192 lines
18 KiB
XML
192 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFD0FFD316A6FA4BFC5BF18C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Centurio senex J. E. Gray 1842" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="582" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="581" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762032" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFD0FFD316A6FA4BFC5BF18C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFD0FFD316A6FA4BFC5BF18C" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="582" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<subSubSection box="[1434,1516,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1431,2334,1521,1642]" box="[1434,1516,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<heading box="[1434,1516,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<figureCitation box="[1434,1516,1521,1563]" captionStart="Plate 44: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="87.[142,171,3248,3273]" captionTargetBox="[12,2759,16,3658]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="187. Brown Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus concolor), 188. Honduran Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus inopinatus), 189. Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus fraterculus), 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus hirsutus), 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aequatorialis), 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicenss), 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus obscurus), 195. Schwartz’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus schwartzi), 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus lLituratus), 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus amplus), 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus planirostris), 199. Rosenberg’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus rosenberg), 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus watsoni), 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus), 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis), 203. Gervais’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus cinereus), 204. Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus anderseni), 205. Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus ravus), 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus), 207. Bogota Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus bogotensis), 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus glaucus), 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus gnomus), 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (Ariteus flavescens), 211. Tree Bat (Ardops nichollsi), 212. Red Fruit Bat (Stenoderma rufum), 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (Centurio senex), 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum), 215. Visored Bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum), 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (Ametrida centurio), 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (Phyllops falcatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459039/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">213.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1531,1904,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1431,2334,1521,1642]" box="[1531,1904,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<heading box="[1531,1904,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<vernacularName box="[1531,1904,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Wrinkle-faced Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1959,2229,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1431,2334,1521,1642]" box="[1959,2229,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<heading box="[1959,2229,1521,1563]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1842" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1959,2229,1521,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senex">
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<emphasis box="[1959,2229,1521,1563]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Centurio senex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1431,2334,1521,1642]" box="[1433,2332,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<heading box="[1433,2332,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1433,1509,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1518,1685,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Sténoderme ridé</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1706,1797,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1806,1955,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Greisengesicht</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1976,2067,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2077,2332,1581,1602]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Centurio de cara arrugada</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1431,2334,1521,1642]" box="[1433,1876,1620,1641]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<heading box="[1433,1876,1620,1641]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1433,1680,1620,1641]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1690,1876,1620,1641]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Lattice-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[2044,2637,1687,2115]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2045,2200,1687,1720]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1842" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[2217,2631,1687,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senex">Centurio senex J. E. Gray, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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“Amboyna.” Restricted by G. G. Goodwin in 1946 to “Realejo,
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<collectingCountry box="[2330,2475,1766,1799]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[2044,2637,1687,2115]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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Despite other names used for
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<taxonomicName box="[2485,2589,1805,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senex">C. senex</taxonomicName>
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, its taxonomy has remained remarkably stable with very few name changes or revisions. This stability might be associated with its unique morphology.
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<taxonomicName box="[2355,2463,1963,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Centurio</taxonomicName>
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is currently monotypic. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6459019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459019/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" targetBox="[1430,2021,1692,2108]" targetPageId="97">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[2044,2637,1687,2115]" box="[2045,2445,2042,2075]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2045,2445,2042,2075]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="97.[2044,2637,1687,2115]" lastBlockId="97.[1430,2640,2130,3497]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<taxonomicName authority="]. E. Gray, 1842" authorityName="]. E. Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[2048,2386,2082,2115]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="senex" subSpecies="senex">C.s.senex].E.Gray,1842—tropicalMexicofromNSinaloaandSTamaulipastoYucatanPeninsula,SthroughCentralAmerica,andontoNSouthAmericainNColombiaandVenezuela.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1430,2640,2130,3497]" box="[1435,2453,2200,2233]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<taxonomicName authority="Paradiso, 1968" authorityName="Paradiso" authorityYear="1968" box="[1435,1832,2200,2233]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="senex" subSpecies="greenhalli">C. s. greenhalli Paradiso, 1968</taxonomicName>
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— known only from
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<collectingCountry box="[2117,2415,2200,2233]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1430,2640,2130,3497]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1680,2240,2273]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 58-65 mm (tailless), ear 14-17 mm, hindfoot 9-14 mm, forearm 41-45 mm; weight 17-23 g. The Wrinkle-faced Bat is medium-sized compared with otherfruit-eating bats. Dorsum is light brown to straw-colored, and venteris paler. There is one white spot on each shoulder where wing attaches to body. Top of head is covered with hair, and there are emerging hairs extending several millimeters beyond the rest of fur. Face is naked and characteristically wrinkled with folds and furrows that make it completely unmistakable; there is no plausible explanation as to function of wrinkles. There are two flaps of skin that start at bases of ears and curve over the head. There is important sexual dimorphism in which males have a flap of skin in their necks covered by white fur with two naked patches. This skin flap can be extended over part of the face; females lack this skin flap. There is no discernible noseleaf. Eyes are golden olive-green. Wings have striking banded pattern oftissue between fourth and fifth digits that extends slightly onto plagiopatagium. Dorsal area of forearmsis furry. Uropatagium is relatively large and especially hairy on dorsal surface. Dental formula is12/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 2/2 (
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<date box="[1872,1906,2797,2826]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">x2</date>
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) = 28. Skull is distinctive, with extremelyshort and broad rostrum, so that incisors are almost at level of eyes; semicircular maxillary tooth row as seen from an occlusal view; and high and narrow braincase. Nares open at level of anterior root of zygomatic arches. Throat, where food passes when swallowed,is extraordinarily narrow, only 1-3-1-4 mm in diameter. Sperm is another extraordinary trait of the Wrinkle-faced Bat because it has a rounded nucleus and extremely pointed acrosome. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 52. X-chromosomeis subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1430,2640,2130,3497]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1542,3108,3141]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Variety of tropical habitats including tropical lowland rainforests, dry tropical forests, and tropical deciduous forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[2456,2565,3148,3181]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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. The Wrinkle-faced Bat is rarely abundant, regardless of the condition of the forest whereit is found. It tends to occupy undisturbed forests and disappears or is rare in disturbed forests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="582" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="97.[1430,2640,2130,3497]" lastBlockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="582" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1697,3310,3339]" pageId="97" pageNumber="581">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of the Wrinkle-faced Bat is composed of plant material, primarily juices of soft sweet fruits from, for example,
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<taxonomicName box="[2175,2287,3346,3379]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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erianthum (
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<taxonomicName box="[2456,2620,3346,3379]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[1433,1574,3389,3418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sideroxylon</taxonomicName>
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capiri (
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<taxonomicName box="[1676,1841,3389,3418]" family="Sapotaceae" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName box="[1929,2039,3389,3418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Maclura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Maclura</taxonomicName>
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tinctoria (
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<taxonomicName box="[2174,2320,3389,3418]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="97" pageNumber="581" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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). Relative to head size, the Wrinkle-faced Bat has the strongest bite known for any fruit-eating phyllostomid, although it has a limited ability to generate high bite forces at wide gapes. It uses unilateral bites more often than most other frugivorous bats. It has recently been documented consuming the very hard seed of S. capiri, clearly requiring strong bite force. Very few bats are known to consume seeds.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[178,312,422,455]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The Wrinkle-faced Bat reportedly has a biased sex ratio, with at least twice as many females than males in a given area, which is curious given its unusual sexual dimorphism and extreme morphology. Nevertheless, nothing is known yet aboutits breeding behavior. Mating system might be polygynous. In some areas, it has been documented to have asynchronous polyestry, and in other more seasonal ecosystems such as dry forests in
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<collectingCountry box="[486,590,619,652]" name="Mexico" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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, it has a bimodal distribution of births with first peak at onset of rainy season and second toward end of rainy season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,416,698,731]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Wrinkle-faced Bat roosts in dense vine tangles, branches, and leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,884,781,810]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Wrinkle-faced Bats roost in groups of about a dozen individuals.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[179,1230,856,889]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" box="[179,1230,856,889]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[179,528,856,889]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="98" pageNumber="582" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="98.[176,1384,303,970]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,332,903,928]" pageId="98" pageNumber="582">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Dumont et al. (2009), Gardner (2008f), Goodwin (1946), Madrid-Lopez et al. (2013), Santos-Moreno et al. (2010), Snow et al. (1980), Villalobos-Chaves et al. (2016).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |