218 lines
25 KiB
XML
218 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="88E28875F2DA5BB7D6CB53C1D4B3389D" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32861FFF6F7F0FDEBFC0CB6E1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Prodryas persephone" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="28FA1E34F2672DD63A01CB4341330D94" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="7D66280842A6EFAF8DD8CA5E48C1F377">
|
||
<mods:title id="9C789597D8B53ACFF0310BB8C8969FBB">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="E19C1BF16B787008CFC3E2AB87533EF0" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B63A668F049126C6B9705A812B076DF2">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9BF80F54F98D97ECA2D680CC7F63E836">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5398C163E6EFE43D9CF46B5C33B04B02">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="DEA12AB938D330C8C7DCC1BCA2F161DA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="152C8D4212402722E8676293ED67144C" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="2E6AE447B9DEC9D81B0DE010A88E1568">
|
||
<mods:title id="B43C8135D5E4A90C71D0E2F533274FAB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="5C66FA796101AA0992E444BF4BA40AB5">
|
||
<mods:date id="3858F0F7D5C878630B05E698B31B8B81">2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="15C27F58032F2DE75EBEC302B558F825" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3E5085BE0ACF50173E32CB6520F5AD4C">4270</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="615C0BA39FF8BAE65F485DE9F49A00EC" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="93DDFEC4A93E9A8914E6AF6FC7D469D1">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="A8C226C55C8711E20166734FD7DA5E3D" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C658E8FBFB202CDB34D968F374FF4687">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="684C05086D732ED2034BA6D49C31C751">63</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="DE5B0C52F246F6AE0AFC3B793C39934A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="471B643C64A814A1A7846B97D81338E6" type="CLB-Dataset">32975</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="16D2EF630B4A11F98A842B30A7242BE0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E094F845B4ADABC6FE58994875F0F4BC" type="GBIF-Dataset">6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="76737E71B8AB74530C98D932BF3F1528" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9F4955230ED09143916A7B40628EE77A" type="Zenodo-Dep">583183</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8ECF7E6773F4FAD6239B182FB09961CE" type="ZooBank">2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AA87D32861FFF6F7F0FDEBFC0CB6E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047030" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047030" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32861FFF6F7F0FDEBFC0CB6E1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32861FFF6F7F0FDEBFC0CB6E1" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C319654E2861FFF6F7F0FDEBFE95B2F5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7F0FDEBFD46B2B8" blockId="33.[151,741,620,646]" box="[151,741,620,646]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<heading id="D0F481A92861FFF6F7F0FDEBFD46B2B8" bold="true" box="[151,741,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0FDEBFD46B2B8" bold="true" box="[151,741,620,646]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0FDEBFE8AB2B8" bold="true" box="[151,297,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FDEBFE87B2B8" ID-CoL="94LWT" box="[151,292,620,646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persephone">persephone</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F657FDEBFD46B2B8" authority="Scudder, 1878" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1878" box="[304,741,620,646]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persephone">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F657FDEBFD8DB2B8" bold="true" box="[304,558,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Prodryas persephone</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F551FDEBFD46B2B8" author="Scudder" box="[566,741,620,646]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1878) [Prodryas persephone]. Bulletin United States Geological Survey, 4, 524 - 526." type="journal article" year="1878">Scudder, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7F0FD35FE95B2F5" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" box="[151,310,690,715]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FD35FE91B2F5" box="[151,306,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C319654E2861FFF6F7A0FD50FC0CB6E1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0FD50FC44B2D0" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" box="[199,999,726,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982861FFF6F7A0FD50FC44B2D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739238" box="[199,999,726,751]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Teller County" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31476552861FFF6F7A0FD50FEA1B2D1" box="[199,258,727,751]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F66AFD51FEDBB2D1" box="[269,376,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272861FFF6F66AFD51FEDBB2D1" box="[269,376,726,751]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62DD4E492861FFF6F6E4FD51FDBCB2D1" box="[387,543,726,751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Teller County</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0FD7DFD2BB32D" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" box="[199,648,762,787]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Depository: MCZH (holotype, no. 394).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0FC99FD83B365" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Published figure:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F6F3FC99FDDAB309" author="Emmel" box="[404,633,798,823]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
|
||
Emmel
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F689FC98FD81B309" box="[494,546,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A402861FFF6F5E1FC99FD6BB309" box="[646,712,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
/5, and at back of color plate III);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F33AFC98FA34B309" author="Murata" box="[1117,1431,798,823]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs 46–49)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F7F0FCC5FDBFB365" author="Scudder" box="[151,540,834,859]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">
|
||
Scudder (1889: Pl. LII
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A402861FFF6F6FDFCC5FE41B365" box="[410,482,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
–10)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0FCE1FB5FB469" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
After the original decription (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F57BFCE1FD1CB341" author="Scudder" box="[540,703,870,895]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1878) [Prodryas persephone]. Bulletin United States Geological Survey, 4, 524 - 526." type="journal article" year="1878">Scudder 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the author described and figured this specimen extensively in 1889. A well preserved, medium-sized (length of forewing
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B202861FFF6F44BFC0DFC32B39D" box="[812,913,906,931]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="24.5">24.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and strongly built insect. The forewing, radial formula is 1, 2+(3+(4+5)), udc originates between R1 and R2 (slightly closer to R1); M1 and M2 originate close together near upper cell corner; cell open. In the hindwing Rs originates far basad; cell open; tail at M3, from here to tornus termen crenulate. The open cell in forewing and hindwing is an apomorphy found in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F262FC71FA3FB431" box="[1285,1436,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and separately derived in some members of other nymphalid subfamilies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F4AAFB9DFB0EB40D" box="[973,1197,1050,1075]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
|
||
Emmel
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F343FB9BFBF7B40D" box="[1060,1108,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned the fossil to this subfamily, but in the absence of additional apomorphies, we cannot be sure about the subfamily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0FBE4FCC5B671" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
On the basis of overall similarity with extant genera, earlier authors have discussed its identification. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F656FB01FE6DB4A1" author="Forbes" box="[305,462,1158,1183]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Forbes, A. T. M. (1932) How old are the Lepidoptera? American Naturalist, 66, 452 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 280451" type="journal article" year="1932">Forbes (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F562FB00FD01B4A1" author="Brown" box="[517,674,1159,1183]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Brown, F. M. (1978) The origins of the West Indian butterfly fauna. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Special Publication, 13, 5 - 30." type="journal article" year="1978">Brown (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the fossil is very close to the modern genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F3F4FB00FAB7B4A0" box="[1171,1300,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F3F4FB00FAB7B4A0" box="[1171,1300,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This genus occurs, with eight species, in Central and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272861FFF6F519FB2DFD63B4FD" box="[638,704,1194,1219]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F45CFB2DFC7CB4FD" author="DeVries" box="[827,991,1194,1219]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="DeVries, P. J. (1987) The Butterflies of Costa Rica`and their natural history: Papilionidae, Pieridae, and Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, xxv + 288 pp." type="book" year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This author thought this fossil was a close relative of the African genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F556FB48FD08B4D8" box="[561,683,1231,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Antanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F556FB48FD08B4D8" box="[561,683,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Antanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F444FB48FBF1B4D9" author="Brown" box="[803,1106,1230,1255]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Brown, F. M. & Heineman, B. (1972) Jamaica and its butterflies. E. W. Classy Ltd, London, 478 pp." type="book" year="1972">Brown & Heineman 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F3F1FB49FA3FB4D9" box="[1174,1436,1230,1255]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F26BFB48FAE3B4D9" box="[1292,1344,1230,1255]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7BDFB73FEF8B535" box="[218,347,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7BDFB73FEF8B535" box="[218,347,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F685FB73FD9FB535" box="[482,572,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F685FB73FD9FB535" box="[482,572,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Vanessa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F51CFB74FD57B534" box="[635,756,1267,1290]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Antanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F51CFB74FD57B534" box="[635,756,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Antanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F41CFB75FC61B535" box="[891,962,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F41CFB75FC61B535" box="[891,962,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Aglais</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F4B6FB75FBE7B535" box="[977,1092,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Polygonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F4B6FB75FBE7B535" box="[977,1092,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Polygonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F334FB75FB68B535" box="[1107,1227,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F334FB75FB68B535" box="[1107,1227,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Nymphalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F264FB75FAFCB535" box="[1283,1375,1266,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Kaniska" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F264FB75FAFCB535" box="[1283,1375,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Kaniska</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F677FA90FE32B510" box="[272,401,1303,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F677FA90FE32B510" box="[272,401,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may occasionally stray into the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31476552861FFF6F40BFA90FC07B511" box="[876,932,1303,1327]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F4D3FA90FB90B511" author="Scott" box="[948,1075,1302,1327]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Scott, J. A. (1986) The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, xiii + 583 pp." type="book" year="1986">Scott 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F32FFA91FAEDB511" author="Wahlberg" box="[1096,1358,1302,1327]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wahlberg, N., Braby, M. F., Brower, A. V. Z., de Jong, R., Lee, M. - M., Nylin, S., Pierce, N. E., Sperling, F. A. H., Vila, R. U., Warren, A. D. & Zakharov, E. (2005 a) Synergetic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 1577 - 1586. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3124" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F3DBFA90FB4DB511" box="[1212,1262,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2005a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F23CFA90FA36B511" author="Wahlberg" box="[1371,1429,1303,1327]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F7A0FABDFE19B56D" box="[199,442,1338,1363]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Heikkila, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Pena, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2011) Cretaceous origin and repeated Tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 1093 - 1099." type="journal article">
|
||
Heikkilä
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F648FABBFEC1B56D" box="[303,354,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed Forbes and Brown in additionn to personal information from Willmot that the fossil is very close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F6C3FAD8FD86B548" box="[420,549,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F6C3FAD8FD86B548" box="[420,549,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and used the fossil as calibration point for the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F26AFAD8FACBB548" box="[1293,1384,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F26AFAD8FACBB548" box="[1293,1384,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Vanessa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FA03FEBBB5A5" box="[151,280,1412,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0FA03FEBBB5A5" box="[151,280,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is an undesirable situation, since any information on characters, let alone apomorphies, is missing. Brown's (1978: 8) remark: "Careful examination of Scudder's
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B888672861FFF6F4D1FA20FC45B581" box="[950,998,1447,1471]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
has led to the realization that it is little different, if any, from the modern genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F53CFA4BFD7FB5DD" box="[603,732,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hypanartia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F53CFA4BFD7FB5DD" box="[603,732,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hypanartia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
." sounds reassuring, but does not convey much information on the presence of apomorphic characters. It is reminiscent of the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F4A7FA68FB01B639" box="[960,1186,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F4A7FA68FB01B639" box="[960,1186,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Vanessa amerindica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), which is considered a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F57DF993FDD6B615" box="[538,629,1556,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F57DF993FDD6B615" box="[538,629,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Vanessa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of the presence of a produced forewing apex with a lobe at M1- M2, a character that does not seem to be restricted to this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52861FFF6F7A0F9DCFC0CB6E1" blockId="33.[151,1437,690,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
It must be remarked that the double spot between M2 and M3, clearly indicated in Scudder’s figures, is unlike any feature found in recent butterflies. If there is a spot in this space, it is always single, and if there is a spot between M1 and M2, it is close to the spot between M2 and M3 and not placed further basad. It seems possible that the division of the spot between M2 and M
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B202861FFF6F51CF940FD07B6E1" box="[635,676,1734,1759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
the fossil is an artefact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |