart="FIGURES 11–20" captionStartId="190.[151,263,1566,1589]" captionTargetBox="[194,1379,196,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-112@190.[180,1407,193,1545]" captionTargetPageId="190" captionText="FIGURES 11–20. Wing morphology of the Afrotropical Lithocolletinae genera. 11, Hyloconis luki, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00454. 12, Neolithocolletis mayumbe, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00535. 13, Neolithocolletis nsengai, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00427. 14, Cameraria perodeaui, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00453. 15, Cameraria torridella, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00490. 16, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00528. 17, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00497. 18, Cremastobombycia kipepeo, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00494. 19, Cremastobombycia morogorene, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00667. 20, Porphyrosela teramni, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00434." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052149/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Retinaculum as a small fold on Sc. Frenulum in male as a single stout bristle; frenula in female as 2 tightly appressed bristles. Legs slender, with darker rings; fore- and mid- tibia smooth, hind tibia with loosely appressed hairs on its lower surface, hind tarsus smooth, slender and ca. 2× as long as tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFF728C04CD25" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFF72897BCC9C" box="[199,305,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Margins of abdominal opening narrowly sclerotized, slightly broadening towards S2, with sclerotized margination of abdominal opening weakly connected on T2 and unconnected on S2; S2 apodemes rather short, ending before opening, slender, with enlarged subbases, slender distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFEDE8B65CE59" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFEDE8930CD00" box="[199,378,333,357]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
Tegumen long, subconical, with narrow sclerotized arms, flexible; subapex of tegumen covered with short slender appressed setae, apex of tegumen with 5–6 long, stiff setae. Valvae symmetrical, very large and broad, long, bifurcated at apical part; ventral part of valva with 2 thick, sclerotized sutures from base of valva, anastomosing in apical 1/3, ventral surface of valva without setae. Vinculum rather small, caudal portion protruding into a narrow, slender saccus. Transtilla incomplete. Aedoeagus longer than valva, consisting of two distinct morphological parts: (1) narrow tubular, (2) very large bulbous coecum. Anellus strongly developed, sometimes covered with long tufted setae, juxta developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFDDA8A43CE05" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" box="[199,521,584,609]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFDDA89CCCE04" box="[199,390,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10AFF93F19FFDFF89E9CEE1" box="[199,419,620,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFDFF89E9CEE1" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" box="[199,419,620,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFDFF896CCEE1" box="[199,294,620,645]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFDFF8955CEE0" bold="true" box="[199,287,620,645]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Biology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10AFF93F19FFD038B0FCF39" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFD038992CEA9" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFD03892ACECD" box="[199,352,656,681]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFD038913CECC" bold="true" box="[199,345,656,681]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Moths of the Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F3C9FD028B49CECC" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[657,771,657,681]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F3C9FD028B49CECC" box="[657,771,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in the primary rain forests with 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F5EEFD038D54CECD" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1206,1310,656,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
understore vegetation in Central Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10AFF93F19FFD4B8B0FCF39" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,1652]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F19FFD4B8A0DCE94" bold="true" box="[199,583,728,753]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">Relationships to other genera.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F3CAFD4A8B2ECE95" box="[658,868,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F3CAFD4A8B4ECE94" box="[658,772,729,753]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hyloconis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
sampled here suggest that the genus may be paraphyletic with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F082FD6E8AC1CF70" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[474,651,765,789]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F082FD6E8AC1CF70" box="[474,651,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10AFF93F3C4FD6F8AA9CF71" box="[668,739,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). While 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F210FD6E8BF0CF70" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[840,954,765,789]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F210FD6E8BF0CF70" box="[840,954,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F2A9FD6E8CE8CF70" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1009,1186,765,789]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F2A9FD6E8CE8CF70" box="[1009,1186,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be synonyms, at this stage we do not formally propose any taxonomic changes and retain both genera until the preimaginal stages of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10AFF93F1CFFCD68943CF38" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[151,265,837,861]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10AFF93F1CFFCD68943CF38" box="[151,265,837,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are discovered and additional species are sampled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>