237 lines
22 KiB
XML
237 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" approvalRequired="58" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="39" approvalRequired_for_treatments="17" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFA1F64C8C703E54FDD1F68B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus rufus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="160" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="159" updateTime="1656943967923" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>16</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449070" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFA1F64C8C703E54FDD1F68B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFA1F64C8C703E54FDD1F68B" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<subSubSection box="[1390,1469,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1385,2404,2632,2760]" box="[1390,1469,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<heading box="[1390,1469,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<figureCitation box="[1390,1469,2632,2678]" captionStart="Plate 11: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="97.[117,147,3321,3346]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="174. Livingstone’s Flying Fox (Pteropus livingstonii), 175. Pemba Flying Fox (Pleropus voeltzkowi), 176. Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pleropus dasymallus), 177. Bonin Flying Fox (Pteropus pselaphon), 178. Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pleropus pumilus), 179. Lyle’s Flying Fox (Pteropus lylei), 180. Indian Flying Fox (Pleropus medius), 181. Rodrigues Flying Fox (Pteropus rodricensus), 182. Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), 183. Aldabra Flying Fox (Pleropus aldabrensis), 184. Malagasy Flying Fox (Pteropus rufus), 185. Seychelles Flying Fox (Pleropus seychellensis), 186. Greater Mascarene Flying Fox (Pteropus niger), 187. Aru Flying Fox (Pteropus aruensis), 188. Kai Flying Fox (Pleropus keyensis), 189. Black-bearded Flying Fox (Pleropus melanopogon), 190. South Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus chrysoproctus), 191. North Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus caniceps)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448911/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">184.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1487,1903,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1385,2404,2632,2760]" box="[1487,1903,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<heading box="[1487,1903,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<vernacularName box="[1487,1903,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Malagasy Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1971,2227,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1385,2404,2632,2760]" box="[1971,2227,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<heading box="[1971,2227,2632,2678]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1803" box="[1971,2227,2632,2678]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
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<emphasis box="[1971,2227,2632,2678]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Pteropus rufus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1385,2404,2632,2760]" box="[1387,2403,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<heading box="[1387,2403,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1462,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1472,1648,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Roussette marron</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1670,1761,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1771,1989,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagaskar-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2010,2102,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2110,2403,2696,2717]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingCountry box="[2282,2403,2696,2717]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1385,2404,2632,2760]" box="[1385,2346,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<heading box="[1385,2346,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1385,1633,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1644,1878,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1892,2122,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<collectingCountry box="[1892,2012,2736,2757]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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Flying Fox
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</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2136,2346,2736,2757]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<collectingCountry box="[2136,2257,2736,2757]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1998,2593,2807,3230]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1999,2154,2807,2836]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1803" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">Pteropus rufus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<collectingCountry box="[2291,2456,2851,2876]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central
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<collectingCountry box="[2114,2279,2921,2954]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1998,2593,2807,3230]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1803" box="[1999,2192,2961,2994]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">Pteropus rufus</taxonomicName>
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is in the wvampyrus species group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="distribution">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" targetBox="[624,628,2291,2320]" targetPageId="102">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1998,2593,2807,3230]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1998,2174,3039,3072]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[2195,2361,3039,3072]" name="Madagascar" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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and nearby islands including Nosy Be, Nosy Komba, Nosy Tanikely, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2271,2305,3118,3151]" name="Iceland" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Ile</collectingCountry>
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Sainte-Marie.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="101.[1998,2593,2807,3230]" lastBlockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1998,2279,3158,3191]" pageId="101" pageNumber="159">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.34" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="252.0" valueMax="270.0" valueMin="234.0">234- 270 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
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<quantity box="[2337,2524,3201,3230]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.44" metricValueMax="2.55" metricValueMin="2.33" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="244.0" valueMax="255.0" valueMin="233.0">233-255 mm</quantity>
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(females), no tail, ear
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||
<quantity box="[1659,1806,3241,3270]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="34.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="29.0">29-40 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
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||
<quantity box="[1999,2145,3241,3270]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="41.0" valueMin="33.0">33-41 mm</quantity>
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(females), hindfoot
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||
<quantity box="[2443,2590,3241,3270]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="57.0" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="52.0">52-62 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
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||
<quantity box="[1573,1723,3280,3309]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="54.0" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="52.0">52-56 mm</quantity>
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(females), forearm
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<quantity box="[2022,2204,3280,3309]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.71" metricValueMin="1.54" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="162.5" valueMax="171.0" valueMin="154.0">154-171 mm</quantity>
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(males) and
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<quantity box="[2408,2590,3280,3309]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.645" metricValueMax="1.73" metricValueMin="1.56" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="mm" value="164.5" valueMax="173.0" valueMin="156.0">156-173 mm</quantity>
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(females); weight
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<quantity box="[1650,1796,3320,3349]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="g" value="700.0" valueMax="750.0" valueMin="650.0">650-750 g</quantity>
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(males) and
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||
<quantity box="[2000,2147,3320,3349]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="159" unit="g" value="525.0" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="500.0">500-550 g</quantity>
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(females). Females are on average smaller than males. Muzzle, face, cheeks, and area around eyes are medium brown, contrasting yellowish buff crown and area between eyes; eyes are large, with brown irises; ears are long, naked, exposed, and attenuated at tips and subacutely pointed; back and flanks are dark brown, without being intermixed with lighter hairs; mid-dorsal hairs and those of mantle are
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||
<quantity box="[761,906,314,347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="19.0">19-22 mm</quantity>
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long, pelage above extending to one-third or half-way of forearm; fur also extends on wing membrane for c¢.
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||
<quantity box="[1271,1368,353,386]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
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; mantle is buffy, orange buffy, or yellowish buffy, strongly contrasting rump; and tibias are naked or very thinly haired above. Venter is buffy, orange bufty, or yellowish brown and darker in anal region; hairs are
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<quantity box="[695,841,471,504]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="20.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="19.0">19-22 mm</quantity>
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long, bicolored with long seal-brown bases and yellowish buff tips; uropatagium is well-developed in its center (c.
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||
<quantity box="[1236,1336,511,544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
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in depth), usually wholly and covered by overhanging hairs of rump. Skull is large, rostrum is relatively long and slightly compressed; braincase is moderately deflected; sagittal crest is strongly developed; orbits are relatively large; postorbital processes is long and strong; zygomatic arches widen posteriorly; there are 14 palatal ridges, of which ridges 1-8 are interdental; and mandible is strong. Baculum has distal tip forming an arch-shaped structure and basal portion that is lobed with distinct central prolongation. C' is slightly recurved; P' is very small; anterior M' is subcircular or subsquarish; I, is at least twice as large as I; P,is twice the size of I; and M,is slightly larger than P,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FNa = 68, with eleven pairs of metacentric, six pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome small acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,281,984,1017]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primarily humid forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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||
<quantity box="[1122,1232,984,1017]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
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. Roosts of the Malagasy Flying Fox are most frequently found in coastal areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,435,1063,1096]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of the Malagasy Flying Fox consists of 59-65% fruit (juices), 17-35% flowers and nectar, and 6-18% leaves. It feeds on native and introduced fruits of at least 56 genera in 39 families and leaves of
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<taxonomicName box="[864,1109,1142,1175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Tamarindus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">Tamarindus indica</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1131,1268,1142,1175]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Juices of fruits are often sucked out, and pulp and seeds are spit out. Petals of
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<taxonomicName box="[1189,1268,1182,1215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Ludia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ludia</taxonomicName>
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antanosarum (
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<taxonomicName box="[272,418,1221,1254]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and nectar and pollen from at least 18 genera in nine families are eaten.
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<taxonomicName box="[268,335,1265,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[355,503,1265,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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) is visited before midnight when most nectar was available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="breeding">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,304,1300,1333]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Litter size of the Malagasy Flying Fox is one, occasionally two. Mating probably occurs in April-May, and females with large embryos or young appear in October.
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="activity">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,405,1379,1412]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Malagasy Flying Fox is nocturnal but can be active in the roost and flying during the day. Individuals hang alone on branches and display considerable movement, squealing and chattering, and sometimes flying about. At dusk, they fly at high altitudes (
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<quantity box="[459,614,1497,1530]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="m" value="250.0" valueMax="300.0" valueMin="200.0">200-300 m</quantity>
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) and descend to treetops, with starting altitude linked to destination distance. They often glide under windy conditions or soar in thermals.
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,897,1576,1609]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Malagasy Flying Foxes primarily roost in trees in forest fragments, small islands, mangroves, and exceptionally
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[269,415,1655,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) plantations, generally near water. Colony size varied between ten and 5000 individuals (median 400). Individuals roosting on coastal islands flew to the Madagascan coast to forage. Commuting distances were up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1039,1125,1734,1767]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
, averaging speeds of
|
||
<quantity box="[207,299,1773,1806]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
/h (maximum on record
|
||
<quantity box="[656,752,1773,1806]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" unit="km" value="61.0">61 km</quantity>
|
||
/h). Average home range in Berenty Reserve in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[405,571,1813,1846]" name="Madagascar" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
was ¢.58,000 ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,526,1852,1885]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population of the Malagasy Flying Fox is estimated at 300,000 mature individuals, but there was an estimated decline of 30% over the last three generations (18 years). Major threats are increased hunting for subsistence (legal in May-August when females are pregnant) and loss of habitat from land conversion to agriculture. It occurs in protected areas such as Kirindy Mitea,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[827,942,2049,2082]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Masoala" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="102" pageNumber="160" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Masoala</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Mananara Nord national parks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="102" pageNumber="160" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="102.[168,1381,274,2322]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,324,2137,2162]" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1908b, 1912b), Andriafidison et al. (2006), Bergmans (1991), Bollen (2007), Bollen & Van Elsacker (2002), Jenkins et al. (2007), Kaudern (1914), Lindhe-Norberg et al. (2000), Long & Racey (2007), MacKinnon et al. (2003), O'Brien (2011), Olesky (2014), Peterson et al. (1995), Racey (2016), Racey et al. (2009), Raharimihaja et al. (2016), Raheriarisena (2005), Rakotondramanana & Goodman (2017),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[252,305,2291,2320]" country="Angola" name="Luanda" pageId="102" pageNumber="160">Rand</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1935), Richards et al. (2016).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |