299 lines
37 KiB
XML
299 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B332DCA3C64BD66898F012BA6ADC1038">Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8F54887E9BD0A739DADD9ADF4062AD65">Keith, Inti</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="A6423ED280DBD6A695FA0BBA89941B1A">9 - 12</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A1BD34FFC2FFA88947FA73149FFA5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012510" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199549880" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012510" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A1BD34FFC2FFA88947FA73149FFA5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1BD34FFC2FFA88947FA73149FFA5C" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC2FFA98947FA7314FCFA68" ID-CoL="3X99P" authority="Kirchenpauer, 1872" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" box="[359,956,1441,1468]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98947FA7314FCFA68" bold="true" box="[359,956,1441,1468]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98947FA7315F2FA68" bold="true" box="[359,690,1441,1468]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Macrorhynchia philippina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC2FFA98A9AFA7314FCFA68" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[698,956,1441,1468]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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<heading id="D0FFBB4EFFC2FFA98A6BFA161598FA0B" box="[587,728,1476,1503]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98A6BFA161598FA0B" bold="true" box="[587,728,1476,1503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133310A7FFC2FFA98A75FA16158FFA0B" box="[597,719,1476,1503]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="24.[160,225,1587,1610]" captionTargetBox="[166,1150,1094,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-289@24.[163,1153,1093,1556]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 7. Leptothecata: Halopterididae and Aglaopheniidae. (a) Halopteris alternata: part of hydrocaulus with a hydrotheca (stippled), nematothecae and base of a cladium, #240555. (b) Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocladium with two hydrothecae and nematothecae, #240555. (c) Macrorhynchia philippina: part of a cladium with two hydrothecae and nematothecae, #266335. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012504/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Figure 7c</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C3125FA9FFC2FFA98880FA281609F98C" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC2FFA98880FA281586F9C7" blockId="28.[160,1155,1530,1624]" box="[160,710,1530,1555]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA92A33FFC2FFA98880FA281582F9C7" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[160,706,1530,1555]" page="19" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" year="1872">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC2FFA98880FA281582F9C7" ID-CoL="3X99P" authority="Kirchenpauer, 1872: 19" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1872" box="[160,706,1530,1555]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98880FA2816F7F9C7" box="[160,439,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Macrorhynchia philippina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC2FFA9899EFA281582F9C7" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[446,706,1530,1555]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872: 19</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC2FFA98880F9CE1609F98C" blockId="28.[160,1155,1530,1624]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB182B0CFFC2FFA98880F9CE1609F98C" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA92A33FFC2FFA98880F9CE15E5F9E1" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[160,677,1564,1589]" page="45" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" year="1872">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC2FFA98880F9CE15E5F9E1" ID-CoL="5TRGL" authority="Kirchenpauer, 1872: 45" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1872" box="[160,677,1564,1589]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98880F9CE16DDF9E1" box="[160,413,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Aglaophenia philippina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC2FFA98983F9CE15E5F9E1" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[419,677,1564,1589]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer, 1872: 45</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, text-fig. p. 17; pl. 1, fig. 26; pl. 2, fig. 26a, b; pl. 7, fig. 26.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3125FA9FFC2FFA88880F9561571FF39" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="594" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC2FFA98880F9561676F94A" blockId="28.[160,610,1668,1728]" box="[160,310,1668,1694]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC2FFA98880F9561676F94A" bold="true" box="[160,310,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<typeStatus id="54B3B280FFC2FFA98880F9561798F94A" box="[160,216,1668,1694]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC2FFA98880F9751522F914" blockId="28.[160,610,1668,1728]" box="[160,610,1703,1728]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">
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<materialsCitation id="3B60067FFFC2FFA98880F975151EF914" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3891616409" box="[160,606,1703,1728]" country="Philippines" location="Manila" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manila" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC2FFA98880F975165EF914" box="[160,286,1703,1728]" name="Philippines" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49CCC2C0FFC2FFA98908F9751632F914" box="[296,370,1703,1728]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="28" pageNumber="593">Manila</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC2FFA989A0F9751515F914" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[384,597,1703,1728]" pageId="28" pageNumber="593" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer 1872</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FF5C163FFF7C" blockId="29.[160,1155,142,237]" box="[160,383,142,168]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88880FF5C163FFF7C" bold="true" box="[160,383,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FF601571FF39" blockId="29.[160,1155,142,237]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
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Chatham Bay, dock 004, no coordinates, 1 colony,
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high, without reproductive structures, coll. G. Ashton, #266335.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3125FA9FFC3FFA88880FECB149FFA5C" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FECB1646FEE7" blockId="29.[160,1156,281,1208]" box="[160,262,281,307]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88880FECB1646FEE7" bold="true" box="[160,262,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FEEE152FFC77" blockId="29.[160,1156,281,1208]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
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The reported geographic distribution of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88A4CFEEE1326FE81" authority="Kirchenpauer, 1872" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" box="[620,1126,316,341]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88A4CFEEE14C4FE81" box="[620,900,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Macrorhynchia philippina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88BACFEEE1326FE81" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[908,1126,316,341]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">
|
||
Kirchenpauer,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF0A1C7FFC3FFA88C0FFEEE1326FE81" box="[1071,1126,316,341]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75488" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" unit="in" value="1872.0">1872</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the eastern Pacific Ocean extends from Gull Island, southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CCC2C0FFC3FFA88B67FE8D14F4FEAC" box="[839,948,351,376]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88B9DFE8D14AFFEAC" box="[957,1007,351,376]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CCC2C0FFC3FFA8889CFE501669FE4F" box="[188,297,386,411]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88912FE5016C5FE4F" box="[306,389,386,411]" name="Mexico" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88A35FE501530FE4F" box="[533,624,386,411]" name="Ecuador" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88A5BFE5015BEFE4F" author="Fraser CM" box="[635,766,386,411]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" refId="ref19676" refString="Fraser CM. 1947. Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. Toronto: University of Toronto Press." type="book" year="1947">Fraser 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88B29FE501400FE4F" author="Fraser CM" box="[777,832,386,411]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="179 - 343" refId="ref19695" refString="Fraser CM. 1948. Hydroids of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions since March, 1938. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (5): 179 - 343." type="journal article" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been widely reported within that range, with collections from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88AB6FE7615A8FE69" box="[662,744,420,445]" name="Mexico" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(White Friars, Morro de Petatlán, Tenacatita Point, islands off Navidad Head, Ildefonso Island, Tres Marias Island, San Lorenzo Channel, Guaymas Bay),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88A07FE3815DEFDD7" box="[551,670,490,515]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(South Viradores Islands),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88BF9FE381373FDD7" box="[985,1075,490,515]" name="Panama" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Bahia Honda, Secas Islands),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA8898DFDDE155AFDF1" box="[429,538,524,549]" name="Colombia" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Gorgona Island, Port Utria), coastal
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88BF5FDDE1371FDF1" box="[981,1073,524,549]" name="Ecuador" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Santa Elena Bay, La Plata Island, San Francisco Bay, La Libertad), and the offshore
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CCC2C0FFC3FFA88C2EFDFD17ACFDBF" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Galápagos Islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Isabela, Española, Santa Cruz,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFC3FFA88A74FD8015AAFDBF" box="[596,746,594,619]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">San Cristóbal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Marchena, Santiago) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88BCCFD80133EFDBF" author="Fraser CM" box="[1004,1150,594,619]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88880FDA617A6FD59" author="Fraser CM" box="[160,230,628,653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="107 - 127" refId="ref19562" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 b. Hydroids of the 1936 and 1937 Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (2): 107 - 127." type="journal article" year="1938">1938b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA888D1FDA61674FD59" author="Fraser CM" box="[241,308,628,653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="129 - 153" refId="ref19593" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 c. Hydroids of the 1932, 1933, 1935, and 1938 Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (3): 129 - 153." type="journal article" year="1938">1938c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA8891FFDA61636FD59" author="Fraser CM" box="[319,374,628,653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="179 - 343" refId="ref19695" refString="Fraser CM. 1948. Hydroids of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions since March, 1938. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (5): 179 - 343." type="journal article" year="1948">1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA889A1FDA6157FFD59" author="Calder DR & Mallinson JJ & Collins K & Hickman CP" box="[385,575,628,653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1173 - 1218" refId="ref17525" refString="Calder DR, Mallinson JJ, Collins K, Hickman CP. 2003. Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria) of the Galapagos, with a list of species reported from the islands. J Nat Hist. 37: 1173 - 1218. doi: 10.1080 / 00222930110116039" type="journal article" year="2003">Calder et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Galápagos, it is one of the most conspicuous hydroids in the upper
|
||
<quantity id="4CF0A1C7FFC3FFA88980FD45169AFD64" box="[416,474,663,688]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
on exposed coastal bottoms of the warmer eastern islands, usually occurring with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA889BFFD681446FD07" authority="Goldfuss, 1820" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[415,774,698,723]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA889BFFD68151BFD07" box="[415,603,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88A42FD681446FD07" author="Goldfuss GA" box="[610,774,698,723]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" refId="ref19936" refString="Goldfuss GA. 1820. Handbuch der Zoologie. I. Abtheilung. Nurnberg: Johann Leonhard Schrag." type="book" year="1820">Goldfuss, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D. Calder, personal observations,
|
||
<date id="FFB62AE2FFC3FFA88880FD0E1620FD21" box="[160,352,732,757]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" value="2001-06-16" valueMax="2001-06-22" valueMin="2001-06-16">16–22 June 2001</date>
|
||
). Its occurrence on Cocos Island thus coincides with the known distribution of the species across the Tropical Eastern Pacific Realm. Elsewhere,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88BF9FD2D132AFCCC" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" box="[985,1130,767,792]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88BF9FD2D132AFCCC" box="[985,1130,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">M. philippina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is taken to be essentially circumglobal in shallow tropical to warm-temperate waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88C19FCF01653FC89" author="Moura CJ & Lessios H & Cortes J & Nizinski MS & Reed J & Santos RS & Collins AG" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="14" refId="ref22104" refString="Moura CJ, Lessios H, Cortes J, Nizinski MS, Reed J, Santos RS, Collins AG. 2018. Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy [including supplementary text]. Sci Rep. Article 17986, 8: 14. doi: 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 35528 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">Moura et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA8893FFC961563FC89" author="Calder DR & Faucci A" box="[287,547,836,861]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref17862" refString="Calder DR, Faucci A. 2021. Shallow water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the 2002 NOWRAMP cruise to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa. 5085: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2021">Calder and Faucci 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88AB0FC961357FC89" authority="(Nutting, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[656,1047,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88AB0FC961427FC89" box="[656,871,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Halopteris alternata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88B54FC96134EFC89" author="Nutting CC" box="[884,1038,836,861]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref22235" refString="Nutting CC. 1900. American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Inst U S Natl Mus Spec Bull. 4 (1): 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hydroids of the species from the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific have been shown to share the same 16S haplotypes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA889BCFC581522FC77" author="Moura CJ & Collins AG & Santos RS & Lessios H" box="[412,610,906,931]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="13001 - 13016" refId="ref22177" refString="Moura CJ, Collins AG, Santos RS, Lessios H. 2019. Predominant east to west colonizations across major oceanic barriers: insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker. Ecol Evol. 9: 13001 - 13016. doi: 10.1002 / ece 3.5608" type="journal article" year="2019">Moura et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA888E0FC7F152AFBDF" blockId="29.[160,1156,281,1208]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
|
||
Hydroids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88966FC7F1693FC12" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" box="[326,467,941,966]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88966FC7F1693FC12" box="[326,467,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">M. philippina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are venomous to humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88ADEFC7F1492FC12" author="Kirchenpauer GH" box="[766,978,941,966]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref20656" refString="Kirchenpauer GH. 1872. Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg. 5 (3): 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1872">Kirchenpauer 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88BD9FC7F179BFC3C" authorityName="Kirchenpauer" authorityYear="1872" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="urens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88BD9FC7F179BFC3C" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Aglaophenia urens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA888C7FC1D1639FC3C" author="Gravely FH" box="[231,377,975,1000]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref20006" refString="Gravely FH. 1927. Coelenterata. Class Hydrozoa. Orders Gymnoblastea and Calyptoblastea, and Gravely FH, editor. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, natural history section. Vol. 1. Madras, India; p. 7 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1927">Gravely 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88984FC1D15D7FC3C" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[420,663,975,1000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88984FC1D15D7FC3C" box="[420,663,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Lytocarpus philippinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88A83FC1D1402FC3C" author="Halstead BW" box="[675,834,975,1000]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" refId="ref20242" refString="Halstead BW. 1988. Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world. 2 nd revised ed. Princeton: Darwin Press." type="book" year="1988">Halstead 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88B4DFC1D14BCFC3C" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[877,1020,975,1000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88B4DFC1D14BCFC3C" box="[877,1020,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">L. philippinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88C29FC1D1797FBDF" author="Rifkin JF & Fenner PJ & Williamson JAH" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="252 - 260" refId="ref22942" refString="Rifkin JF, Fenner PJ, Williamson JAH. 1993. First aid treatment of the sting from the hydroid Lytocarpus philippinus: the structure of, and in vitro discharge experiments with its nematocysts. J Wilderness Med. 4: 252 - 260. doi: 10.1580 / 0953 - 9859 - 4.3.252" type="journal article" year="1993">Rifkin et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFC3FFA88923FC2016D2FBDF" baseAuthorityName="Kirchenpauer" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[259,402,1010,1035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="philippinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88923FC2016D2FBDF" box="[259,402,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">L. philippinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA889BFFC20151DFBDF" author="Santhanam R" box="[415,605,1010,1035]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="29 - 73" refId="ref23025" refString="Santhanam R. 2020. Biology and ecology of the venomous marine hydrozoans (Class Hydrozoa). In: Santhanam R, editor. Biology and ecology of venomous marine cnidarians. Singapore: Springer Nature; p. 29 - 73. doi: 10.1007 / 978 - 981 - 15 - 1603 - 0 _ 3" type="book chapter" year="2020">Santhanam 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA888E0FBC71466FB6C" blockId="29.[160,1156,281,1208]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">The absence of a planktonic stage that would permit natural long-distance transoceanic dispersal, combined with genetically identical populations in the Atlantic and Pacific, suggests that ship-mediated transport has likely played an important role in the distribution of this species. We regard it as likely native to either the Atlantic or Indo-West Pacific theatres, and introduced into the Tropical Eastern Pacific.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FB3616DCFB2A" blockId="29.[160,1156,1252,1416]" box="[160,412,1252,1278]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFC3FFA88880FB3616DCFB2A" bold="true" box="[160,412,1252,1278]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Reported distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA88880FAD516FAFAF4" blockId="29.[160,1156,1252,1416]" box="[160,442,1287,1312]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">Cocos Island: first record.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFC3FFA888E0FAF8149FFA5C" blockId="29.[160,1156,1252,1416]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594">
|
||
Elsewhere: circumglobal in shallow tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate seas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88886FA9F1671FAB2" author="Calder DR" box="[166,305,1357,1382]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref17498" refString="Calder DR. 1997. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: superfamily Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sci Contrib. 161: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1997">Calder 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88960FA9F157EFAB2" author="Ansin Agis J & Ramil F & Vervoort W" box="[320,574,1357,1382]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref16659" refString="Ansin Agis J, Ramil F, Vervoort W. 2001. Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zool Verhandelingen. 333: 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">Ansín Agís et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88A6EFA9F15BFFAB2" author="Schuchert P" box="[590,767,1357,1382]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="137 - 256" refId="ref23138" refString="Schuchert P. 2003. Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Danish Expedition to the Kei Islands. Steenstrupia. 27: 137 - 256." type="journal article" year="2003">Schuchert 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88B2FFA9F14A8FAB2" author="Zhenzu X & Huang J-Q & Lin M & Guo D-H & Wang C-G" box="[783,1000,1357,1382]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="459 - 945" refId="ref24303" refString="Zhenzu X, Huang J-Q, Lin M, Guo D-H, Wang C-G. 2014. The superclass Hydrozoa of the phylum Cnidaria in China. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Vol. II p. 459 - 945." type="book chapter" year="2014">Zhenzu et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88BD7FA9F1797FA5C" author="Moura CJ & Lessios H & Cortes J & Nizinski MS & Reed J & Santos RS & Collins AG" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="14" refId="ref22104" refString="Moura CJ, Lessios H, Cortes J, Nizinski MS, Reed J, Santos RS, Collins AG. 2018. Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy [including supplementary text]. Sci Rep. Article 17986, 8: 14. doi: 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 35528 - 8" type="journal article" year="2018">Moura et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA888C4FABD165BFA5C" author="Moura CJ & Collins AG & Santos RS & Lessios H" box="[228,283,1391,1416]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="13001 - 13016" refId="ref22177" refString="Moura CJ, Collins AG, Santos RS, Lessios H. 2019. Predominant east to west colonizations across major oceanic barriers: insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker. Ecol Evol. 9: 13001 - 13016. doi: 10.1002 / ece 3.5608" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88907FABD15FFFA5C" author="Chakraborty O & Raghunathan C" box="[295,703,1391,1416]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="291 - 317" refId="ref18388" refString="Chakraborty O, Raghunathan C. 2020. Notes on seven aglaopheniids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands with three new records to India. Zootaxa. 4790: 291 - 317. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4790.2.6" type="journal article" year="2020">Chakraborty and Raghunathan 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFC3FFA88AECFABD1492FA5C" author="Calder DR & Faucci A" box="[716,978,1391,1416]" pageId="29" pageNumber="594" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref17862" refString="Calder DR, Faucci A. 2021. Shallow water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the 2002 NOWRAMP cruise to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa. 5085: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2021">Calder and Faucci 2021</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |