224 lines
20 KiB
XML
224 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFF0FFF316B4F71EFCD7F7F1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sturnira giannae Velazco & Patterson 2019" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="550" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="549" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760121" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760121" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFF0FFF316B4F71EFCD7F7F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFF0FFF316B4F71EFCD7F7F1" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<subSubSection box="[1416,1496,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2550,2212,2298]" box="[1416,1496,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<heading box="[1416,1496,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<figureCitation box="[1416,1496,2212,2258]" captionStart="Plate 41: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="59.[123,153,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[22,2764,17,3653]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="119. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bidens), 120. Lesser Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira nana), 121. Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira aratathomasi), 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis), 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Stwrnira burtonlimi), 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici), 125. Adriana’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae), 126. Tschudi’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum), 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis), 128. Soriano’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi), 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhilli), 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax), 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla), 132. Tilda’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae), 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos), 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis), 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna), 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens), 137. Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bakeri), 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira Lilium), 139. Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae), 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angeli), 141. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni), 142. Luis’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459033/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">139.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1513,2171,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2550,2212,2298]" box="[1513,2171,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<heading box="[1513,2171,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<vernacularName box="[1513,2171,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2239,2549,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2550,2212,2298]" box="[2239,2549,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<heading box="[2239,2549,2212,2258]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<taxonomicName authority="Velazco & Patterson, 2019" authorityName="Velazco & Patterson" authorityYear="2019" box="[2239,2549,2212,2258]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giannae">
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<emphasis box="[2239,2549,2212,2258]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Sturnira giannae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1413,2423,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2550,2212,2298]" box="[1413,2423,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<heading box="[1413,2423,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1488,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1497,1682,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Sturnire de Gianna</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1703,1794,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1803,2117,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Gianna-Gelbschulterfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2138,2229,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2239,2423,2276,2297]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Sturniro de Gianna</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[2025,2622,2346,2771]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2025,2181,2346,2375]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Velazco & Patterson, 2019" authorityName="Velazco & Patterson" authorityYear="2019" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giannae">Sturnira giannae Velazco & Patterson, 2019</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation latitude="5.2833333" longitude="-53.916668" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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“Paracou (
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<geoCoordinate box="[2363,2469,2386,2415]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" precision="925" value="5.2833333">5°17’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[2485,2611,2386,2415]" degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" precision="925" value="-53.916668">53°55’ W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity box="[2026,2115,2422,2455]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" unit="m" value="210.0">210 m</quantity>
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), near Sinnamary, Cayenne,
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<collectingCountry name="French Guiana" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[2025,2622,2346,2771]" lastBlockId="65.[1412,2620,2778,3481]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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By 2010,
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<taxonomicName box="[2155,2264,2505,2534]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">S. Lilium</taxonomicName>
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(sensu lato) represented a species complex that is now recognized to contain no less than five species. Molecular and morphological analyses have solved many of these problems, and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giannae">S. giannae</taxonomicName>
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was the last taxon to be formally described (it had been referred to as
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<taxonomicName box="[2513,2621,2742,2771]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1413,1575,2778,2811]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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3). Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="multiple">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458882/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" targetBox="[1411,2002,2351,2765]" targetPageId="65">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2620,2778,3481]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1412,1589,2825,2850]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E Andes in
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<collectingCountry box="[1762,1901,2825,2850]" name="Colombia" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1915,2060,2825,2850]" name="Venezuela" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(E of the Orinoco River),
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<collectingCountry name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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Is, the Guianas, E
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<collectingCountry box="[1784,1902,2865,2890]" name="Ecuador" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[1947,2014,2865,2890]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, Amazonian
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<collectingCountry box="[2202,2283,2865,2890]" name="Brazil" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry box="[2397,2493,2865,2890]" name="Bolivia" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, but also W of the Andes in N
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<collectingCountry box="[1709,1777,2900,2929]" name="Peru" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1412,2620,2778,3481]" lastBlockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1659,2935,2968]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 65-73 mm (tailless), ear 14-17 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm, forearm 43-47 mm; weight 14-25 g. Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Batis small and easily confused with the Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. lium) or Luis’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. luist). Dorsal fur is short (5-6 mm between shoulders) and bicolored, with pale brown bases (80% of length) and dark brown tips. Ventral fur short and unicolored, brown to reddish brown. Shoulder glands (epaulettes) are present on both sexes, but variable in degree of development. There are two extremes of fur color, with some individuals having brown fur and others being much more reddish. Muzzle is blunt, forehead is rounded, and ears and noseleaf are short. Wing membranes are dark brown to almost blackish. Dorsal surface of forearm is densely furred with short hairs; dorsal surfaces of femur, tibia, and feet are sparsely covered with long hairs. Trailing edge of uropatagium is covered by short hairs (
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<quantity box="[2020,2110,3369,3402]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="549" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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). Skull has globular braincase, with slender rostrum and well-developed sagittal crest. I' are slightly bicuspidate, orthodont, and at least twice the height of I?, and I, and I,are tricuspidate and subequal in height. Lingual cusps (metaconid and entoconid) of M, and M, are well defined and separated by deep notch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56, with a subtelocentric X-chromosome (as “S.
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<taxonomicName box="[708,784,367,396]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lilium">lilium</taxonomicName>
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” from
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<collectingCountry box="[881,1009,367,396]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[137,1340,3410,3482]" box="[1063,1067,3449,3482]" pageId="65" pageNumber="549">.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,287,403,436]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Amazonian and lower Orinoco humid forests and also from Llanos of
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<collectingCountry box="[174,315,443,476]" name="Colombia" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, in a wide variety of forested habitats, including mature and secondary growth, and pre-montane forests and clearings below elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[1157,1270,482,515]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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. Roosts of Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bats include dense foliage, tree holes, caves, culverts, and buildings.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,437,600,633]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is predominantly frugivorous and reportedly feeds on at least 41 plant species from 20 genera in 14 families, including fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[298,365,679,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName box="[456,612,679,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName box="[705,818,679,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName box="[910,1069,679,712]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and perhaps
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<taxonomicName family="Cecropiaceae" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" rank="family">Cecropiaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[300,439,727,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[458,608,727,752]" family="Clusiaceae" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[693,837,727,752]" family="Rubiaceae" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
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and other small fruits. Its diet might include pollen and nectar but only occasionally. It has been attracted to crops in eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[230,297,799,828]" name="Peru" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,306,837,870]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Lactating Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bats have been reported in May-June and November in north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[625,691,877,910]" name="Peru" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Peru</collectingCountry>
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; March,July-August, and October-Novemberin
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<collectingCountry box="[172,239,916,949]" name="Peru" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Peru</collectingCountry>
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; and June-August in
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<collectingCountry box="[539,750,916,949]" name="French Guiana" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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. Pregnant and lactating females were reported in December—January in Para and Amazonas states,
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<collectingCountry box="[953,1034,955,988]" name="Brazil" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. This suggests aseasonal polyestry with postpartum estrus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,411,1034,1067]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Giannae’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is nocturnal. Most captures are from mist nets in lower strata (ground level). It is uncommon around urban areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,892,1113,1146]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Giannae’s Yellow-shouldered Bat seems to be locally common at some specific areas and habitats (lowlands), with no significant differences in seasonal abundance throughout the year.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,529,1231,1264]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. Given that Giannae’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is one of the most widely distributed species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1152,1260,1271,1304]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="550" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
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, its conservation status is expected to be stable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="66" pageNumber="550" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="66.[167,1382,289,1463]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,323,1359,1384]" pageId="66" pageNumber="550">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baker & Hsu (1970), Brosset & Dubost (1967), Cabrera (1958), Gannon et al. (1989), Gardner (20089), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Handley (1976), Hice et al. (2004), Linares (1998), Marques-Aguiar (1985), Tuttle (1970), Velazco & Patterson (2013, 2014, 2019).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |