265 lines
25 KiB
XML
265 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFD3FFD31389FB68F65AF714" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pygoderma bilabiatum" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="582" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="582" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762034" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFD3FFD31389FB68F65AF714" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFD3FFD31389FB68F65AF714" lastPageNumber="582" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<subSubSection box="[181,263,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[180,1295,1234,1363]" box="[181,263,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<heading box="[181,263,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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||
<figureCitation box="[181,263,1234,1284]" captionStart="Plate 44: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="87.[142,171,3248,3273]" captionTargetBox="[12,2759,16,3658]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="187. Brown Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus concolor), 188. Honduran Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus inopinatus), 189. Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus fraterculus), 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus hirsutus), 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aequatorialis), 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicenss), 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus obscurus), 195. Schwartz’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus schwartzi), 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus lLituratus), 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus amplus), 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus planirostris), 199. Rosenberg’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus rosenberg), 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus watsoni), 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus), 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis), 203. Gervais’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus cinereus), 204. Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus anderseni), 205. Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus ravus), 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus), 207. Bogota Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus bogotensis), 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus glaucus), 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus gnomus), 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (Ariteus flavescens), 211. Tree Bat (Ardops nichollsi), 212. Red Fruit Bat (Stenoderma rufum), 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (Centurio senex), 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum), 215. Visored Bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum), 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (Ametrida centurio), 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (Phyllops falcatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459039/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">214.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[280,827,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="98.[180,1295,1234,1363]" box="[280,827,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<heading box="[280,827,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<vernacularName box="[280,827,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[896,1295,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[180,1295,1234,1363]" box="[896,1295,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<heading box="[896,1295,1234,1284]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[896,1295,1234,1284]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilabiatum">
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<emphasis box="[896,1295,1234,1284]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Pygoderma bilabiatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[180,1295,1234,1363]" box="[180,1290,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<heading box="[180,1290,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,256,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[265,501,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Sténoderme d'lpanema</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[522,613,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[623,936,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Ipanema-Breitnasenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[957,1048,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1059,1290,1302,1323]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Pigoderma de Ipanema</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="98.[180,1295,1234,1363]" box="[180,562,1342,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<heading box="[180,562,1342,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,427,1342,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[437,562,1342,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Ipanema Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[794,1389,1407,1835]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[794,947,1407,1440]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilabiatum">Phyllostoma bilabiatum Wagner, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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“Ypanema” (= Ipanema,
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<collectingRegion box="[1236,1378,1451,1480]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Sao Paulo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[795,880,1491,1520]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[794,1389,1407,1835]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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Widely used subspecific name
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<taxonomicName box="[1242,1328,1526,1559]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magna">magna</taxonomicName>
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has been changed for gender agreement. Three names have been associated with
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<taxonomicName box="[795,959,1648,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilabiatum">P. bilabiatum</taxonomicName>
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, two of them (
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<taxonomicName box="[1152,1388,1648,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Arctibeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomus">Arctibeus leucomus</taxonomicName>
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by J. E. Gray in 1848 and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Stenoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="humerale">Stenoderma humerale</taxonomicName>
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by H. Winge in 1892) are synonyms of the nominate subspecies. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6459021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459021/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" targetBox="[180,770,1418,1832]" targetPageId="98">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" box="[181,573,1847,1876]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,573,1847,1876]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" box="[181,1336,1882,1915]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" box="[181,569,1882,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bilabiatum" subSpecies="bilabiatum">P.b.bilabiatumWagner,1843—E&SBrazil,Paraguay,andNEArgentina(Misiones).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<taxonomicName authority="Owen & Webster, 1983" authorityName="Owen & Webster" authorityYear="1983" box="[181,698,1925,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bilabiatum" subSpecies="magnum">P.b. magnum Owen & Webster, 1983</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<collectingCountry box="[787,879,1925,1954]" name="Bolivia" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[905,1242,1925,1954]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Santa Cruz Department</collectingRegion>
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) and NW
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<collectingCountry box="[179,319,1966,1995]" name="Argentina" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[340,542,1966,1995]" country="Argentina" name="Salta" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Salta Province</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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Records from
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<collectingCountry box="[375,508,2000,2033]" name="Suriname" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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(including the type of S. microdon by W. K. H. Peters in 1863) are controversial; several authors consider that this was probably a mistake in the annotated locality. Despite intense collecting efforts in
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<collectingCountry box="[794,927,2079,2112]" name="Suriname" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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in the last 40 years, there was no record of
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<taxonomicName box="[316,451,2119,2152]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygoderma</taxonomicName>
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; its northern limit is E
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<collectingCountry box="[762,842,2119,2152]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and it is only known from Cerrado and Mata Atlantica ecoregions. No voucheris securely assigned to a
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<collectingCountry box="[1060,1193,2158,2191]" name="Suriname" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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location, so it is not included as part ofits distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,425,2241,2270]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Forearm 36-2-38-1 mm (males) and 38-9-41-4 mm (females). Greatest lengths ofskulls are 19-2-21-3 mm (males) and 20-1-22-2 mm (females). No other measurements are available. Females are larger than males The Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat is small. Dorsal pelage is tricolored, with hairs having brown tips and bases and pale buff midsections. Ventral pelage can be pale brown or grayish, and hair is sparse on chest. Dorsal and ventral propatagium, plagiopatagium adjacent to body, most of forearm, and uropatagium are covered with hair. Pair of pure white fur patches occurs in shoulders, and another pair occupiessides of the neck—a condition shared by all
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<taxonomicName pageId="98" pageNumber="583" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenodermatini">Stenodermatini</taxonomicName>
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bats. Eyes are olive, and internal surface of pinna is pale. Hairless or virtually naked skin covers upper and lower lip. Skin fold on lower lip gives a “double-lipped appearance,” hence the epithet
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<taxonomicName box="[633,766,2631,2664]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilabiatum">bilabiatum</taxonomicName>
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. Other secondary sexual differences include doughnutshaped, swollen periorbital glands that can be more developed in males, and submandibular and forearm gland-like structures, which are found exclusively on some males and located on lateral-distal forearm, extend distally to proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone. Young males have less developed periorbital glands, and adult males have variable development of those glands. All males with developed forelimb glands also have developed periorbital and submandibular glands. Dactylopatagium minus is broad and translucent and remains permanently opened. Dental formula is 12/2, Cl1/1.P2/2,M 2/2 (
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<date box="[475,510,2951,2980]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">x2</date>
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) = 28, but it can be 29 or 30 teeth hecause variation in presence, absence of M, in one or both mandibular rami are found mostly in females and might occur in both subspecies. I' are conical and have small accessory cusps. M' has short, little-developed metacone. Maxillary bones are largely inflated, conferring to cuboid appearance to the front of the skull. Posterior palate lacks posterior extension and is not emarginated. Similar to other stenodermatines (e.g.
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<taxonomicName box="[980,1096,3153,3178]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ametrida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ametrida</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1113,1200,3153,3178]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ardops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ardops</taxonomicName>
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, and Aniteus), chromosomal complement has 2n = 30-31 and FN = 56. X-chromosome is metacentric, and two Y-chromosomes are submetacentric or subtelocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,292,3263,3296]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and secondary Atlantic forest in south-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1064,1140,3263,3296]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and eastern
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<collectingCountry name="Paraguay" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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; cerrado and “restinga” (coastal moist broadleaved low-canopy forest) in eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[184,264,3342,3375]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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; tropical and subtropical forests of north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[959,1100,3342,3375]" name="Argentina" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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; and Gran
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<collectingRegion box="[1263,1350,3342,3375]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Chaco</collectingRegion>
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of eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[293,386,3390,3415]" name="Bolivia" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, western
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<collectingCountry box="[515,638,3390,3415]" name="Paraguay" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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, and northern
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<collectingCountry box="[849,990,3390,3415]" name="Argentina" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[179,1392,1847,3493]" lastBlockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,439,3420,3453]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Ipanema Broad-nosed Batis frugivorous and has been recorded consuming fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[470,581,3460,3493]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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granulosoleprosum and S. sanctae-catharinae (both
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<taxonomicName box="[1260,1489,305,3493]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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);
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<taxonomicName box="[1516,1581,305,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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enormis, EFinsipida, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1910,2018,305,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Maclura</taxonomicName>
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tinctoria (all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2193,2334,305,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2360,2464,305,334]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Pouteria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pouteria</taxonomicName>
|
||
caimito (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Sapotaceae" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1576,1827,340,373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Miconia brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1849,2093,340,373]" family="Melastomataceae" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2186,2290,340,373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eugenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eugenia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2362,2505,340,373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and pulp of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1496,1659,380,413]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Citharexylum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Citharexylum</taxonomicName>
|
||
solanaceum (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1834,2018,380,413]" family="Verbenaceae" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These data suggest that the Ipanema Broadnosed Bat disperse small and large seeds. Pollen grains were found in the stomach of one individual from south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1870,1950,459,492]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1455,1585,502,531]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Some authors suggest that Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats are polyestrous. Pregnant females have been recorded in February, August, October-November, and December in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1644,1720,577,610]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and March andJuly-August in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2143,2265,577,610]" name="Paraguay" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Lactating females have been recorded in February-March, November, and December in south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2460,2539,624,649]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1685,656,689]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1934,2013,656,689]" name="Brazil" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats visit C. solanaceum trees in groups of four or more individuals, obtaining fruits with their mouths and flying to feeding perches 3-9 m away. Bitten fruits, however, were found up to
|
||
<quantity box="[2448,2529,735,768]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
from the harvest tree. There are reports of Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats roosting in human houses in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1490,1631,818,847]" name="Argentina" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1456,2145,853,886]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat has a seasonal pattern of mobility that some authors correlated with fruit abundance and availability. Based on differencesin sex ratios from distinct elevations, it has been suggested that either vertical migrations occur in different seasons or males and females prefer different elevations. There are probably differences in home range size between sexes. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats are often caught in low frequencies, but they occasionally can be locally common in some areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1798,1129,1162]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although its known distribution is somewhat wide, the Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats is usually uncommon locally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="98.[1453,2662,305,1363]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1610,1255,1280]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Esbérard et al. (2011), Faria (1997), Gardner (2008f), Gray (1848), Myers (1981), Oprea et al. (2007), Owen & Webster (1983), Passos et al. (2003), Peracchi & Albuquerque (1971), Peters (1863), Scultori & Silva (2018), Tavares (1995, 2008), Tavares et al. (2018), Webster & Owen (1983), Winge (1892).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |