346 lines
33 KiB
XML
346 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF89FF891688FEC9F755FFC0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rhinophylla pumilio Peters 1865" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="540" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="540" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760068" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760068" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF89FF891688FEC9F755FFC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF89FF891688FEC9F755FFC0" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<subSubSection box="[1460,1540,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[1456,2440,371,464]" box="[1460,1540,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<heading box="[1460,1540,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1460,1540,371,421]" captionStart="Plate 40: Phyl" captionStartId="51.[131,161,3360,3385]" captionTargetBox="[14,2758,14,3657]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="103. Ben Keith's Short-tailed Bat (Carollia benkeithi), 104. Chestnut Short-tailed Bat (Carollia castanea), 105. Gray Short-tailed Bat (Carollia subrufa), 106. Manu Short-tailed Bat (Carolia manu), 107. Sowell’s Short-tailed Bat (Carollia sowelli), 108. Silky Short-tailed Bat (Carollia brevicaudum), 109. Hernandez’s Short-tailed Bat (Carollia monohernandez), 110. Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (Carollia perspicillata), 111. Behn' ’ s Big-eared Bat (Glyphonycteris behnii), 112. Davies’s Big-eared Bat (Glyphonycteris daviesi), 113. Tricolored Big-eared Bat (Glyphonycteris sylvestris), 114. Niceforo’s Big-eared Bat (Trinycteris nicefori), 115. Least Big-eared Bat (Neonycteris pusilla), 116. Hairy Little Fruit Bat (Rhinmophylla alethina), 117. Fischer's Little Fruit Bat (Rhinophylla fischerae), 118. Dwarf Little Fruit Bat (Rhinophylla pumilio)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459031/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">118.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1557,2002,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1456,2440,371,464]" box="[1557,2002,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<heading box="[1557,2002,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<vernacularName box="[1557,2002,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Dwarf Little Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2071,2439,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[1456,2440,371,464]" box="[2071,2439,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<heading box="[2071,2439,371,421]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1865" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" box="[2071,2439,371,421]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Rhinophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
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<emphasis box="[2071,2439,371,421]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Rhinophylla pumilio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1457,2403,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[1456,2440,371,464]" box="[1457,2403,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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||
<heading box="[1457,2403,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1533,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1542,1718,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Rhinophylle naine</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1738,1829,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1838,2127,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Zwerg-Kleinfruchtfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2148,2239,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2249,2335,440,461]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Rhinéfilo</vernacularName>
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enano
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[2067,2662,507,934]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2068,2224,507,540]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1865" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Rhinophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">Rhinophylla pumilio Peters, 1865</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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“angeblich
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<collectingCountry box="[2340,2462,550,579]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brasilien</collectingCountry>
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[= allegedly from
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<collectingCountry box="[2149,2236,586,619]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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].” Restricted by G. E. Dobson in 1878 to “
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<collectingCountry box="[2232,2310,625,658]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2334,2421,625,658]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2068,2431,665,698]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[2067,2662,507,934]" box="[2068,2431,665,698]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458845/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" targetBox="[1454,2044,515,928]" targetPageId="56">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[2067,2662,507,934]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2068,2245,712,737]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Distribution.</emphasis>
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E of Andes in
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<collectingCountry box="[2515,2654,712,737]" name="Colombia" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2067,2214,748,777]" name="Venezuela" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2231,2348,748,777]" name="Ecuador" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2365,2431,748,777]" name="Peru" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2504,2600,748,777]" name="Bolivia" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, the Guianas, and Amazon and Atlantic coast of
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<collectingCountry box="[2106,2185,822,855]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(N
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<collectingRegion box="[2243,2447,822,855]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Espirito Santo</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[2067,2662,507,934]" lastBlockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2068,2321,866,895]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 40-57 mm (tailless), ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 10-12 mm, forearm 29-9-37 mm; weight 8-135 g. Dorsal fur of the Dwarf Little Fruit Bat 1s olive-brown to reddish brown. Underparts are dull brown. Dorsal and ventral hairs are bicolored, with whitish bases. Ears are brown, with whitish bases. Tragus is small, c.33% of ear length, and broad. Noseleaf is simple and uniformly brown, with base of horseshoe fused to upperlip. Chin has triangular central protuberance bordered by 2-6 longitudinal fleshy pads. Uropatagium is narrow, less than
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<quantity box="[2336,2430,1138,1171]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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when measured from midline and less hirsute than in Fischer’s Little Fruit Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2377,2526,1177,1210]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Rhinophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischerae">R. fischerae</taxonomicName>
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) and the Hairy Little Fruit Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1768,1917,1221,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Rhinophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alethina">R. alethina</taxonomicName>
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). Calcaris less than 50% of foot length. Tail is absent. Rostrum is relatively short, ¢.50% the length of braincase. Zygomatic arches are absent. Palate is relatively broad, short, and V-shaped posteriorly. Sagittal crest is imperceptible. Mandible has small angular process. Condyle is level with tooth row or slightly below. Coronoid process is anteriorly placed. I' is notched, and much larger than I*. P° is peg-like. I,is slightly trilobed and L,. Chromosomal number varies. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2450,2531,1414,1447]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, it has 2n =36 and FN = 62 and 64, with 15 pairs of biarmed metacentric and submetacentric and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes, or 16 pairs of biarmed chromosomes. It has 2n = 34 and FN =
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<quantity box="[1664,1732,1533,1566]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6256" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" unit="in" value="64.0">64 in</quantity>
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<collectingCountry box="[1744,1879,1533,1566]" name="Suriname" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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and 2n = 36 and FN =
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<quantity box="[2207,2276,1533,1566]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5748" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" unit="in" value="62.0">62 in</quantity>
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<collectingCountry box="[2287,2426,1533,1566]" name="Colombia" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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. X-chromosome 1s metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1566,1612,1645]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and secondary humid tropical forests of the Amazon and Atlantic rainforest, including disturbed areas, from sea level to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[2428,2537,1655,1684]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1725,1691,1724]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Dwarf Little Fruit Bat is frugivorous and is considered the primary disperser of seeds of
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<taxonomicName box="[1865,2035,1730,1763]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Philodendron</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2055,2174,1730,1763]" family="Araceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[2199,2334,1730,1763]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Asplundia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asplundia</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2410,2574,1730,1763]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Evodianthus</taxonomicName>
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(both
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<taxonomicName box="[1455,1664,1769,1802]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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). It eats fruits and infructescences of at least 34 plant species from 17 genera and eleven families. In Amazonia, it consumes
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<taxonomicName box="[2229,2314,1817,1842]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia</taxonomicName>
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duckei, V.
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<taxonomicName box="[2453,2590,1817,1842]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" genus="Platyrrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guianensis">guianensis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1459,1544,1848,1881]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName box="[1610,1808,1848,1881]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hypericaceae</taxonomicName>
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); Syzygiumjambolanum (
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<taxonomicName box="[2137,2288,1848,1881]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
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||
);
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<taxonomicName box="[2314,2382,1848,1881]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
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aduncum (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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); and
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<taxonomicName box="[1581,1694,1888,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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rugosum and
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<taxonomicName box="[1883,1997,1888,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName box="[2063,2228,1888,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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). In
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<collectingCountry box="[2293,2353,1888,1921]" name="Peru" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,it eats from
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Philodendron</taxonomicName>
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cuneatum,
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<taxonomicName box="[1665,1770,1927,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
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distachya, and C. ficifolia (
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<taxonomicName box="[2120,2273,1927,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName box="[2359,2444,1927,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia</taxonomicName>
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angusta, V. macrophylla, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1642,1792,1967,2000]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Marcgravia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Marcgravia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1815,2042,1967,2000]" family="Marcgraviaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Marcgraviaceae</taxonomicName>
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). In
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<collectingCountry box="[2113,2329,1967,2000]" name="French Guiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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, plants in its diet were species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1598,1768,2006,2039]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Philodendron</taxonomicName>
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1838,2003,2006,2039]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Rhodospatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhodospatha</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2024,2144,2006,2039]" family="Araceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2170,2291,2006,2039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Schlegeliaceae" genus="Schlegelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Schlegelia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2312,2525,2006,2039]" family="Schlegeliaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Schlegeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2550,2662,2006,2039]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" genus="Aechmea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aechmea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1468,1668,2050,2079]" family="Bromeliaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1697,1802,2050,2079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1876,2010,2050,2079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Coussapoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coussapoa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2031,2189,2050,2079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2217,2357,2050,2079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Symphonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Symphonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2378,2534,2050,2079]" family="Clusiaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Asplundia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asplundia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1514,1677,2085,2118]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Evodianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Evodianthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1762,1946,2085,2118]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" genus="Thoracocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thoracocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1969,2179,2085,2118]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2208,2321,2085,2118]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2339,2488,2085,2118]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Marcgravia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Marcgravia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Marcgraviaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Marcgraviaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1567,1687,2125,2158]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Siparunaceae" genus="Siparuna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Siparuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1708,1905,2125,2158]" family="Siparunaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Siparunaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1931,1998,2125,2158]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2020,2165,2125,2158]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2193,2310,2125,2158]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2390,2456,2125,2158]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Besides these species, large seeds from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1820,1920,2172,2197]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" genus="Licania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Licania</taxonomicName>
|
||
canescens, L. membranacea (both
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2383,2644,2172,2197]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chrysobalanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chrysobalanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1456,1596,2204,2237]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" genus="Symphonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Symphonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
globulifera (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1761,1917,2204,2237]" family="Clusiaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2011,2145,2204,2237]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Byrsonima" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Byrsonima</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2168,2375,2204,2237]" family="Malpighiaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Malpighiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were found under roosts, suggesting that Dwarf Little Fruit Bats consumed the fruit. Besides fruits, it also feeds on nectar of the bat-pollinated Tetrastylis ovalis (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2205,2409,2282,2315]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Passifloraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1588,2322,2355]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Dwarf Little Fruit Bats were captured in March and July in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2571,2653,2322,2355]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, July-November in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1724,1791,2361,2394]" name="Peru" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and May and July in Columbia. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2317,2534,2361,2394]" name="French Guiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, females with their young were observed in February—May. One young is born per pregnancy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1452,1691,2440,2473]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Dwarf Little Fruit Bats in Nouragues,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2257,2473,2440,2473]" name="French Guiana" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, began their flight activity at ¢.19:30 h and ceased at 06:00 h. Activity rhythm was characterized by flying periods of 10-15 minutes, interspersed with slightly longer hanging phases of 15-20 minutes. Lactating females had longer flight time than non-reproductive females (average of 42 minutes longer). Dwarf Little Fruit Bats commonly roosts during the day in foliage modified into tents; they also roosts in buildings and culverts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,2165,2677,2710]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In Nouragues, home ranges were 2-5-16-9 ha and foraging area were 3-5-14-1 ha. Fifteen of 27 day roosts were outside of the foraging area but never more than
|
||
<quantity box="[1994,2077,2756,2789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
away. Lactating females move their young to temporary night roosts in their foraging areas, instead of leaving them in day roosts. Leaves of ten species from eight genera and six families are known to be used as tents by Dwarf Little Fruit Bats:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1779,1945,2878,2907]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Philodendron</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragrantissimum, P. melinonii, P. ornatum,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2499,2660,2878,2907]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Rhodospatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhodospatha</taxonomicName>
|
||
latifolia,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1566,1723,2914,2947]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Astrocaryum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sciophilum, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1942,2031,2914,2947]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Attalea</taxonomicName>
|
||
attaleoides (all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2229,2377,2914,2947]" family="Arecaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2404,2524,2914,2947]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heliconia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Heliconiaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Heliconiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1623,1696,2953,2986]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Musa</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1765,1907,2953,2986]" family="Musaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1935,2041,2953,2986]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Sterculia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sterculia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2109,2259,2953,2986]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2347,2565,2953,2986]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Phenakospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phenakospermum</taxonomicName>
|
||
guyannense (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1542,1730,2993,3026]" family="Strelitziaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Strelitziaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They also roost under unmodified leaves of A. sciophilum, A. attaleoides, and Jessenia bataua (all
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1843,1991,3032,3065]" family="Arecaceae" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2019,2210,3032,3065]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusa">Cecropia obtusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and C. sciadophylla (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2488,2642,3032,3065]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and epiphytic
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1655,1855,3076,3105]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyclanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="56" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyclanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All observed roosts were situated 0-6-5 m aboveground. The Dwarf Little Fruit Bat has low roost fidelity, changing roost every two days on average. It rarely roosts alone, and groupsizes are 2-7 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1798,3190,3223]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dwarf Little Fruit Bat is relatively common, has a wide distribution, and tolerates disturbed areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="56" pageNumber="540" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="56.[1448,2665,948,3460]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1606,3317,3342]" pageId="56" pageNumber="540">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baker & Bleier (1971), Buzato & Franco (1992), Charles-Dominique (1993), Charles-Dominique & Cockle (2001), Dobson (1878), Gomes et al. (2012), Handley (1976), Henry & Kalko (2007), Honeycutt et al. (1980), Husson (1962), Marinkelle & Cadena (1972), Peracchi et al. (1984), Peters (1865b), Reis & Guillaumet (1983), Rinehart & Kunz (2006), Simmons & Voss (1998), Zortéa (1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |