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<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.156112" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f86b2225-fd69-4d14-888f-1656863a3244" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="156112" checkinTime="1459440574016" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Béthoux, Olivier &amp; Nel, André" docDate="2002" docId="03A487F05715FB78FECA8E6498BAA395" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00096.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 96" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@68d6d775" docStyleName="zootaxa.0000.journal_article" docTitle="Gerarus Scudder 1885" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FF9DFF885734FB5AFFC288139B43A04B" masterDocTitle="Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov." masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1645788648834" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Béthoux, Olivier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nel, André</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2002</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>96</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.156112</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">f86b2225-fd69-4d14-888f-1656863a3244</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">156112</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6278044" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119330380" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6278044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487F05715FB78FECA8E6498BAA395" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487F05715FB78FECA8E6498BAA395" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<subSubSection box="[264,640,1655,1681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="33.[264,640,1655,1681]" box="[264,640,1655,1681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<heading bold="true" box="[264,640,1655,1681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[264,640,1655,1681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Genus
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder, 1885" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1885" box="[351,636,1655,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[351,450,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[458,636,1655,1681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder,
<number box="[575,636,1655,1681]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1885.0">1885</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="33.[264,777,1725,1751]" box="[264,777,1725,1751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<typeStatus box="[264,322,1725,1751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
species.
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder, 1885" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1885" box="[429,773,1725,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis box="[429,594,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus vetus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[601,773,1725,1751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder,
<number box="[711,773,1725,1751]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1885.0">1885</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="33.[264,1323,1791,1897]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Composition. We restrict the genus to the species
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder, 1885" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1885" box="[863,1211,1791,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis box="[863,1029,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus vetus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[1039,1211,1791,1817]" pageId="33" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder,
<number box="[1150,1211,1791,1817]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1885.0">1885</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="Meunier, 1909" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruesi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus bruesi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Meunier" box="[354,537,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="70" refString="Meunier, F. (1909) Nouveaux Insectes du Stephanien de Commentry (Cinquieme note). Bulletin du Museum diHistoire Naturelle de Paris, 15, 37 - 49." type="journal article" year="1909">
Meunier,
<number box="[476,537,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1909.0">1909</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority="(Brongniart, 1885) Burnham, 1983" authorityName="(Brongniart, 1885) Burnham" authorityYear="1983" box="[559,1204,1831,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fisheri">
<emphasis box="[559,748,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus fisheri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Brongniart" box="[772,985,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="67" refString="Brongniart, C. (1885) Les Insectes fossiles des terrains primaires. Coup d'oeil rapide sur la faune entomologique des terrains paleozoiques. Bulletin de la Societe des Amis des Sciences Naturelles de Rouen, 21, 50 - 68." type="journal article" year="1885">
Brongniart,
<number box="[925,985,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1885.0">1885</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation author="Burnham" box="[1010,1204,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="67" refString="Burnham, L. (1983) Studies on Upper Carboniferous insects: 1. The Geraridae (Order Protorthoptera). Psyche, 90, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1983">
Burnham,
<number box="[1143,1204,1831,1857]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1983.0">1983</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, G
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">erarus collaris</emphasis>
Handlirsch,
<number box="[504,565,1871,1897]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1906.0">1906</number>
, and
<taxonomicName authority="Handlirsch, 1906" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[627,1035,1871,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danielsi">
<emphasis box="[627,825,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus danielsi</emphasis>
Handlirsch,
<number box="[976,1035,1871,1897]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1906.0">1906</number>
</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Diagnosis.
<bibRefCitation author="Burnham" box="[454,660,284,310]" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" refString="Burnham, L. (1983) Studies on Upper Carboniferous insects: 1. The Geraridae (Order Protorthoptera). Psyche, 90, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1983">
Burnham (
<number box="[590,651,284,310]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1983.0">1983</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
compared
<taxonomicName box="[810,908,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[810,908,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Gerarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<emphasis box="[966,1098,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nacekomia</emphasis>
,
<emphasis box="[1123,1316,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Progenentomum</emphasis>
,
<emphasis box="[264,420,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Genentomum</emphasis>
and
<emphasis box="[483,604,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Gerarulus</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" box="[622,1084,324,350]" pageId="34" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann (
<number box="[1014,1075,324,350]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1992.0">1992</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
did not give a new diagnosis of the genus. Thus we propose a new diagnosis, based on forewings characters: ScP long, straight, anteriorly pectinate; branches of ScP simple or shortly ramified;
<collectingCountry box="[1287,1323,404,430]" name="Poland" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">RP</collectingCountry>
with few distal branches; MA differentiated into MA
<number box="[960,969,444,470]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1.0">1</number>
and MA
<number box="[1098,1112,444,470]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2.0">2</number>
; MA
<number box="[1187,1196,444,470]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1.0">1</number>
generally connected to
<collectingCountry box="[429,465,484,510]" name="Poland" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">RP</collectingCountry>
by a short cross­vein or shortly fused; MP ramified very proximally; CuPa present, more or less weak; CuPb ramified with an anterior branch long or reduced, and either connected or not to CuPa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Note. The very long, spiny pronotum of numerous
<taxonomicName box="[998,1096,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[998,1096,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Gerarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. is a strong synapomorphy (
<bibRefCitation author="Burnham" box="[455,637,644,670]" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" refString="Burnham, L. (1983) Studies on Upper Carboniferous insects: 1. The Geraridae (Order Protorthoptera). Psyche, 90, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1983">
Burnham
<number box="[575,637,644,670]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1983.0">1983</number>
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" box="[650,1091,644,670]" pageId="34" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann
<number box="[1031,1091,644,670]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1992.0">1992</number>
</bibRefCitation>
) but is unknown in
<taxonomicName box="[264,442,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruesi">
<emphasis box="[264,442,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Gerarus bruesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus it is not possible to determine if it is at the family or genus level.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Discussion.
<taxonomicName box="[457,625,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis box="[457,625,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Gerarus vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as figured by
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" pageId="34" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann (
<number box="[1194,1258,724,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1992.0">1992</number>
: figs. 4,10,13)
</bibRefCitation>
has a simple MP, suggesting closer relationships with
<taxonomicName box="[1033,1160,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae;Dericorythidae;Lathiceridae;Lentulidae;Lithidiidae;Ommexechidae;Pamphagidae;Pamphagodidae;Pyrgacrididae;Romaleidae;Tristiridae;Dzhajloutshellidae;Elcanidae;Permelcanidae;Chorotypidae;Episactidae;Eumastacidae;Euschmidtiidae;Mastacideidae;Morabidae;Promastacidae;Thericleidae;Gryllavidae;Baissogryllidae;Gryllidae;Mogoplistidae;Phalangopsidae;Protogryllidae;Trigonidiidae;Gryllotalpidae;Myrmecophilidae;Eospilopteronidae;Haglidae;Hagloedischiidae;Prezottophlebiidae;Prophalangopsidae;Tuphellidae;Bouretidae;Eolocustopsidae;Locustavidae;Locustopsidae;Anelcanidae;Bintoniellidae;Mesoedischiidae;Oedischiidae;Proparagryllacrididae;Pruvostitidae;Paratitanidae;Permoraphidiidae;Pseudelcanidae;Thueringoedischiidae;Phasmomimidae;Pneumoridae;Proscopiidae;Pyrgomorphidae;Raphoglidae;Regiatidae;Rhaphidophoridae;Schizodactylidae;Anostostomatidae;Cooloolidae;Gryllacrididae;Stenopelmatidae;Tanaoceridae;Mesotitanidae;Tcholmanvissiidae;Tetrigidae;Haglotettigoniidae;Tettigoniidae;Tettoedischiidae;Adumbratomorphidae;Triassomantidae;Cylindrachetidae;Ripipterygidae;Tridactylidae;Trigonopterygidae;Xyronotidae;Vitimiidae;Xenopteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
than with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruesi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">G. bruesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[397,527,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danielsi">
<emphasis box="[397,527,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">G. danielsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have an MP which is clearly and very proximally ramified. In his composite reconstruction of the
<typeStatus box="[713,816,844,870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName authority="Burnham" authorityName="Burnham" box="[854,1072,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis box="[854,949,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">G. vetus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Burnham" box="[963,1072,844,870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="67" refString="Burnham, L. (1983) Studies on Upper Carboniferous insects: 1. The Geraridae (Order Protorthoptera). Psyche, 90, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1983">Burnham</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<number box="[1088,1152,844,870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1983.0">1983</number>
: fig.
<number box="[1209,1225,844,870]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="4.0">4</number>
) did not figure a simple but a forked MP vein. It is not certain if the
<typeStatus box="[983,1085,884,910]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName box="[1129,1226,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetus">
<emphasis box="[1129,1226,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">G. vetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the specimens studied by
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" box="[521,973,924,950]" pageId="34" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann (
<number box="[904,965,924,950]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1992.0">1992</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
belong to the same species or even genus. Thus, the monophyly of this genus remains unclear.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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