242 lines
22 KiB
XML
242 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFF1FFF1138CFA3FF5A9F7C3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sturnira magna de la Torre 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="548" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="548" updateTime="1662484107539" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760109" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196400433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760109" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFF1FFF1138CFA3FF5A9F7C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFF1FFF1138CFA3FF5A9F7C3" lastPageNumber="548" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<subSubSection box="[176,255,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[171,1263,1413,1501]" box="[176,255,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<heading box="[176,255,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<figureCitation box="[176,255,1413,1459]" captionStart="Plate 41: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="59.[123,153,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[22,2764,17,3653]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="119. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bidens), 120. Lesser Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira nana), 121. Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira aratathomasi), 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis), 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Stwrnira burtonlimi), 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici), 125. Adriana’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae), 126. Tschudi’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum), 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis), 128. Soriano’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi), 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhilli), 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax), 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla), 132. Tilda’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae), 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos), 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis), 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna), 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens), 137. Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bakeri), 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira Lilium), 139. Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae), 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angeli), 141. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni), 142. Luis’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459033/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">135.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[273,907,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[171,1263,1413,1501]" box="[273,907,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<heading box="[273,907,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<vernacularName box="[273,907,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[976,1263,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[171,1263,1413,1501]" box="[976,1263,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<heading box="[976,1263,1413,1459]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<taxonomicName authority="de la Torre, 1966" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1966" box="[976,1263,1413,1459]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magna">
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<emphasis box="[976,1263,1413,1459]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Sturnira magna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[172,1122,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[171,1263,1413,1501]" box="[172,1122,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<heading box="[172,1122,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,248,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[257,414,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Grande Sturnire</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[435,525,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[535,842,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Grof3e Gelbschulterfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,954,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[964,1041,1477,1498]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Sturniro</vernacularName>
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gigante
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[786,1378,1551,1970]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,941,1551,1576]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="de la Torre, 1966" authorityName="de la Torre" authorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magna">Sturnira magna de la Torre, 1966</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[786,1378,1551,1970]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819564389" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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“Santa Cecilia (
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<quantity box="[1093,1188,1586,1615]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
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), Rio Maniti, Iquitos, Department of
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<collectingRegion box="[1119,1216,1622,1655]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Loreto</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1232,1299,1622,1655]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[786,1149,1661,1694]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[786,1378,1551,1970]" box="[786,1149,1661,1694]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803396" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803396/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" startId="64.[786,959,1700,1733]" targetBox="[170,763,1554,1969]" targetPageId="64">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[786,1378,1551,1970]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,963,1700,1733]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Distribution.</emphasis>
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From
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<collectingCountry box="[1068,1205,1700,1733]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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(W periphery of the Amazon Basin), S by the Amazonian slope of Andes in E
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<collectingCountry box="[1192,1311,1779,1812]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[787,853,1823,1852]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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to N
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<collectingCountry box="[934,1028,1823,1852]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(La Paz and
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<collectingRegion country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
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departments), and
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<collectingCountry box="[1108,1188,1858,1891]" name="Brazil" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(along Peruvian border,
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<collectingRegion box="[963,1113,1902,1931]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Acre State</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[786,1378,1551,1970]" lastBlockId="64.[172,1380,1977,3470]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,1038,1937,1970]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 84-93 mm (tailless), ear 21-22 mm, hindfoot 14-21 mm, forearm 56-1-61-6 mm; weight 41-59 g. Greatest lengths of skulls are 27-9-29-9 mm. Along with the Arata-Thomas Yellowshouldered Bat (S.
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<taxonomicName box="[459,631,2060,2089]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aratathomasi">aratathomasi</taxonomicName>
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), the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat are the largest known species of
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<taxonomicName box="[428,537,2096,2129]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
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. Fur is yellowish or golden brown, but in
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<collectingCountry box="[1140,1230,2096,2129]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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,it can be darker or grayish,similar to the Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat that is commonly dark grayish. Hairs have white bases, light grayish brown epibasal bands (c.2:
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<quantity box="[1269,1361,2174,2207]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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), light buff subterminal bands (3-5 mm), and dark brown terminal bands (c.0-5 mm). This banding gives the appearance of a conspicuously mottled fur on shoulders, back, and rump. Ventral pelage is pale yellow, brown, or gray and paler than dorsal pelage. Hairs are tricolored, with pale tips longer than tips of dorsal hairs. Banding patterns of hairs are less evident in subadults. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is heavily furred on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tibia is also heavily furred dorsally, with hairs 3-5 mm long. Tail is absent, and uropatagium is greatly reduced, although it is fringed with long hairs (c.5-8 mm). Calcar is shorter than foot, which is large and dorsally covered with hair. Wing membranes, noseleaf, and ears are dark brown or blackish brown. Ears become darker toward medial and distal margins. Presence of epaulettes (stained and stiffed shoulder hairs)is variable in both sexes but generally prominent in males. In
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<collectingCountry box="[215,354,2656,2681]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, epaulettes are conspicuous and vary in brightness in some males, while hairs on others are conspicuously frosted but indistinguishable from surrounding fur. In females, epaulette color can vary from ocherous to orange, with soft and less extensive hairs than in males. Variation in shoulder color can be correlated with reproductive state or breeding season. The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat most closely resembles the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (S.
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<taxonomicName box="[894,994,2845,2878]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">ludovici</taxonomicName>
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) in general shape and proportions, but it is much larger and broader, with broad zygomatic breadth. Morphometric analyses revealed significant secondary sexual dimorphism;it is not evident in external characters, but in alar, cranial, and dental characters, males are larger than females. Males have considerably longer canines and longer length through upper and lower canines, which results in a wider muzzle in males. These differences could have a functional significance; males might be able to consume food items of greater size and hardness. Teeth are relatively small (only slightly larger than in largest specimen of the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat). Lingual cusps on M and M, are poorly defined, and lower incisors are trilobed, with middle lobe slightly lower than lateral lobes. Upper tooth rows arch symmetrical, and upper molars are flatter, with broader occlusal surface than in the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat and with low, rounded labial and lingual cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[172,1380,1977,3470]" lastBlockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,285,3358,3391]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland tropical forest at elevations of
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<quantity box="[855,940,3358,3391]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
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orless in localities proximal to the Amazon Basin in
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<collectingCountry box="[489,628,3406,3431]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[647,765,3406,3431]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[850,915,3406,3431]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and pre-montane and montane forest in
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<collectingCountry box="[306,371,3445,3470]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[450,543,3445,3470]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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at elevations of 200-2300 m (
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<collectingCountry box="[981,1100,3445,3470]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1120,1187,3445,3470]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1272,1367,3445,3470]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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) and 100-915 m (
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<collectingCountry box="[1695,1841,282,311]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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). In
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<collectingCountry box="[1913,1994,282,311]" name="Brazil" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat occurs in dense, hilly, primary forest. It has also been found in secondary forests, clearings surrounded by tropical forest, farms, and fruit crops.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1708,396,429]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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A study in
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<collectingCountry box="[1869,1988,396,429]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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found seeds and pulp of
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<taxonomicName box="[2348,2493,396,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Anthurium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="64" pageNumber="546" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anthurium</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName box="[2505,2643,396,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Anthurium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="64" pageNumber="546" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Araceae">(Araceae)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1447,1780,440,469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Marcgraviaceae" genus="Marcgravia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helverseniana">Marcgravia helverseniana</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1803,2024,440,469]" family="Marcgraviaceae" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" rank="family">Marcgraviaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName box="[2114,2181,440,469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2202,2358,440,469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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) in feces of Greater Yellow-shouldered Bats. It has been suggested that it could be in an insectivorous and nectarivorous secondary feeding guild.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1581,554,587]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Breeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[1631,1698,554,587]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, a pregnant Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat was found in March and several lactating females in May-June. Actively reproductive males, with enlarged testes, have been caught in May and July in
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<collectingCountry box="[2054,2122,633,666]" name="Peru" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2184,2323,633,666]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, there is a record of a pregnant female with one fetus (crown-rump length of
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<quantity box="[2270,2370,672,705]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
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) in November and postlactating females with enlarged mammae surrounded by bare areas of skin in May. No records of reproductive males in
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<collectingCountry box="[2047,2185,751,784]" name="Colombia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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have been published. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2549,2645,751,784]" name="Bolivia" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, there are only records of males with enlarged testes (greater than
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<quantity box="[2411,2494,791,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length) in July. Data from the most extensive collection of bats in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2286,2405,830,863]" name="Ecuador" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
revealed records of pregnant females in February, April, and November; lactating females in March, December, and October; and reproductive males in January and May. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2505,2587,917,942]" name="Brazil" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, lactating, postlactating, and early pregnant females were recorded in July. This rather scarce published information suggests that the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat exhibits a bimodal polyestrous pattern. It has been suggested that parturition can occur in local dry and wet seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1685,1106,1139]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat is nocturnal. It is expected to mainly forage in understories where it finds its food resources and to roost in tree cavities, bases of palm fronds, caves, tunnels, and other man-made structures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1447,2387,1224,1257]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" box="[1447,2387,1224,1257]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1447,2148,1224,1257]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1448,2499,1264,1297]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" box="[1448,2499,1264,1297]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,1797,1264,1297]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="64" pageNumber="548" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="64.[1443,2653,282,1419]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1449,1601,1311,1336]" pageId="64" pageNumber="548">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aguirre (2007), Anderson et al. (1982), Arguero et al. (2012), Baker (1979), Bernard et al. (2011), Gardner (1976), Graham (1983), Hice et al. (2004), Nogueira et al. (1999), Peterson & Tamsitt (1968), Tamsitt & Hauser (1985), Tamsitt & Valdivieso (1986), Tamsitt et al. (1986), de la Torre (1966), Villalobos & Valerio (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |