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<mods:title id="DF0C5E7A72208120D574719A26067E8F">Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B0BD662C75E1F748AD34ED3B5D3744DB">Pereira, Amanda Da Paixão Noronha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0B83D18644DF63A4F744FA714D739DD4">Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Pesquisa Curadoria do Herbário, São Paulo, SP 01061 - 970, Brazil &amp; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, 09972 - 270, Diadema, SP, Brazil. &amp; amanda. pnoronhap @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4874 - 129 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0D2B12B35841CC7BE6E683C4CCF542B2">Riina, Ricarda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1CBA6F3EDA9D3DF1CD7DF22C4D2DBAFA">Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain. &amp; rriina @ rjb. csic. es; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7423 - 899 X</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF44FC182DCA81E7" bold="true" box="[136,171,914,940]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C314D53901C0461FF63FC182FE381E7" ID-CoL="ZQH6" authority="Baillon (1864: 332)" authorityName="Baillon" authorityPageNumber="332" authorityYear="1864" box="[175,642,914,941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrobothrys">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF63FC182CC281E6" bold="true" box="[175,419,914,941]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Croton macrobothrys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B21901C0461FE6BFC182FE381E7" author="Baillon, H. E." box="[423,642,914,940]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" pagination="257 - 377" refId="ref23697" refString="Baillon, H. E. (1864) Species Euphorbiacearum. Euphorbiacees Americaines. Premiere partie: Amerique austro-orientale. Adansonia 4: 257 - 377." type="journal article" year="1864">Baillon (1864: 332)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="548A8872901C0461FD46FC192F9B81E6" box="[650,762,915,941]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
(designated by 
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Caruzo 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FC35FC19294F81E7" box="[1017,1070,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
2016
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): 
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. 
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: 
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, 1833, 
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92
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(
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00633413!; isolectotypes F 0056158F!, G 00434542!, GH 00257954!, GDC 00311416!, GDC G00311415!, MPU 014844!, P 00633414!, P 00633415!)
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. (
<figureCitation id="130A2A55901C0461FBDFFC50290781BF" box="[1043,1126,986,1012]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="21.[136,229,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[225,1343,431,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-112@21.[222,1346,425,1841]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 13. Croton longicarpus. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Staminate flower. D. Pistillate flower. E. Capsule. C. lundianus. F. Inflorescence with a noticeable sterile region between the pistillate and staminate flowers. G. Staminate flowers. H. Pistillate flowers; note the characteristic white sepals with serrate margins. I. Capsules. C. macrobothrys. J. Trunk, showing red latex where scored with a knife. K. Stipitate acropetiolar nectary glands. L. Young capsule with persistent, bifid stigmas. Photos: A–E: A.P.N. Pereira, F–I: O.L.M. Silva, J–L: R.F. Santos." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7260319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7260319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
, J–L)
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D53901C0461FF44FBA92C1B8677" authorityName="Baillon" authorityYear="1864" box="[136,378,1058,1085]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrobothrys">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF44FBA92C1B8677" box="[136,378,1058,1085]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Croton macrobothrys</emphasis>
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is a large tree characterized by the presence of copious red latex when the bark is cut, ovatelanceolate leaves, stipitate acropetiolar glands, elongated inflorescences, and long pedicellate flowers. 
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Caruzo 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FABEFBCD28CD862B" box="[1394,1452,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
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recognized two subspecies for 
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FDF9FBE12F9086CF" box="[565,753,1130,1157]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">C. macrobothrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with only the typical one present in 
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(
<taxonomicName id="4C314D53901C0461FB3CFBE12C1086E3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="macrobothrys" subSpecies="macrobothrys">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FB3CFBE128CD86CF" box="[1264,1452,1130,1157]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">C. macrobothrys</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF1AFB042C1086E3" box="[214,369,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">macrobothrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The species belongs to section 
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FD2FFB042E0E86E3" box="[739,879,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Cyclostigma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B21901C0461FCB2FB04292F86E3" author="van Ee, B. W. &amp; Riina, R. &amp; Berry, P. E." box="[894,1102,1166,1193]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" pagination="791 - 823" refId="ref27137" refString="van Ee, B. W., Riina, R. &amp; Berry, P. E. (2011) A revised infrageneric classification and molecular phylogeny of New World Croton (Euphorbiaceae). Taxon 60: 791 - 823. https: // doi. org / 10.3372 / wi. 41.41102" type="journal article" year="2011">
van Ee 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FC1FFB05296A86E3" box="[979,1035,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B8E36D0901C0461FF71FB382EBD875F" blockId="22.[136,1452,1058,1517]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF71FB382F698687" bold="true" box="[189,520,1202,1228]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Distribution and habitat:—</emphasis>
It occurs in southern (
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, SC, RS) and southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F3267640901C0461FB91FB3829C08687" box="[1117,1185,1202,1228]" name="Brazil" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(RJ, SP) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B21901C0461FAD4FB382DA286BB" author="Caruzo, M. B. R. &amp; Santos, R. F. &amp; Feio, A. C. &amp; Meira, R. M. S. &amp; Riina, R." pageId="22" pageNumber="253" pagination="51 - 58" refId="ref24384" refString="Caruzo, M. B. R., Santos, R. F., Feio, A. C., Meira, R. M. S. &amp; Riina, R. (2016) Redefinition of Croton macrobothrys (Euphorbiaceae), a tree species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with the description of a new subspecies. Phytotaxa 273: 51 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 273.1.5" type="journal article" year="2016">
Caruzo 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FABEFB3928CD8687" box="[1394,1452,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B21901C0461FF02FB5C2C6886BB" author="Caruzo, M. B. R. &amp; Secco, R. S. &amp; Medeiros, D. &amp; Riina, R. &amp; Torres, D. S. C. &amp; Santos, R. F. &amp; Pereira, A. P. N. &amp; Rossine, Y. &amp; Lima, L. R. &amp; Muniz-Filho, E. &amp; Valduga, E." box="[206,265,1238,1264]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" pagination="2020" refId="ref24467" refString="Caruzo, M. B. R., Secco, R. S., Medeiros, D., Riina, R., Torres, D. S. C., Santos, R. F., Pereira, A. P. N., Rossine, Y., Lima, L. R., Muniz-Filho, E., Valduga, E. (2020) Croton. In: Flora do Brasil 2020. Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http: // floradobrasil. jbrj. gov. br / reflora / floradobrasil / FB 17497 (accessed 8 January 2022)" type="book chapter" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B21901C0461FEDFFB5C2C8E86BB" author="Valduga, E. &amp; Molz, M. &amp; Cordeiro, I. &amp; Iganci, J." box="[275,495,1238,1264]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" pagination="189 - 194" refId="ref26861" refString="Valduga, E., Molz, M., Cordeiro, I. &amp; Iganci, J. (2021) Novelties in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from southern South America. Phytotaxa 496: 189 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 496.2.8" type="journal article" year="2021">
Valduga 
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FEB9FB5D2CCC86BB" box="[373,429,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
2021
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). In 
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, the species is more common in the east of the state, on the slopes of Serra do Mar. It grows in moist forest, between 50 and 
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elevation. (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF71FA942C3E8773" bold="true" box="[189,351,1310,1336]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Phenology:—</emphasis>
Flowering from November to December, and fruiting December, January and May.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FF71FAC82F7B8717" bold="true" box="[189,538,1346,1372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Representative specimens:—</emphasis>
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: 
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, 
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, 
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FBF5FAC9295C8716" box="[1081,1085,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">.</emphasis>
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3222
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(
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, 
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). 
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<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FEB8FAED2CA887CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FEB8FAED2CA887CA" box="[372,457,1383,1409]" name="Murato" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Salto">Murato</location>
, 
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<collectingDate id="EFCBE9F8901C0461FE1EFAEC2FCA87CB" box="[466,683,1382,1409]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" value="1993-11-15">15 November 1993</collectingDate>
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, 
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FD78FAED2FAA87CA" box="[692,715,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">G</emphasis>
</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FD07FAED2ECC87CB" box="[715,941,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
. 
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. 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FC42FAED2ECB87CB" box="[910,938,1383,1408]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
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<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FC7EFAEC2E8B87CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FC7EFAEC2E8B87CB" box="[946,1002,1382,1408]" name="Silva" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Salto">Silva</location>
59776
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(
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, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FACCFAEC287E87CB" box="[1280,1311,1382,1408]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
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<collectorName id="26C45306901C0461FAFCFAEC28C987CB" box="[1328,1448,1382,1408]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Guaratuba</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="26C45306901C0461FF44FA002C7D87EF" box="[136,284,1418,1444]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Descampado</collectorName>
, 
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<collectingDate id="EFCBE9F8901C0461FEE6FA002C8F87EF" box="[298,494,1418,1445]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" value="1994-01-15">15 January 1994</collectingDate>
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, 
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FE30FA012F7287EE" box="[508,531,1419,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">G</emphasis>
</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FDD8FA012E6487EF" box="[532,773,1418,1445]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B593C8D901C0461FDEEFA002E6387EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948786336" box="[546,770,1418,1445]" collectionCode="J, M" location="Hatschbach" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Salto">
<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FDEEFA002FC987EF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FDEEFA002FC987EF" box="[546,680,1418,1444]" name="Hatschbach" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Salto">Hatschbach</location>
&amp; 
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. 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FD2AFA012E6387EF" box="[742,770,1419,1444]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
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.
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FCC3FA002EF987EF" box="[783,920,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FCC3FA002E2687EF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FCC3FA002E2687EF" box="[783,839,1418,1444]" name="Silva" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Salto">Silva</location>
59816
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(
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, 
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, 
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, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FB5EFA0029A487EF" box="[1170,1221,1418,1444]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15730" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15730" name="Universidade de São Paulo" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">SPF</collectionCode>
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, 
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, 
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</date>
, 
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. 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FE29FA252F608783" box="[485,513,1455,1480]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FDCDFA252E438782" box="[513,802,1454,1481]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B593C8D901C0461FDC6FA242F018783" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948786577" box="[522,608,1454,1480]" collectionCode="J" location="Silva" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colonia">
<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FDC6FA242F248783" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FDC6FA242F248783" box="[522,581,1454,1480]" name="Silva" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Colonia">Silva</location>
, 
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. 
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<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FDA5FA242FAF8783" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FDA5FA242FAF8783" box="[617,718,1454,1480]" name="Cordeiro" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Colonia">Cordeiro</location>
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<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FD3CFA252E678782" box="[752,774,1455,1481]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FCC6FA252E7E8782" box="[778,799,1455,1481]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15534" name="Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universitaet" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">B</collectionCode>
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</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B593C8D901C0461FCE5FA2429838783" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948786489" box="[809,1250,1454,1481]" collectionCode="HCF, MBM" collectorName="Tunas" location="Poliquesi" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colonia">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FCE5FA242EB08783" box="[809,977,1454,1480]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
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6139
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(
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, 
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<collectorName id="26C45306901C0461FBB1FA2529A18782" box="[1149,1216,1455,1481]" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">Tunas</collectorName>
do
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<materialsCitation id="3B593C8D901C0461FB25FA242C1687A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948786373" collectingDate="1999-12-15" collectionCode="J, M" location="Pacas" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana">
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, 
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, 
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<collectingDate id="EFCBE9F8901C0461FA43FA242C5C87A7" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" value="1999-12-15">15 December 1999</collectingDate>
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, 
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. 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FE97FA592C1687A7" box="[347,375,1491,1516]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FEBAFA592F7387A7" box="[374,530,1490,1517]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
. 
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<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FE4DFA582CD887A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FE4DFA582CD887A7" box="[385,441,1490,1516]" name="Silva" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Parana">Silva</location>
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. 
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.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B593C8D901C0461FDD4FA582E2587A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948786600" box="[536,836,1490,1516]" collectionCode="MBM, SPF, W" location="Abe" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Parana">
<emphasis id="B945EAC2901C0461FDD4FA582FE087A7" box="[536,641,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="253">
<location id="8EEE600B901C0461FDD4FA582F2587A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887C6901C0461FF44FC182E2987A7:8EEE600B901C0461FDD4FA582F2587A7" box="[536,580,1490,1516]" name="Abe" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" stateProvince="Parana">Abe</location>
3116
</emphasis>
(
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, 
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, 
<collectionCode id="ED20AE15901C0461FCD1FA582E5D87A7" box="[797,828,1490,1516]" country="Austria" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15588" name="Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" pageId="22" pageNumber="253" type="Herbarium">W</collectionCode>
)
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.
</paragraph>
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