206 lines
19 KiB
XML
206 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFA7FFA61697FA43FCF2F1EB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Phyllostomus discolor Wagner 1843" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="507" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="506" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6726942" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6726942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFA7FFA61697FA43FCF2F1EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFA7FFA61697FA43FCF2F1EB" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<subSubSection box="[1451,1508,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1449,2428,1529,1616]" box="[1451,1508,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<heading box="[1451,1508,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<figureCitation box="[1451,1508,1529,1575]" captionStart="Plate 36: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="17.[137,167,3288,3313]" captionTargetBox="[23,2765,17,3655]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="24. Long-legged Bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum), 25. Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum), 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani), 28. Koepcke’s Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae), 29. Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae), 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense), 31. Carriker’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri), 32. Schulz’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi), 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale), 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis), 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola), 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens), 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila), 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops), 39. Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor), 40. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus), 41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), 42. Guianan Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus latifolius), 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennettii), 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae), 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458675/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">39.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1525,1962,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1449,2428,1529,1616]" box="[1525,1962,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<heading box="[1525,1962,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<vernacularName box="[1525,1962,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Pale Spear-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2030,2410,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1449,2428,1529,1616]" box="[2030,2410,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<heading box="[2030,2410,1529,1575]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" box="[2030,2410,1529,1575]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
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<emphasis box="[2030,2410,1529,1575]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Phyllostomus discolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1450,2427,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1449,2428,1529,1616]" box="[1450,2427,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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||
<heading box="[1450,2427,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1526,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1535,1763,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Phyllostome des fleurs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1784,1875,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1885,2060,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Helle Lanzennase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2081,2172,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2182,2277,1593,1614]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Filostoma</vernacularName>
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de nariz pélida
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[2062,2657,1664,2087]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2062,2217,1664,1693]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">Phyllostoma discolor Wagner, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[2148,2572,1703,1732]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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“Cuyaba,” Mato Grasso,
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<collectingCountry box="[2486,2568,1703,1732]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[2062,2657,1664,2087]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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Researchers disagree on recognition of subspecies of
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<taxonomicName box="[2266,2398,1778,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">P. discolor</taxonomicName>
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, but most recent publications continue to distinguish two geographical forms with unclear limits in north-western South America. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458681" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458681" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458681/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" targetBox="[1447,2038,1671,2085]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[2062,2657,1664,2087]" box="[2062,2463,1979,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2062,2463,1979,2008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[2062,2657,1664,2087]" lastBlockId="22.[1448,2657,2093,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" box="[2062,2427,2015,2048]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="discolor" subSpecies="discolor">P.d.discolorWagner,1843—SouthAmerica,EofAndesStoNWParaguay;alsoon</taxonomicName>
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MargaritaandTrinidadIs.RecordfromNWArgentinapendingverification,althoughitwouldbewithinthepossibledistribution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1448,2657,2093,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1905" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1905" box="[1449,1813,2172,2205]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="discolor" subSpecies="verrucosus">P. d. verrucosus Elliot, 1905</taxonomicName>
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— from S
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<collectingCountry box="[1951,2053,2172,2205]" name="Mexico" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2075,2200,2172,2205]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[2272,2376,2172,2205]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
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) S through Central America and South America, W of the Andes, to NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2200,2268,2215,2244]" name="Peru" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1448,2657,2093,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1449,1699,2251,2284]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 66-97 mm, tail 12-17 mm, ear 16-24 mm, hindfoot 14-18 mm, forearm 60-68 mm; weight 26-51 g. The Pale Spear-nosed Bat is muscular, medium-sized, and velvety, with upper parts being gray-brown and in some (rare) cases orange. Underparts are usually paler than upper parts that are well frosted with white. The Pale Spear-nosed Bat can resemble ajuvenile Greater Spear-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2496,2638,2409,2442]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">P. hastatus</taxonomicName>
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), which has a much broader muzzle and longer calcar. Horseshoe in noseleaf is not fused to upperlip like in the Pale-faced Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2000,2259,2488,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phylloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenops">Phylloderma stenops</taxonomicName>
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), which is similar in size but has lighter facial skin and whitish wingtips; the Pale Spear-nosed Bat and other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1449,1610,2567,2600]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllostomus</taxonomicName>
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have entirely black wings. Tail is short, about one-half the length of tail membrane, and tip comes slightly through upper surface of membrane. Calcar is shorter than foot. The Pale Spear-nosed Bat has pointed ears, large uropatagium, and no facial stripes. Lower lip has V-shaped naked pad, with conspicuous row of papillae. Uropatagium is well developed and can reach ankles when stretched. In some locations, there is very marked sexual dimorphism. Males and females have sebaceous glands. In males, there also is sexually dimorphic, holocrine, sebaceous, gular gland similar to that in the Fringe-lipped Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1711,1951,2843,2876]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrhosus">Trachops cirrhosus</taxonomicName>
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). Sometimes viscous white secretion is exuded that is responsible for the particular odor of the Pale Spear-nosed Bat. These secretions serve in olfactory communication. Skull is massive, with broad low rostrum, rounded braincase, and only weak sagittal crest. Dental formula for all species of Phyllostomusis 1 2/2, C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (
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<date box="[1750,1783,3001,3034]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">x2</date>
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) = 32. Upperincisors completely fill spaces between canines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1448,2657,2093,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1449,1560,3040,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of lowland habitats but always more common in evergreen or riparian forests at elevations up to ¢.
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<quantity box="[1978,2075,3079,3112]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" unit="m" value="610.0">610 m</quantity>
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. The Pale Spear-nosed Bat is associated with agriculturally developed areas, forested lowlands, streams and other moist areas, dry sites, fruit orchards, yards, croplands, pastures, evergreens, thorn, deciduous, and cloud and swamp forests.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="506" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1448,2657,2093,3467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1449,1709,3237,3270]" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Pale Spear-nosed Bat was placed in the gleaning nectarivorous guild that forages in highly cluttered space and feed on large flowers of trees, shrubs, or vines in open or forest habitats. Individuals are often covered with pollen because diet is based on nectar, pollen, and flower parts of plants such as
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<taxonomicName box="[2381,2518,3355,3388]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Calliandra</taxonomicName>
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(Gabaceae),
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<taxonomicName box="[1519,1587,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<collectingRegion box="[1519,1587,3399,3428]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Ceiba" pageId="22" pageNumber="506">Ceiba</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1611,1764,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[1797,1922,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Crescentia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crescentia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1947,2145,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bignoniaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[2178,2291,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ochroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ochroma</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2377,2562,3399,3428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudobombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudobombax</taxonomicName>
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(both
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<taxonomicName box="[1449,1601,3434,3467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="22" pageNumber="506" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Diet also includes insects, mainly beetles, and some fruit.
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="23.[127,1338,280,945]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,264,280,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The Pale Spear-nosed Bat is considered polygamous (one male-multi female system). Males have elaborate displays and will roost in a given location for extended periods. Both sexes showed olfactory, tactile, motor (wing shaking), and complicated vocal displays to gain entry into groups. Copulations can occur during the day. After young are born, mothers will carry them for the first few days when they forage. Young can distinguish maternal directive calls from all others in the roost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[127,1338,280,945]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[128,364,516,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Pale Spear-nosed Bat has peak activity 1-2 hours after dark but can be active all night. It roosts in hollow trees and sometimes caves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[127,1338,280,945]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,825,595,628]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Pale Spear-nosed Bats can have large home ranges; T. H. Fleming and collaborators in 1972 documented a mean recapture distance of
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<quantity box="[410,498,674,707]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
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. They form groups with up to 400 individuals composed of small harems with one male and 1-12 females; small all-male clusters also occur.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[127,1338,280,945]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,478,752,785]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Pale Spear-nosed Bat is common and widespread; no specific conservation threats are known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[127,1338,280,945]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,283,839,864]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Barquez et al. (2015b), Bradbury (1977b), Brown (1968), Esser (1998), Fleming et al. (1972), Hall (1981), Kalko et al. (1996), Krutzsch (2000), Kwiecinski (2006), Lopez-Gonzélez (2004), Power & Tamsitt (1973), Reid (2009), Simmons (2005), Williams & Genoways (2008).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |