214 lines
18 KiB
XML
214 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" approvalRequired="58" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="39" approvalRequired_for_treatments="17" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus faunulus G. S. Miller 1902" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1656943967923" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>16</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6788912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6788912" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[109,188,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading box="[109,188,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<figureCitation box="[109,188,2436,2482]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">159.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<vernacularName box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Nicobar Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">
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<emphasis box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Pteropus faunulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<heading box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,181,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[191,418,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Roussette des Nicobar</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[438,529,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[539,738,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Nikobaren-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[759,850,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[860,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Zorro volador de Nicobar</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[717,873,2568,2601]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1902" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Pteropus faunulus G. S. Miller, 1902</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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“Car Nicobar [Island],”
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<collectingCountry name="India" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[810,885,2650,2679]" name="India" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[718,952,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Pteropus faunulus</taxonomicName>
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was formerly included in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[717,918,2725,2758]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
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; it probably belongs in the
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<taxonomicName box="[717,803,2769,2798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="distribution">
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<caption inLine="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" targetBox="[2336,2340,1354,1379]" targetPageId="89">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[717,890,2809,2838]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Nicobar Is (Teressa, Bompoka, Camorta, Trinkat, Nankowry, and Katchall). Probably extinct on Car Nicobar.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" lastBlockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[716,971,2923,2956]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity box="[1185,1308,2923,2956]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear ¢.
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<quantity box="[927,1030,2966,2995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot ¢.
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<quantity box="[1199,1302,2966,2995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity box="[234,418,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="120.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="110.0">110-130 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[548,693,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.725" metricValueMax="2.33" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="g" value="172.5" valueMax="233.0" valueMin="112.0">112-233 g</quantity>
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are c¢.54-
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<quantity box="[1216,1302,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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. The Nicobar Flying Fox has big eyes, warm brown irises, and triangular ears, narrowly rounded at tips. Shiny and dense fur on back is blackish brown, with hint of red and some silvery hairs; head is more grizzled. Shoulders and venter are ocher-yellow to grayish chestnut-brown. Hair is longer and underparts are paler than on the Island Flying Fox (
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[1518,1725,279,312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Pleropus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
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||
). Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Claw on index finger is well developed. Skull is narrow, with pointed rostrum. Interorbital area is wider than in larger related species, and postorbital processes are relatively robust. In general, the Nicobar Flying Fox has smaller teeth and skull than the Island Flying Fox.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1498,477,510]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Habitat.</emphasis>
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||
Tropical and subtropical moist forests and mangrove swamps from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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||
<quantity box="[1674,1767,515,548]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1657,555,588]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Nicobar Flying Fox feeds on fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[2298,2401,555,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Bombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bombax</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<taxonomicName box="[2424,2577,555,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1389,1505,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1531,1683,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[1712,1779,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1805,1950,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[1982,2088,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2114,2265,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[2297,2431,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mangifera</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName box="[1562,1630,637,666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1651,1804,637,666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1521,674,707]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Births of Nicobar Flying Foxes occur in rainy seasons when preferred food trees bloom. Litters have one young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1385,1623,753,786]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Nicobar Flying Fox is nocturnal, but some daytime activity occurs. It is often observed in wild
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<taxonomicName box="[1877,1948,792,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Areca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Areca</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<taxonomicName box="[1973,2119,792,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
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) nut palms. It prefers to forage below forest canopies at
|
||
<quantity box="[1736,1855,831,864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15-20 m</quantity>
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||
, probably to avoid the larger Black-eared Flying Fox (
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1399,1569,871,904]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanotus">P. melanotus</taxonomicName>
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). Search for food begins after sunset and ends in early morning hours.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,2121,911,944]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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||
Nicobar Flying Foxes generally roost alone, in pairs, or rarely in small groups in tree hollows and under fronds of big trees. Roosts of males tend to be closer to foraging areas (2-1-12-
|
||
<quantity box="[2310,2383,990,1023]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
) than those of females (7-5-10-
|
||
<quantity box="[1619,1697,1028,1061]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
). They forage alone.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,1742,1068,1101]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Habitat loss from deforestation is a big threat. The Nicobar Flying Fox is hunted because it is believed to cure asthma. It is also occasionally kept as a pet. Effect of the tsunami in December 2004 is unclear. Additional studies are needed to clarify its conservation status.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,1539,1275,1300]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1908b, 1912b), Aul (2007), Aul & Vijayakumar (2003), Aul et al. (2014), Bates & Harrison (1997), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Hill (1967), Kingston, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008), Miller (1902b), Molur et al. (2002), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010).
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |