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<mods:title id="96E691932687E0D62CA7190A30EC23D3">A stomach plate to divide them all: a phylogenetic reassessment of the family Tritoniidae (Nudibranchia: Cladobranchia)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03A6878CFF846502FFB8FB97ECEBFDD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8426097" ID-GBIF-Taxon="213768867" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8426097" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6878CFF846502FFB8FB97ECEBFDD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6878CFF846502FFB8FB97ECEBFDD4" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<subSubSection id="C3156511FF846503FFB8FB97EB76FBA6" box="[1002,1297,1043,1069]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503FFB8FB97EB76FBA6" blockId="20.[1002,1297,1043,1069]" box="[1002,1297,1043,1069]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<heading id="D0F881F6FF846503FFB8FB97EB76FBA6" bold="true" box="[1002,1297,1043,1069]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF846503FFB8FB97EB76FBA6" ID-CoL="7P8GC" authority="Pruvot-Fol, 1931" authorityName="Pruvot-Fol" authorityYear="1931" box="[1002,1297,1043,1069]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Marianina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FFB8FB97EB76FBA6" bold="true" box="[1002,1297,1043,1069]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FFB8FB97EA3FFBA6" bold="true" box="[1002,1112,1043,1069]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Marianina</emphasis>
Pruvot-Fol, 1931
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C3156511FF846503F802FBBAEACBFBD3" box="[1104,1196,1086,1113]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503F802FBBAEACBFBD3" blockId="20.[1104,1196,1086,1113]" box="[1104,1196,1086,1113]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503F802FBBAEACBFBD3" bold="true" box="[1104,1196,1086,1113]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
(
<figureCitation id="13342A1FFF846503F808FBBBEAC6FBD2" box="[1114,1185,1087,1113]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[321,1281,144,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-116@12.[321,1281,144,1505]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3. Representative species of genera of Tritoniidae (with exception of Paratritonia). A, Tritonia hombergii (MNCN15.05/93379) (Portaferry, Ireland); B, Candiella plebeia (MNCN15.05/93393) (Portaferry, Ireland); C, Tritoniopsis elegans (MB28-0045061) (Zavora, Mozambique); D, Tritonidoxa capensis (MNCN15.05/93399) (Scoưburg, South Africa); E, Tritoniella belli (Antarctica); F, Marianina rosea (French Polynesia); G, Myrella challengeriana comb.nov.(Bahía Camarones, Argentina); H, Tochuina gigantea (Agnew Pass, USA); I, Tritonicula khaleesi (MZUSP113165) (Fortaleza, Brazil); J, Marionia cucullata (Golfo Nuevo, Argentina); (K) Marioniopsis levis 1 (MNHNC/ MB28-004895) (Nacala, Mozambique). Photo A and B, courtesy of B. Picton; photo C and K courtesy of Y.Tibiriça; photo D courtesy of V. Fraser; photo E courtesy of M. Caballer; photo F courtesy of G. Rouse; photo G and J, courtesy of N. Baưini; photo H courtesy of S. Thiebaud; photo I by F. Silva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8432399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8432399/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3156511FF846503FF6BFBF7ED13FB42" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503FF6BFBF7ED13FB42" blockId="20.[825,1474,1139,1225]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF846503FF6BFBF7EA59FB00" ID-CoL="561e59de-e535-4bda-81f9-c60e9cbd7117" authority="Pruvot-Fol 1930" authorityName="Pruvot-Fol" authorityYear="1930" box="[825,1086,1139,1163]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Mariana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BFBF7EDE8FB01" box="[825,911,1139,1162]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Mariana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF846503FFC7FBF7EA59FB00" author="Pruvot-Fol A" box="[917,1086,1139,1163]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" pagination="229 - 232" refId="ref26964" refString="Pruvot-Fol A. Diagnose provisoires (incompletes) des especes nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par Mme. A. Pruvot-Fol en nouvelle Caledonie (Ile des Pins). Bulletin Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 1930; 2: 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvot-Fol 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 2: 229.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF846503FF6BFB16EA4DFB21" authority="Odhner 1936" authorityName="Odhner" authorityYear="1936" box="[825,1066,1170,1194]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Aranucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BFB16EDF2FB22" box="[825,917,1170,1193]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Aranucus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF846503FFCEFB16EA4DFB21" author="Odhner NH" box="[924,1066,1170,1194]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" refId="ref26584" refString="Odhner NH. Nudibranchia dendronotacea: a revision of the system. Brussels: Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 1936." type="book" year="1936">Odhner 1936</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg, 2(3): 1090.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3156511FF846502FF6BFB6DECEBFDD4" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503FF6BFB6DEA9FFAAB" blockId="20.[825,1475,1256,1312]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BFB6DEDD3FA8B" box="[825,948,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<typeStatus id="54B48838FF846503FF6BFB6DED0EFA8B" box="[825,873,1257,1280]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF846503FFEFFB6DEB7AFA8B" authority="(Pruvot-Fol 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Pruvot-Fol" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[957,1309,1256,1280]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Marianina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rosea">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FFEFFB6DEA3AFA8B" box="[957,1117,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Marianina rosea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF846503F839FB6CEB75FA8B" author="Pruvot-Fol A" box="[1131,1298,1256,1280]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" pagination="229 - 232" refId="ref26964" refString="Pruvot-Fol A. Diagnose provisoires (incompletes) des especes nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par Mme. A. Pruvot-Fol en nouvelle Caledonie (Ile des Pins). Bulletin Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 1930; 2: 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvot-Fol 1930</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation. To date, this is a monotypic genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503FF6BFABBED97FA38" blockId="20.[825,1474,1342,1460]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BFABBEDF8FADD" box="[825,927,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Secondary gill bifid. Rhinophore sheaths with outwardly projecting triangular lobe. Rachidian tooth unicuspid and fully denticulate, first lateral tooth fully denticulate, few lateral teeth per row.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846503FF6BFA57EAD2F8E9" blockId="20.[825,1475,1491,1890]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BFA57EDDFFA60" box="[825,952,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Morphology:</emphasis>
Body slender, up to
<quantity id="4CF79B7FFF846503F8FFFA57EA9CFA61" box="[1197,1275,1491,1515]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13342A1FFF846503F943FA57EB3BFA60" box="[1297,1372,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1533,1557]" captionTargetBox="[321,1281,144,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-116@12.[321,1281,144,1505]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3. Representative species of genera of Tritoniidae (with exception of Paratritonia). A, Tritonia hombergii (MNCN15.05/93379) (Portaferry, Ireland); B, Candiella plebeia (MNCN15.05/93393) (Portaferry, Ireland); C, Tritoniopsis elegans (MB28-0045061) (Zavora, Mozambique); D, Tritonidoxa capensis (MNCN15.05/93399) (Scoưburg, South Africa); E, Tritoniella belli (Antarctica); F, Marianina rosea (French Polynesia); G, Myrella challengeriana comb.nov.(Bahía Camarones, Argentina); H, Tochuina gigantea (Agnew Pass, USA); I, Tritonicula khaleesi (MZUSP113165) (Fortaleza, Brazil); J, Marionia cucullata (Golfo Nuevo, Argentina); (K) Marioniopsis levis 1 (MNHNC/ MB28-004895) (Nacala, Mozambique). Photo A and B, courtesy of B. Picton; photo C and K courtesy of Y.Tibiriça; photo D courtesy of V. Fraser; photo E courtesy of M. Caballer; photo F courtesy of G. Rouse; photo G and J, courtesy of N. Baưini; photo H courtesy of S. Thiebaud; photo I by F. Silva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8432399" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8432399/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). Notum smooth. Oral veil reduced, entire. Four simple velar processes. Whitish rhinophore sheath bears triangular lobe projecting outwards. Three to seven pairs of bifid white gills. Rachidian tooth unicuspid and denticulate (with several accessory denticles). First lateral differentiated denticulate with blunt cusp. Masticatory border of jaws denticulate with small granuleshaped denticles.
<collectionCode id="ED1EAE5FFF846503FFA1F92AEA49F94D" box="[1011,1070,1710,1734]" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">ODG</collectionCode>
complex cladohepatic. Cuticular folds present. Gonopore at one-third of body length, before first pair of gills. Anus and nephroproct before middle of body length. Bursa copulatrix connects to the female opening through the vagina and opens to the exterior together with the female mass gland. Penis elongated. Ampulla oval.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0369AFF846502FF6BF800ECEBFDD4" blockId="20.[825,1474,1924,1979]" lastBlockId="21.[113,763,144,607]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503FF6BF800EDF0F817" box="[825,919,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Remarks:</emphasis>
A thorough survey of the literature revealed that the available information on the Indo-West Pacific
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF846503F972F820EBA5F830" baseAuthorityName="Pruvot-Fol" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1312,1474,1956,1979]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Marianina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="465" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rosea">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF846503F972F820EBA5F830" box="[1312,1474,1956,1979]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="465">Marianina rosea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is scarce. Most of the available anatomical data comes from the original descriptions by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FD34FF2BEC44FF4C" author="Pruvot-Fol A" box="[358,547,175,199]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" pagination="229 - 232" refId="ref26964" refString="Pruvot-Fol A. Diagnose provisoires (incompletes) des especes nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par Mme. A. Pruvot-Fol en nouvelle Caledonie (Ile des Pins). Bulletin Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 1930; 2: 229 - 232." type="journal article" year="1930">Pruvot-Fol (1930)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FE06FF2BEC92FF4C" author="Odhner NH" box="[596,757,175,199]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" refId="ref26584" refString="Odhner NH. Nudibranchia dendronotacea: a revision of the system. Brussels: Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 1936." type="book" year="1936">Odhner (1936)</bibRefCitation>
, and some characters were reported only once, e.g. the presence of cuticular folds in the stomach (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FDFAFF6AEC55FE8D" author="Odhner NH" box="[424,562,238,262]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" refId="ref26584" refString="Odhner NH. Nudibranchia dendronotacea: a revision of the system. Brussels: Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 1936." type="book" year="1936">Odhner 1936</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FE15FF6BECD7FE8D" authorityName="Pruvot-Fol" authorityYear="1931" box="[583,688,239,262]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Marianina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF856502FE15FF6BECD7FE8D" box="[583,688,239,262]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="466">Marianina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recovered as a sister-group to
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FDD9FE8AEF99FEAE" authorityName="Eliot" authorityYear="1905" box="[395,510,270,293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Tritoniopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF856502FDD9FE8AEF99FEAE" box="[395,510,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="466">Tritoniopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our phylogenetic analyses, which is consistent with recent studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FE17FEA9EC92FECE" author="Valdes A &amp; Lundsten L &amp; Wilson NG" box="[581,757,301,325]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" pagination="401 - 433" refId="ref27845" refString="Valdes A, Lundsten L, Wilson NG. Five new deep-sea species of nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Cladobranchia) from the Northeast Pacific. Zootaxa 2018; 4526: 401 - 433." type="journal article" year="2018">
Valdés
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF856502FEDFFEA9ECD2FECE" box="[653,693,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="466">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FC23FEC8EFA7FEEF" author="Korshunova T &amp; Martynov A" box="[113,448,332,356]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" pagination="0242103" refId="ref25588" refString="Korshunova T, Martynov A. Consolidated data on the phylogeny and evolution of the family Tritoniidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) contribute to genera reassessment and clarify the taxonomic status of the neuroscience models Tritonia and Tochuina. PLoS One 2020; 15: e 0242103. hups: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0242103" type="journal article" year="2020">Korshunova and Martynov 2020</bibRefCitation>
). This monotypic genus is one of the most aberrant genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FDE2FEEFEC40FE08" baseAuthorityName="sensu Odhner" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[432,551,363,387]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tritoniidae</taxonomicName>
: the small body size, reduced oral veil, low number of bifid cerata-like gills, unique radular morphology and cladohepatic
<collectionCode id="ED1EAE5FFF856502FE50FE2EEC5AFE49" box="[514,573,426,450]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466">ODG</collectionCode>
complex have led researchers in the past to consider
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FDB7FE4EEC29FE6A" authorityName="Pruvot-Fol" authorityYear="1931" box="[485,590,458,481]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" genus="Marianina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEA88FF856502FDB7FE4EEC29FE6A" box="[485,590,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="466">Marianina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a monotypic family,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FCEFFE6DEF21FD8A" authorityName="Odhner" authorityYear="1968" box="[189,326,489,513]" class="Gastropoda" family="Marianinidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Marianinidae</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FD23FE6DEF8BFD8A" authorityName="Odhner" authorityYear="1936" box="[369,492,489,513]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aranucidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Aranucidae</taxonomicName>
). These numerous unique adaptations and the confirmed molecular placement within
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D19FF856502FC23FDA3EE84FDB4" baseAuthorityName="sensu Odhner" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[113,227,551,575]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tritoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tritoniidae</taxonomicName>
are considered solid evidence for the paedomorphosis of this genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B6BFF856502FD7FFDC2EC1CFDD4" author="Korshunova T &amp; Martynov A" box="[301,635,582,607]" pageId="21" pageNumber="466" pagination="0242103" refId="ref25588" refString="Korshunova T, Martynov A. Consolidated data on the phylogeny and evolution of the family Tritoniidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) contribute to genera reassessment and clarify the taxonomic status of the neuroscience models Tritonia and Tochuina. PLoS One 2020; 15: e 0242103. hups: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0242103" type="journal article" year="2020">Korshunova and Martynov 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>