161 lines
18 KiB
XML
161 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="3D9CF79D5BA6D07731C382E1023DCFE1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFD53515FF79F8DB235BD8FA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ankola fan Holland 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="321" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="320" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="39AA74BE3A3892C9A63C53C7F5065515">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6CCE800D901F991AC3DD6ED051F17D0D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E8E03D69DA61CAD9A2C2C5F5A0C81FC">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="913503CBD224777B6A7001426867D9EC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="78A4615605C0C45D447AF3B3B6A4B386">
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<mods:date id="E9CBCF400307E8C3D5E69B3000349F8D">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFD53515FF79F8DB235BD8FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680988" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFD53515FF79F8DB235BD8FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFD53515FF79F8DB235BD8FA" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="321" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFD53515FF79F8DB235BD8FA" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="321" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF79F8DB27D6D87A" blockId="19.[151,469,1795,1821]" box="[151,469,1795,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFD53512FF79F8DB27D6D87A" bold="true" box="[151,469,1795,1821]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD53512FF79F8DB27D6D87A" ID-CoL="5V4JG" authority="Holland, 1894" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,469,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ankola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fan">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FF79F8DB27D6D87A" bold="true" box="[151,469,1795,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FF79F8DB271CD87A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Ankola fan</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FEC8F8DB27D6D87A" author="Holland" box="[294,469,1795,1821]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Holland, W. J. (1894) Some new and little-known African Hesperiidae. Entomological News, 5, 89 - 95, plate III." type="journal article" year="1894">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FEC8F8DB278ED87A" box="[294,397,1795,1821]" name="Netherlands" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Holland</collectingCountry>
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, 1894
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</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD53512FF79F89122DFD895" blockId="19.[151,1436,1865,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
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This species was described from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FDF1F8922497D805" box="[543,660,1866,1890]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FD48F891254AD805" author="Holland" box="[678,841,1865,1890]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Holland, W. J. (1894) Some new and little-known African Hesperiidae. Entomological News, 5, 89 - 95, plate III." type="journal article" year="1894">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FD48F8912501D805" box="[678,770,1865,1890]" name="Netherlands" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Holland</collectingCountry>
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1894
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</bibRefCitation>
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), and occurs from montane eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FB1EF8912347D805" box="[1264,1348,1865,1890]" name="Nigeria" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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east to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FF79F8B626E3D8E1" box="[151,224,1902,1926]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and south to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FE92F8B527D2D8E1" box="[380,465,1901,1926]" name="Zambia" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FE0FF8B62469D8E1" author="Evans" box="[481,618,1902,1926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FD99F8B62506D8E1" author="Larsen" box="[631,773,1901,1926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FCFCF8B525D8D8E1" author="Heath" box="[786,987,1901,1926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD53512FCB3F8B6258CD8E1" box="[861,911,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It seems to be quite common where it occurs, for example it is quite common and regularly seen at Kakamega Forest, particularly the southern part. At Kisii, adults flew in the surprisingly productive overgrown grounds of the Kisii Hotel around 1990, but perhaps no longer do so.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD53512FEC1F80127E2D895" author="Kielland" box="[303,481,2009,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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associates it with swamp forests and marshy riversides in
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD53512FB9EF80122DBD895" box="[1136,1240,2009,2034]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FF4F274FDFD7" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,248]" box="[151,332,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79FF4F274FDFD7" box="[151,332,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FF6422F4DF9F" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">The adults fly in sunlit clearings and margins of Kakamega Forest, settling on low vegetation, with their wings closed, and sometimes partially open. The flight is weak, and adults seldom fly far unless disturbed.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFD23515FF79FC1B2463DC90" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251878/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" targetBox="[151,1436,317,928]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FC1B2463DC90" blockId="20.[151,1436,963,1015]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79FC1B2720DCBF" bold="true" box="[151,291,963,985]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
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Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD23515FE76FC1B2409DCBE" box="[408,522,963,985]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ankola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fan">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FE76FC1B2409DCBE" box="[408,522,963,985]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Ankola fan</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kakamega Forest, Kenya.
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FCDFFC1B253DDCBF" bold="true" box="[817,830,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">1</emphasis>
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, adult, sunbathing, 6.iv.1990 (vouchered);
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FAEDFC1B230CDCBF" bold="true" box="[1283,1295,963,984]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">2</emphasis>
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, mating pair, showing undersides, 17.vi.1991 (vouchered).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FBFC271DDB5A" blockId="20.[151,1436,1060,1193]" box="[151,286,1060,1085]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79FBFC271DDB5A" box="[151,286,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FB9026E3DBCE" blockId="20.[151,1436,1060,1193]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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MJWC found caterpillars in Kakamega Forest and Kisii on
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD23515FCA2FB91224CDB06" box="[844,1103,1096,1121]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FCA2FB91224CDB06" box="[844,1103,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, growing in partially shaded situations, and growing up and through other vegetation. This is the ‘climbing grass’ referred to by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD23515FAEEFBB52394DBE2" author="Larsen" box="[1280,1431,1133,1157]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD23515FF79FB4826D7DBCE" author="Larsen" box="[151,212,1168,1193]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FB002724DB96" blockId="20.[151,1436,1240,1337]" box="[151,295,1240,1265]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79FB002724DB96" box="[151,295,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FB2425E7DA5E" blockId="20.[151,1436,1240,1337]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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The shelter of a fourth instar caterpillar was well down on the plant stem, amongst other vegetation; it was
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD23515FABAFB24239FDA72" box="[1364,1436,1276,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="35.0">35mm</quantity>
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long and made by cutting a notch from each end and folding the flap under.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FAB02716DAE6" blockId="20.[151,1436,1384,1661]" box="[151,277,1384,1409]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79FAB02716DAE6" box="[151,277,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Caterpillar</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79FA54233DD91A" blockId="20.[151,1436,1384,1661]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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The younger instars are undistinguished. The penultimate instar (Figure 19.1) has a dark brown head, 1.6 x
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD23515FAA0FA55239FDAC2" box="[1358,1436,1421,1445]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=1), irregularly reticulated; pronotum only diffusely darker; body translucent dull green with diffuse, pale, longitudinal subdorsal stripe; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; legs concolorous; anal plate rounded, the margin with long, pale, erect setae. The final instar caterpillar (Figure 19.2–3) is distinct from those of other
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD23515FAABFA21239FD976" box="[1349,1436,1529,1553]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenyan</collectingCountry>
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skippers; head 2.2 x
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD23515FE91F9C427CED952" box="[383,461,1564,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=1), light pale brown with broad dark line from behind apex laterally to stemmata; body yellow-white-green; dorsal line darker; broad, pale yellow-brown longitudinal subdorsal stripe; a similar adjacent dorsolateral stripe; paler ventrolaterally and ventrally. The final instar lasts about 22 days.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79F97526D0D9A3" blockId="20.[151,1436,1709,1949]" box="[151,211,1709,1732]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FF79F97526D0D9A3" box="[151,211,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Pupa</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD23515FF79F908235BD8FA" blockId="20.[151,1436,1709,1949]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
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The pupal shelter is fully enclosed by rolling a grass blade, and blocking each end with a loose tangle of flocculent silk, incorporating a modest amount of white waxy flakes (
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD23515FCCAF92C2596D86A" box="[804,917,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,973,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,973,1442]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 20. Pupa of Ankola fan, ventral view; collected as caterpillar 20 Jul 1990 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii, Kenya; pupated and photographed 21 Aug; adult male 11 Sep; 18 mm; 90 / 77." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251880/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figure 20</figureCitation>
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). The pupa is smooth with slightly protuberant eyes; weakly chitinized pale brown; long, brown, erect setae on anterior and posterior portions of eyes, front of head and all dorsal regions; loosely covered with scattering of white waxy flakes; proboscis sheath projecting to cremaster. The weakly chitinized pupa, like those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD23515FCFCF8B825DFD81E" box="[786,988,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FCFCF8B825DFD81E" box="[786,988,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD23515FBF3F8B92291D81E" box="[1053,1170,1888,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD23515FBF3F8B92291D81E" box="[1053,1170,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">P. tibullus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD23515FB49F8B8231FD81F" box="[1191,1308,1888,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1388,1410]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,772,1364]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,772,1364]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 17. Pupa of Pardaleodes tibullus, ventral view; collected on Setaria sp., Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 18 Jun 1990; photographed 18 Jun; adult 5 Jul; 23 mm; 91 / 45 C. The long pointed cremaster is partially obscured." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251877/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figure 17</figureCitation>
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), normally collapses after emergence, and the similarities between the two genera are clear. This stage lasts 16–19 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |