227 lines
20 KiB
XML
227 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFA8FFA81640FD6DF7C5FF3A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vampyrum spectrum" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="509" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="509" updateTime="1657123119086" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727110" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196400286" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727110" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFA8FFA81640FD6DF7C5FF3A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFA8FFA81640FD6DF7C5FF3A" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<subSubSection box="[1404,1462,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1403,2405,725,853]" box="[1404,1462,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<heading box="[1404,1462,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<figureCitation box="[1404,1462,727,773]" captionStart="Plate 36: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="17.[137,167,3288,3313]" captionTargetBox="[23,2765,17,3655]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="24. Long-legged Bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum), 25. Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum), 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani), 28. Koepcke’s Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae), 29. Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae), 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense), 31. Carriker’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri), 32. Schulz’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi), 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale), 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis), 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola), 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens), 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila), 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops), 39. Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor), 40. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus), 41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), 42. Guianan Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus latifolius), 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennettii), 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae), 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458675/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">46.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1479,1731,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1403,2405,725,853]" box="[1479,1731,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<heading box="[1479,1731,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<vernacularName box="[1479,1731,727,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Spectral Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1785,2164,725,771]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1403,2405,725,853]" box="[1785,2164,725,771]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<heading box="[1785,2164,725,771]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1785,2164,725,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Vampyrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
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<emphasis box="[1785,2164,725,771]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Vampyrum spectrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1403,2405,725,853]" box="[1404,2212,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<heading box="[1404,2212,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1480,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1490,1620,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Faux-vampire</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1641,1731,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1740,1957,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">GroRe Spiefl3blattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1979,2070,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2077,2158,790,811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Vampiro</vernacularName>
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falso
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1403,2405,725,853]" box="[1404,2404,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<heading box="[1404,2404,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1652,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1661,1902,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Great False Vampire Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1916,2100,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Great Spectral Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2114,2404,829,850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Linnaeus’s False Vampire Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2016,2611,894,1322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2016,2167,894,927]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">Vespertilio spectrum Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819564405" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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“America australi.” Restricted by QO. Thomas in 1911 tw “
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<collectingCountry box="[2369,2486,977,1006]" name="Suriname" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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[=
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<collectingCountry name="Suriname" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="discussion">A subspecies nelsoni was proposed by E. A. Goldman in 1917, but its distinction was challenged by several studies. Monotypic.</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458694" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458694" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458694/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" targetBox="[1402,1993,908,1321]" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2016,2611,894,1322]" lastBlockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2017,2190,1174,1203]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S
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<collectingCountry box="[2238,2338,1174,1203]" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(from S
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<collectingRegion box="[2481,2605,1174,1203]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2018,2122,1218,1243]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2137,2248,1218,1243]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
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, and S
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<collectingRegion box="[2344,2452,1218,1243]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
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Peninsula) S through Central America into
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<collectingCountry box="[2468,2605,1249,1282]" name="Colombia" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2016,2160,1293,1322]" name="Venezuela" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2180,2299,1293,1322]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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I, the Guianas,
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<collectingCountry name="Ecuador" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[1497,1563,1333,1362]" name="Peru" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[1612,1706,1333,1362]" name="Bolivia" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, the Brazilian Amazon Basin, and SC
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<collectingCountry box="[2227,2304,1333,1362]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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as far as S Pantanal in the state of
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<collectingRegion box="[1566,1838,1369,1402]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso do Sul" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Mato Grosso do Sul</collectingRegion>
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. Although there is one record from
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<collectingCountry box="[2337,2451,1369,1402]" name="Jamaica" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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, it does not form part of the bat fauna ofthat island,so it might be an error.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1657,1448,1481]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 125-158 mm (tailless), ear 39-49 mm, hindfoot 32-38 mm, forearm 98-110 mm; weight 126-190 g. The Spectral Batis the largest phyllostomid and the largest bat in the New World (wingspan 70-100 cm). Fur is reddish brown to dark brown, with faint pale strip from shoulders to rump. Venteris slightly paler than back, almost gray-brown. Fur is medium long, fine, and dense but not woolly. Ears are large, rounded, and black. Muzzle is long, giving head a characteristic shape. Noseleaf is well developed, and horseshoe is cup-shaped, with nostrils in its center. Lancet is broad and medium height, with thick midrib that runsits length. Lower lip has distinct Vshaped groove. Proximal one-half of forearm is furred. Wings are relatively short and broad, with third digit metacarpal being the shortest, fourth intermediate in length, and fifth the longest. There is no tail, but uropatagium is greatly expanded and has large calcars that support or contain mostof its posterior border. Calcaris about the same length as foot. Feet and claws are long and powerful. Dental formula is
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<date box="[2327,2369,1925,1954]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">I 2</date>
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/2, C 1/1, P 2/3 M 3/3 (
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<date box="[1518,1551,1964,1993]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">x2</date>
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) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30, and FN = 56. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1519,2039,2072]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primarily tropical rainforests at elevations below
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<quantity box="[2227,2313,2039,2072]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
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and exceptionally as high as
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<quantity box="[1524,1629,2078,2111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" unit="m" value="1650.0">1650 m</quantity>
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. The Spectral Bat can also be found in swamps, hilly forests, tropical dry forests, and partially open areas but always close to primary forests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1666,2157,2190]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Spectral Bat is carnivorous and eats mostly birds, from small to as large as
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<quantity box="[1557,1629,2197,2230]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" unit="g" value="150.0">150 g</quantity>
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, and mammals including bats of almost any size (from small short-tailed bats to large fruiteating bats) and rodents as large as the Desmarest’s Spiny Pocket Mouse (Heteromys desmarestianus, 50-70 g). It also eats insects. Spectral Bats are very powerful and strong and can be too much for one unexperienced researcher to handle. They can fly holding big prey in their mouths, but not much is known about their mode of hunting, although it has been speculated that they use smell to locate birds with strong body odors. Well-developed vision and hearing could be important for to locating and catching prey. Their ability to take bats caught in nets has been discussed in several studies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1410,1544,2512,2545]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Spectral Bats live in small groups, and females always have one young. Reproductive cycle seems to be seasonally monoestrous, with young being born at end of dry season (onset of rainy season). Both parents tend their single young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1642,2631,2664]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Spectral Bats seem to leave roosts relatively early at 18:30 h, and in at least one study in
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<collectingCountry box="[1714,1864,2670,2703]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, they returned typically fairly early at 19:00-19:40 h. Minimum durations of typical foraging bouts were estimated at 30-70 minutes, although they sometimes lasted longer. Spectral Bats most often roost inside hollowtrees (e.g.
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<taxonomicName box="[1414,1615,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">Ceiba pentandra</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1629,1772,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName box="[1787,1944,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Mora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="excelsa">Mora excelsa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1957,2085,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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; and
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<taxonomicName box="[2161,2379,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[2391,2600,2793,2822]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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), although they have been found in caves. Contrary to the Woolly False Vampire Bat (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chrotopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">Chrotopterus auritus</taxonomicName>
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), the Spectral Bat has never been found in archaeologicalsites.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1411,2126,2907,2940]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Radio-tracking of one adult male suggest that Spectral Bats have small home ranges of ¢.3 ha. He used a variety of habitats (roost was on edge of tropical rainforest), including deciduous woodlands, secondary forests, and pastures. He seemed to use riversas flight paths. Colonies usually have 1-5 individuals. Based on very limited observations, social organization seems to be a monogamous pair with their offspring.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1760,3147,3176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List.
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<collectingCountry box="[2506,2611,3147,3176]" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1414,1509,3191,3216]" name="Bolivia" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1589,1668,3191,3216]" name="Brazil" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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have listed the Spectral Bat as endangered and
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<collectingCountry box="[2355,2474,3191,3216]" name="Ecuador" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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as vulnerable. It is sensitive to deforestation, forest fragmentation, and disturbance. Given relatively low population levels throughoutits distribution, habitat destruction could have serious deleterious effects on Spectral Bats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="509" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1406,2618,1333,3454]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1414,1567,3349,3374]" pageId="25" pageNumber="509">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Acosta & Azurduy (2006), Bonato et al. (2004), Dinets (2017a), Discher et al. (2009), Goldman (1917), Greenhall (1968), Navarro & Wilson (1982), Peterson & Kirmse (1969), Rafinesque (1815), Reid (2009), Silveira et al. (2011), Thomas (1911), Vehrencamp et al. (1977).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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</document> |