154 lines
17 KiB
XML
154 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="54346A1E67C9A4BDDDBE37BA64863A7B" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32860FFF6F7F0F941FDBBB226" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Nymphalites obscurum" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8D70A7CE124FE0190378E43C0563BE8C">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="640D658B0CD296667621E1C959BA1BF7">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6E835B648F52DA1AC96E5E3D63E08377">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9EEE8CF75102C6C89C477CE77D357CDF">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="87FB385A57E8A19BA7FB59280876777A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32860FFF6F7F0F941FDBBB226" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047028" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047028" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32860FFF6F7F0F941FDBBB226" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32860FFF6F7F0F941FDBBB226" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2860FFF7F7F0F941FE95B718" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52860FFF7F7F0F941FD4FB6DE" blockId="32.[151,748,1734,1760]" box="[151,748,1734,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D0F481A92860FFF7F7F0F941FD4FB6DE" bold="true" box="[151,748,1734,1760]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72860FFF7F7F0F941FD4FB6DE" bold="true" box="[151,748,1734,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72860FFF7F7F0F941FEB4B6DE" bold="true" box="[151,279,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462860FFF7F7F0F941FEB1B6DE" box="[151,274,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurum">obscurum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462860FFF7F679F941FD4FB6DE" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[286,748,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurum">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72860FFF7F679F941FD95B6DE" bold="true" box="[286,566,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nymphalites obscurum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342860FFF7F55BF941FD4FB6DE" author="Scudder" box="[572,748,1734,1760]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52860FFF7F7F0F88AFE95B718" blockId="32.[151,1436,1805,2010]" box="[151,310,1805,1830]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462860FFF7F7F0F88AFE91B718" box="[151,306,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319654E2860FFF6F7A0F8B5FDBBB226" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52860FFF7F7A0F8B5FD35B750" blockId="32.[151,1436,1805,2010]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982860FFF7F7A0F8B5FD35B750" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739249" collectionCode="MCZH" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Priabonian" municipality="Florissant" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552860FFF7F7A0F8B5FEA1B774" box="[199,258,1842,1866]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462860FFF7F66AF8B6FEDBB774" box="[269,376,1841,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272860FFF7F66AF8B6FEDBB774" box="[269,376,1841,1866]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E492860FFF7F6E4F8B6FDBCB774" box="[387,543,1841,1866]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Teller County</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD8ACBF2860FFF7F54DF8B6FD3FB774" box="[554,668,1841,1866]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Florissant</collectingMunicipality>
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; late
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<location id="8EDC601E2860FFF7F5B1F8B6FCF1B774" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32860FFF6F7F0F941FDBBB226:8EDC601E2860FFF7F5B1F8B6FCF1B774" box="[726,850,1841,1866]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" municipality="Florissant" name="Priabonian" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" stateProvince="Colorado">Priabonian</location>
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, late Eocene. Depository:
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE002860FFF7F635F8D1FE00B750" box="[338,419,1878,1902]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">MCZH</collectionCode>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54B888672860FFF7F6D5F8D2FDBBB750" box="[434,536,1877,1902]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, no. 7768).
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||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52860FFF6F7A0F8FEFDBBB226" blockId="32.[151,1436,1805,2010]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342860FFF7F6FEF8FEFDD6B7AC" author="Emmel" box="[409,629,1913,1938]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72860FFF7F696F8FDFD81B7AC" box="[497,546,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402860FFF7F5E7F8FEFD1DB7AC" box="[640,702,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/8);
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342860FFF7F588F8FEFB26B7AC" author="Scudder" box="[751,1157,1913,1938]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">
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Scudder (1889: Pl. LIII
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<figureCitation id="13382A402860FFF7F49CF8FEFBE2B7AC" box="[1019,1089,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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0–13)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
. A badly preserved fossil with a stout body. Possibly a male, as parts of the uncus (“curving sides of the tapering hook of the upper organ”) seem to be present. According to the original description the “ordinary form of superior apical branching seen in the subcostal vein [now considered to be the radius] of the fore wings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FF3BFE8DB0EB" box="[151,302,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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appears also here.” This is a rather cryptic description, and not supported by Scudder’s own figure, where few venational details are discernible. Moreover, the usual radial arrangement in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F313FF58FAADB0C6" box="[1140,1294,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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, the formula 1, 2, 3+(4+5), apparently is plesiomorphic. Forelegs reduced, terminal tarsal joint with short slender spines instead of the normal claw. This is an apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F5E9FEA0FC86B17E" box="[654,805,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F43BFEA0FC78B17E" box="[860,987,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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(males only). Because of the size of the insect (wing span is estimated at
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<quantity id="4CFB9B202861FFF6F570FECBFDCFB15A" box="[535,620,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="63.0">63 mm</quantity>
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), it is unlikely that it belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F375FECBFB37B15B" box="[1042,1172,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F3AAFECBFAC7B15B" box="[1229,1380,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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thus being the most likely family. Nothing more can be said about the systematic position of the fossil. It is not clear on which evidence
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F635FE13FDEDB192" box="[338,590,404,429]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F6CBFE12FE44B193" box="[428,487,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
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||
’s (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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remark is based that “its closest affinities seem to be with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F399FE12FAC9B192" box="[1278,1386,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Marpesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F399FE12FAC9B192" box="[1278,1386,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Marpesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FE3FFF7CB1F1" box="[151,223,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Anaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F7F0FE3FFF7CB1F1" box="[151,223,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anaea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
from
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272861FFF6F642FE30FED8B1EE" box="[293,379,439,464]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31476552861FFF6F642FE30FED8B1EE" box="[293,379,439,464]" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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||
</collectingRegion>
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and Central America” which, according
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F428FE30FBC7B1EE" author="Freitas" box="[847,1124,439,464]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Freitas, A. V. L. & Brown, K. S. (2004) Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology, 53, 363 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 10635150490445670" type="journal article" year="2004">Freitas & Brown (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, based on morphology, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342861FFF6F7F0FE5BFE2FB1CA" author="Wahlberg" box="[151,396,476,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F66BFE5AFEE3B1CB" box="[268,320,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, based on molecular analysis, are in separate subfamilies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F32BFE5BFB44B1CB" box="[1100,1255,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F393FE5AFAFCB1CA" box="[1268,1375,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Marpesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F393FE5AFAFCB1CA" box="[1268,1375,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Marpesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F7F0FE78FEB1B226" box="[151,274,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrestinae">Cyrestinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F67BFD87FEC7B229" box="[284,356,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Anaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72861FFF6F67BFD87FEC7B229" box="[284,356,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462861FFF6F6EFFE78FDAEB226" box="[392,525,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Charaxinae">Charaxinae</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |