220 lines
17 KiB
XML
220 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" approvalRequired="58" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="39" approvalRequired_for_treatments="17" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Acerodon leucotis Sanborn 1950" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="135" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1656943967923" updateUser="diego">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[119,198,2747,2793]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">133.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[216,384,2747,2793]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,986,2747,2793]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Acerodon leucotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[116,1091,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading box="[116,1091,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,191,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[199,415,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Acérodon de
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[336,415,2811,2832]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[437,527,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[537,717,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan-Flughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,830,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[839,1091,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Zorro volador de
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1011,1091,2811,2832]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[115,543,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<heading box="[115,543,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[115,362,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[372,543,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[372,452,2850,2871]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fruit Bat
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[727,882,2927,2952]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[893,1312,2927,2952]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">Pteropus leucotis Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
“Singay, Busuanga Island, Calamianes Group,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[838,1092,2996,3029]" name="Philippines" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[727,1165,3036,3069]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" box="[727,1165,3036,3069]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption inLine="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" targetBox="[2284,2288,1348,1373]" targetPageId="77">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" box="[728,1128,3075,3108]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[728,1128,3075,3108]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[727,1109,3123,3148]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucotis" subSpecies="leucotis">A. lL leucotis Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Calamian Is (Busuanga).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[727,1110,3198,3227]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucotis" subSpecies="obscurus">A. l. obscurus Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1143,1255,3198,3227]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Balabac Is.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[727,975,3273,3306]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Tailless, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[1163,1312,3273,3306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="29.0">29-32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity box="[866,971,3321,3346]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="46.0">46 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[1126,1312,3321,3346]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.475" metricValueMax="1.65" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="147.5" valueMax="165.0" valueMin="130.0">130-165 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[115,1319,3351,3463]" lastBlockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Greatest lengths of skulls are
|
||
<quantity box="[525,673,3351,3384]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="68.0" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="67.0">67-69 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Ears of the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[848,959,3351,3384]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox have rounded tips and are shorter than muzzle, with no reduction above. Ears are light brown to whitish, almost translucent, with white to whitish silvery cap between ears flecked with light brown hairs. Body is generally light tan brown, with variable patches of large white to whitish silvery patches above and below. Mantle is slightly more golden russet than body. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Skull is typical pteropine, with long postorbital processes, although not quite reaching zygomatic process. P' is often early deciduous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1503,432,465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and dense secondary forests. The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2131,2242,432,465]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox has been observed in several disturbed forest remnants with dense secondary forest, suggesting some degree of tolerance for disturbance. It was previously recorded at sea level, but its upper elevational limit is not known. Dense secondary forests that it currently uses are threatened by potential exploitation from agroforestry as palm oil and rubber plantations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1662,629,662]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1745,1858,629,662]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox eats mangoes and is also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2534,2601,629,662]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1407,1547,668,701]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) trees. It has been recorded foraging at c¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[2145,2193,668,701]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
high in tree canopies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1529,708,741]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproduction of the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1844,1957,708,741]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is thought to be similar to that of other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1482,1598,747,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acerodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
flying foxes. It is suspected to live up to 6-8 years, suggesting an estimated generation time of 3-5 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1392,1630,826,859]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1645,1758,826,859]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Foxes are nocturnal and have been found in small tents at the canopy level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,2103,905,938]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2295,2411,905,938]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2486,2599,905,938]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox does not form large colonies, which might be a consequence of overhunting that makes observations and tracking difficult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1750,1023,1056]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population of the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1774,1887,1063,1096]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is projected to decline more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. In southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2378,2494,1103,1136]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, unsustainable hunting of flying foxes for food is the primary threat. Expansion of palm oil and rubber plantations into
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1845,1958,1182,1215]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
will degrade potential roosting and foraging habitats. It has been found in protected areas on
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2079,2194,1221,1254]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but enforcement of existing laws restricting hunting and habitat protection are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1547,1309,1334]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Corbet & Hill (1992), Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Musser et al. (1982), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Esselstyn et al. (2008), Sanborn (1950a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |