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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF8CFF8C13BCFE75F828F394" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sturnira adrianae Molinari 2017" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="545" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="545" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>444</mods:start>
<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF8CFF8C13BCFE75F828F394" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF8CFF8C13BCFE75F828F394" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<subSubSection box="[128,208,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="61.[123,1292,463,585]" box="[128,208,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<heading box="[128,208,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<figureCitation box="[128,208,463,505]" captionStart="Plate 41: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="59.[123,153,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[22,2764,17,3653]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="119. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bidens), 120. Lesser Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira nana), 121. Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira aratathomasi), 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis), 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Stwrnira burtonlimi), 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici), 125. Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae), 126. Tschudis Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum), 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis), 128. Sorianos Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi), 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhilli), 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax), 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla), 132. Tildas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae), 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos), 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis), 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna), 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens), 137. Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bakeri), 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira Lilium), 139. Giannas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae), 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angeli), 141. Paulsons Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni), 142. Luiss Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459033/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">125.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[222,896,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="61.[123,1292,463,585]" box="[222,896,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<heading box="[222,896,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<vernacularName box="[222,896,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[965,1291,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="61.[123,1292,463,585]" box="[965,1291,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<heading box="[965,1291,463,505]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName authority="Molinari et al., 2017" authorityName="Molinari" authorityYear="2017" box="[965,1291,463,505]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">
<emphasis box="[965,1291,463,505]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Sturnira adrianae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="61.[123,1292,463,585]" box="[125,1134,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<heading box="[125,1134,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,200,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[210,382,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Sturnire d/Adriana</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[404,494,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[502,823,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Adriana-Gelbschulterfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,935,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[945,1022,523,544]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Sturniro</vernacularName>
de Adriana
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="61.[123,1292,463,585]" box="[124,772,564,585]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<heading box="[124,772,564,585]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,372,564,585]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[381,772,564,585]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Caripe Yellow-shouldered Bat (caripana)</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="61.[738,1332,629,1056]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="reference_group">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[738,894,629,662]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Molinari et al., 2017" authorityName="Molinari" authorityYear="2017" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">Sturnira adrianae Molinari et al., 2017</taxonomicName>
,
<materialsCitation latitude="8.865" longitude="-70.593" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<collectingCountry box="[887,1031,668,701]" name="Venezuela" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, Estado
<collectingRegion box="[1151,1257,668,701]" country="Venezuela" name="Barinas" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Barinas</collectingRegion>
, Carretera Santo Domingo—Barinitas,
<quantity box="[1250,1328,708,741]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
frontera
<collectingRegion box="[865,960,751,780]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Mérida</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion box="[993,1090,751,780]" country="Venezuela" name="Barinas" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Barinas</collectingRegion>
: latitude,
<geoCoordinate box="[1233,1311,751,780]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" value="8.865">8.865</geoCoordinate>
°; longitude,
<geoCoordinate box="[892,997,791,820]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" value="-70.593">-70.593</geoCoordinate>
°; elevation,
<quantity box="[1169,1274,791,820]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" unit="m" value="1560.0">1560 m</quantity>
.”
</materialsCitation>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="discussion">
<taxonomicName box="[740,977,826,859]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">Sturnira adrianae</taxonomicName>
was previously included under
<taxonomicName box="[842,984,865,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">S. ludovici</taxonomicName>
. Two subspecies recognized.
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="synonymic_list">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458859" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458859/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" targetBox="[124,714,637,1050]" targetPageId="61">
<paragraph blockId="61.[738,1332,629,1056]" box="[739,1140,944,977]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,1140,944,977]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="61.[738,1332,629,1056]" lastBlockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName authority="Molinari et al., 2017" authorityName="Molinari et al." authorityYear="2017" box="[740,1205,987,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="adrianae" subSpecies="adrianae">S.a.adrianaeMolinarietal.,2017—allAndeanandcoastalMtsofVenezuela,except</taxonomicName>
thoseEoftheUnareDepression;maybe,alsothroughoutEAndesRangeinColombia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<taxonomicName authority="Molinari et al., 2017" authorityName="Molinari et al." authorityYear="2017" box="[126,584,1102,1135]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="adrianae" subSpecies="caripana">S. a. caripana Molinari et al., 2017</taxonomicName>
— known from fourlocalities in the Turimiquire Massif, and from two localities in the neighboring Paria Peninsula; presumably, endemic to the Mts of NE
<collectingCountry box="[364,511,1189,1214]" name="Venezuela" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, E of the Unare Depression.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,374,1220,1253]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Subspecies
<taxonomicName box="[549,663,1220,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
. head—body 65-85 mm (males) and 55-84 mm (females), tailless, ear 12-21 mm (males) and 14-21 mm (females), hindfoot 11-17 mm (males) and 11-17 mm (females), forearm 45-52-1 mm (males) and 43-9-50 mm (females), greatest length of skull 23-2-26-1 mm (males) and 23-25-1 mm (females); weight 19-35 g (males) and 20-33-4 g (females). Subspecies carpana: head-body 67-75 mm (males) and 67-70 mm (females), tailless, ear 16-18 (males) and 17-18 mm (females), hindfoot 13-15 mm (males) and 12-15 mm (females), forearm 44-3-45-6 mm (males) and 43-5— 44-2 mm (females), greatest length of skull 23-1-23-9 mm (males) and 22-8 mm (females); weight 22-5-26-3 g. (males) and
<quantity box="[1264,1324,1540,1569]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" unit="g" value="20.0">20 g</quantity>
. (females). Both subspecies are sexually dimorphic in cranial and wing size. Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat is medium-sized. Fur overall is pale grayish brown, with 5-8 mm long hairs on upper back and 4-5 mm on chest. Dorsal hairs are tricolored, with blackish brown basal band, pale grayish medial band, and grayish brown terminal band. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with blackish brown basal band and grayish brown to pale grayish brown terminal band. Uropatagium is sparsely furred, with 4-6 mm hairs on nominate
<taxonomicName box="[273,387,1812,1845]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
and 2-4 mm hairs on caripana. Shoulder spots (epaulettes) are yellow. Forearm, femur, and tibia are furred with short hair that is denser on dorsal area than on ventral area. Skull is elongated. Sagittal crest and preorbital frontal ridges are well developed in
<taxonomicName box="[449,563,1930,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
but less developed in caripana. Zygomatic arches are complete, moderately open, and not bowed outward. Palate is narrower in carpana than in
<taxonomicName box="[240,354,2009,2042]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
. Lower molars have continuous lingual cusps, lower incisors are well developed and bilobed, and I' is bilobed, long, and strikingly protruding in lateral view. C! are long, robust, and moderately protruding in frontal view. Upper premolars are broad and long with highly developed labial edges in
<taxonomicName box="[931,1044,2128,2161]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
, whereas in caripana they are narrower and shorter with less developed labial edges. Both subspecies have no gaps between molars. Molariforms are smaller in caripana than in
<taxonomicName box="[1101,1215,2207,2240]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,236,2246,2279]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Habitat.</emphasis>
Evergreen, deciduous, and cloudy forests in the western and north-central
<collectingCountry box="[124,270,2286,2319]" name="Venezuela" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
for
<taxonomicName box="[339,453,2286,2319]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
and in north-eastern
<collectingCountry box="[773,918,2286,2319]" name="Venezuela" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
for caripana at elevations of 60-2400 m (more frequently 1000-2000 m). Apparently, subspecies
<taxonomicName box="[1093,1207,2325,2358]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adrianae">adrianae</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed and common in at least six Venezuelan mountain ranges, whereas caripana is restricted to two small mountain ranges that are threatened by deforestation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,386,2444,2477]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Batis an obligate frugivore that mainly feeds on pioneer plant species such as
<taxonomicName box="[694,807,2483,2516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[826,985,2483,2516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName box="[1068,1136,2483,2516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[1153,1314,2483,2516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
), which are main food items. Otherfruits included in its diet are from
<taxonomicName box="[1104,1217,2526,2555]" family="Araceae" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Anthurium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anthurium</taxonomicName>
bernardii, A. humboldtianum, A. nymphaeifolium,
<taxonomicName box="[846,991,2562,2595]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Anthurium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Anthurium</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1244,2562,2595]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Philodendron</taxonomicName>
spp.),
<taxonomicName box="[126,328,2602,2635]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[355,491,2602,2635]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Asplundia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asplundia</taxonomicName>
vagans,
<taxonomicName box="[620,792,2602,2635]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Sphaeradenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sphaeradenia</taxonomicName>
sp.),
<taxonomicName box="[880,1069,2602,2635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hypericaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[1096,1187,2602,2635]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia</taxonomicName>
baccifera),
<taxonomicName box="[126,263,2641,2674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[287,356,2641,2674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
spp.),
<taxonomicName box="[458,611,2641,2674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[636,706,2641,2674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
aduncum, P. barbatum, P. diffamatum, P. longispicum, P. phytolaccifolium),
<taxonomicName box="[514,658,2680,2713]" family="Rubiaceae" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[682,781,2680,2713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Randia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Randia</taxonomicName>
micracantha), and
<taxonomicName box="[1046,1202,2680,2713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[1225,1333,2680,2713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Cestrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cestrum</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName box="[188,307,2720,2753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Cuatresia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cuatresia</taxonomicName>
riparia,
<taxonomicName box="[426,561,2720,2753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Lycianthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lycianthes</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName box="[651,764,2720,2753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
aphyodendron,
<taxonomicName box="[974,1088,2720,2753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
spp.). Due to its feeding habits,it is considered an important seed disperser and, as other species of
<taxonomicName box="[128,236,2799,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
such as the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (
<taxonomicName box="[915,1062,2799,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ludovici">S. ludovici</taxonomicName>
), Adrianas Yellowshouldered Bat could be a main disperser of plants in early successional stages during mountain mesophilic forest regeneration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,260,2917,2950]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Breeding.</emphasis>
Reproductive pattern of Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat is bimodal polyestry.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,363,2996,3029]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat is nocturnal. A 2017 study on the composition and structure of an assemblage of phyllostomid bats in a cloud forest in Yurubi National Park,
<collectingCountry box="[445,592,3075,3108]" name="Venezuela" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, reported that Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat had a bimodal activity pattern with two distinct peaks: 21:00-23:59 h and 03:00-05:59 h. It probably roosts in tree cavities, bases of palm fronds, caves, tunnels, undersides of bridges, and other man-made structures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="61.[122,1335,1062,3462]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,853,3232,3265]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat mainly forages in understories where it finds resources that have been widely documented in their diet such as
<taxonomicName box="[576,689,3311,3344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[769,836,3311,3344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
. Detailed movement patterns and home range of
<taxonomicName box="[358,466,3350,3383]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
remain largely unexplored. Habitat features, deforestation, and fragmentation can have particularly strong effects on movement patterns of forestdwelling animals like
<taxonomicName box="[433,541,3429,3462]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="545" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sturnira</taxonomicName>
, especially those restricted to small areas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="61.[1399,2607,272,466]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1400,1747,272,305]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Not yet assessed on The IUCNRed List. Adrianas Yellow-shouldered Bat was recently described, and additional research is needed to understand its life history and conservation status.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="545" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="61.[1399,2607,272,466]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1554,398,423]" pageId="61" pageNumber="545">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Castano et al. (2018), Herndndez-Montero et al. (2011), Lobova et al. (2009), Molinari et al. (2017), Parolin et al. (2016), Vasquez-Parra et al. (2017).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>