treatments-xml/data/03/90/87/03908791D138FF861ACA080E54611B48.xml

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<mods:title id="0810152B9C47F7E5D2BF51834068542F">One new species and one new combination of the family Xyalidae (Nematoda: Monhysterida) from the East China Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="11EE2B60EF971A0263B092C9B10DD9B8">Sun, Yan</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C323650CD138FF8B1ACA080E546D1D96" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1ACA080E56FE1D77" blockId="5.[151,916,855,915]" box="[151,916,855,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<heading id="D0CE81EBD138FF8B1ACA080E56FE1D77" bold="true" box="[151,916,855,882]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1ACA080E56FE1D77" bold="true" box="[151,916,855,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1ACA080E566C1D77" authority="(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,774,855,882]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1ACA080E576B1D74" bold="true" box="[151,513,855,881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B76D138FF8B184D080157941D77" author="Huang" box="[528,766,856,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refString="Huang, Y. &amp; Xu, K. D. (2013) A neW speCIes of free-lIvIng nematode of Daptonema (MonhysterIda: XyalIdae) from the YelloW Sea. Aquatic Science and Technology, 1 (1), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2013">Huang &amp; Xu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57EED138FF8B1953080156FE1D77" box="[782,916,856,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1ACA0823546D1D96" blockId="5.[151,916,855,915]" box="[151,263,890,915]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
(
<figureCitation id="13022A02D138FF8B1AC2082355951D96" box="[159,255,890,915]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1911,1933]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[231,1335,219,1875]" captionTargetBox-1="[239,1357,193,1933]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[204,1391,187,1901]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[239,1357,193,1933]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Paragnomoxyala macrostoma (Huang &amp; Xu, 2013) comb. nov. (A) lateral vIeW of male anterIor end, shoWIng buCCal CavIty, amphId and pharynX; (B) entIre vIeW of female, shoWIng vulva, ovary and eggs; (C) lateral vIeW of male posterIor end, shoWIng spICule and Caudal glands; (D) lateral vIeW of male head, shoWIng buCCal CavIty and CephalIC setae; (E) lateral vIeW of male CloaCal regIon, shoWIng spICule." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Paragnomoxyala macrostoma (Huang &amp; Xu, 2013) comb. nov. (A) lateral vIeW of female anterIor end; (B) lateral vIeW of male anterIor end; (C) lateral vIeW of male posterIor end; (D) lateral vIeW of male CloaCal regIon (From Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/844516/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/844518/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Fig. 3–4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323650CD138FF8B1ACA089B57601A42" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1ACA089B51C01DFA" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1ACA089B546C1DDE" bold="true" box="[151,262,962,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Material.</emphasis>
Five males and three females were collected from Stations DH3–1. ♂1 on slide DH 
<date id="FF871047D138FF8B1E9F089A50481DDE" box="[1218,1314,963,987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" value="2012-01-03" valueMax="2012-03-03" valueMin="2012-01-03">12-3-1-3</date>
-1; ♂2, ♂3, ♂4, ♂5, ♀1, ♀2 and ♀3 on slides DH 
<date id="FF871047D138FF8B181408BE57D11DFA" box="[585,699,999,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" value="2012-01-03" valueMax="2012-02-01" valueMin="2012-01-03">12-3-1-1-2</date>
, DH 
<date id="FF871047D138FF8B18AB08BE56081DFA" box="[758,866,999,1023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" value="1931-12-04" valueMax="1931-12-01" valueMin="1931-12-04">12-31-4-1</date>
, DH 
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, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1A9A0F5357601A42" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<materialsCitation id="3B513CDAD138FF8B1A9A0F5357601A42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586201909" country="China" elevation="21" location="Specimens" longitude="122.50166" municipality="Sublittoral" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1A9A0F5357281A26" bold="true" box="[199,578,1034,1059]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<location id="8EE6605CD138FF8B1A9A0F53542F1A26" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03908791D138FF861ACA080E54611B48:8EE6605CD138FF8B1A9A0F53542F1A26" box="[199,325,1034,1059]" country="China" longitude="122.50166" municipality="Sublittoral" name="Specimens" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Specimens</location>
locality and habitat.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE2ACFDD138FF8B18160F5357AB1A26" box="[587,705,1034,1059]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Sublittoral</collectingMunicipality>
in the East 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7617D138FF8B19120F5356F81A26" box="[847,914,1034,1059]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">China</collectingCountry>
Sea. Station DH3–1: 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0D5040D138FF8B1ECD0F5250491A27" box="[1168,1315,1035,1059]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" precision="92" value="122.50166">122° 30.1´E</geoCoordinate>
, 30° 0΄ N, water depth 
<elevation id="0014D1B4D138FF8B1B7C0F7654361A43" box="[289,348,1071,1095]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" unit="m" value="21.0">
<quantity id="4CC19B62D138FF8B1B7C0F7654361A43" box="[289,348,1071,1095]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, clay sediment.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323650CD138FF8B1A9A0F0B5151183A" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1A9A0F0B54B61A6E" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" box="[199,476,1106,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1A9A0F0B54171A6E" bold="true" box="[199,381,1106,1131]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Measurements.</emphasis>
<tableCitation id="C6BB033CD138FF8B1BD90F0B54B31A6E" box="[388,473,1106,1131]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,244,151,176]" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements (in µm) of Paragnomoxyala macrostoma (Huang &amp; Xu, 2013) comb. nov." pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1A9A0F2F51811BD6" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1A9A0F2F54DA1A8A" bold="true" box="[199,432,1142,1167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Description. Males.</emphasis>
Body slender, gradually tapering towards both extremities. Cuticle with coarse annular striations, beginning at base of buccal cavity and ending at tail tip. Outer labial sensilla papilliform, inner labial sensilla not observed, four cephalic sensilla setiform, 3–4 µm long. Short somatic setae scattered over body. Lips elongated and tapering distally. Buccal cavity large, funnel-shaped, 16 µm long and 15 µm wide, consists of cheilostom and conical pharyngostom. Amphidial fovea circular, 8 µm in diameter (36% of corresponding body diameter), situated at 15 µm from anterior end. Secretory-excretory system not observed. Pharynx cylindrical. Cardia well developed, conical, 11 µm long. Nerve ring located at 45% of pharyngeal length. Spicules 26–30 µm long, slender with slightly curved proximal ends and hooked distal ends. Gubernaculum absent. No precloacal supplements. Tail conico-cylindrical, 5.1–5.5 cloacal body diameter long, tapering, with distal fourth cylindrical and three short terminal setae. Three caudal glands with common opening. Spinneret not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1A9A0E875151183A" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1A9A0E87545A1BF2" bold="true" box="[199,304,1502,1527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Females.</emphasis>
Females have most features in common with males, but are slightly larger. A single anterior outstretched ovary 570 µm long. Oviduct a wide tube. Uterus extended backwards, wide tube, containing round eggs. Vagina straight, 0.4 times vulval body diameter. Vulva posterior to mid-body.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323650CD138FF861A9A0D1354611B48" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B863687D138FF8B1A9A0D13515C19CE" blockId="5.[151,1437,962,1995]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1A9A0D1354971866" bold="true" box="[199,509,1610,1635]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Diagnosis and discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B185A0D1256771867" authorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2013" box="[519,797,1611,1634]" class="Chromadorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Daptonema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B185A0D1256771867" box="[519,797,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Daptonema macrostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from the yellow Sea by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B76D138FF8B1EAF0D12558E1882" author="Huang" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refString="Huang, Y. &amp; Xu, K. D. (2013) A neW speCIes of free-lIvIng nematode of Daptonema (MonhysterIda: XyalIdae) from the YelloW Sea. Aquatic Science and Technology, 1 (1), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2013">Huang and Xu (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. It is characteriZed by large funnel-shaped buccal cavity with weakly cuticulariZed walls; outer labial sensilla papilliform; four cephalic sensilla setiform; spicules almost straight, gubernaculum absent. However, since above listed characters fit well with the genus 
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B18870DEF56C818CB" box="[730,930,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B18870DEF56F418CB" authorityName="Jiang and Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[730,926,1718,1742]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Paragnomoxyala</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and considering the fact that 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1F440DEE544B18F7" authorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2013" class="Chromadorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Daptonema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1F440DEE544B18F7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Daptonema macrostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have typical features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B18C40D82567618F7" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[665,796,1755,1778]" class="Chromadorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Daptonema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B18C40D82567618F7" box="[665,796,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Daptonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as conical buccal cavity, 6–10 outer labial setiform sensilla, gubernaculum present, we think that the species ought to belong to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1E050DA750731913" authorityName="Jiang and Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[1112,1305,1790,1814]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1E050DA750731913" box="[1112,1305,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we transfer this species to 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1B980C7A57EC193E" authorityName="Jiang and Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[453,646,1827,1851]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1B980C7A57EC193E" box="[453,646,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and name it as 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B191F0C7A50F6193E" authority="(Huang and Xu, 2013)" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang and Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[834,1436,1826,1851]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B191F0C7A51FE193F" box="[834,1172,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B76D138FF8B1EF90C7A50FF193E" author="Huang" box="[1188,1429,1826,1851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refString="Huang, Y. &amp; Xu, K. D. (2013) A neW speCIes of free-lIvIng nematode of Daptonema (MonhysterIda: XyalIdae) from the YelloW Sea. Aquatic Science and Technology, 1 (1), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2013">Huang and Xu, 2013</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57EED138FF8B1ACA0C1F5477195A" box="[151,285,1862,1887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1ACA0C1F5477195A" bold="true" box="[151,285,1862,1887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">comb. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1B740C1F57EA195B" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang and Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[297,640,1862,1886]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1B740C1F57EA195B" box="[297,640,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the only other species of the genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1E860C1F54931986" authority="Jiang &amp; Huang, 2015" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2015" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="breviseta">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1E860C1F55971986" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala breviseta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B76D138FF8B1B590C3354931986" author="Jiang" box="[260,505,1898,1923]" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" refString="JIang, W. J. &amp; Huang, Y. (2015) Paragnomoxyala gen. nov. (XyalIdae, MonhysterIda, Nematoda) from the East ChIna Sea. Zootaxa, 4039 (3), 467 - 474. http: // doI. org / 10.11646 / zootaXa. 4039.3.6" type="journal article" year="2015">Jiang &amp; Huang, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in shape of buccal cavity and structure of spicules: 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1E170C3250F61987" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang and Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1098,1436,1899,1923]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1E170C3250F61987" box="[1098,1436,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has broader head (&gt;17 µm 
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1B990CD654B119A3" box="[452,475,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">vs</emphasis>
&lt;15 µm in 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B183B0CD6578D19A3" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[614,743,1934,1958]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="breviseta">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B183B0CD6578D19A3" box="[614,743,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">P. breviseta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); funnel shaped buccal cavity (
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1E1A0CD6513419A3" box="[1095,1118,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">vs</emphasis>
rectangular buccal cavity in 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B1ACA0CEA547D19CE" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,279,1971,1995]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="breviseta">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B1ACA0CEA547D19CE" box="[151,279,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">P. breviseta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); spicules with hooked distal ends (
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B18F60CEA57A819CF" box="[683,706,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">vs</emphasis>
blunt distal ends in 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D138FF8B19F90CEA514C19CE" authorityName="Jiang &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2015" box="[932,1062,1971,1995]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="406" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="breviseta">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D138FF8B19F90CEA514C19CE" box="[932,1062,1971,1995]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="406">P. breviseta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF46660FD13BFF881ACA0C2E57C419EC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/844516/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" targetBox="[231,1335,219,1875]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B863687D13BFF881ACA0C2E57C419EC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1911,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13BFF881ACA0C2E547E1989" bold="true" box="[151,276,1911,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D13BFF881B400C2E565B1988" authority="(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[285,817,1911,1933]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13BFF881B400C2E573B1988" box="[285,593,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57EED13BFF8819670C2E56C51989" box="[826,943,1911,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13BFF8819670C2E56C51989" bold="true" box="[826,943,1911,1932]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">comb. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A) lateral vIeW of male anterIor end, shoWIng buCCal CavIty, amphId and pharynX; (B) entIre vIeW of female, shoWIng vulva, ovary and eggs; (C) lateral vIeW of male posterIor end, shoWIng spICule and Caudal glands; (D) lateral vIeW of male head, shoWIng buCCal CavIty and CephalIC setae; (E) lateral vIeW of male CloaCal regIon, shoWIng spICule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF46660FD13AFF891ACA0CC155B319EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/844518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" targetBox="[239,1357,193,1933]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B863687D13AFF891ACA0CC155B319EE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1944,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13AFF891ACA0CC1547819A8" bold="true" box="[151,274,1944,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D13AFF891B450CC1564819AB" authority="(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[280,802,1944,1966]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13AFF891B450CC1572319AB" box="[280,585,1944,1966]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57EED13AFF8919750CC156F119A8" box="[808,923,1944,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D13AFF8919750CC156F119A8" bold="true" box="[808,923,1944,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">comb. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A) lateral vIeW of female anterIor end; (B) lateral vIeW of male anterIor end; (C) lateral vIeW of male posterIor end; (D) lateral vIeW of male CloaCal regIon (From Huang &amp; Xu, 2013).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF46660FD135FF861ACA0BCE506E1EAA" box="[151,1284,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<paragraph id="8B863687D135FF861ACA0BCE506E1EAA" blockId="8.[151,1284,151,176]" box="[151,1284,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D135FF861ACA0BCE547A1EB5" bold="true" box="[151,272,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Measurements (in µm) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C394D04D135FF8618610BC151171EB5" authority="(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)" authorityName="Sun &amp; Huang" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Huang &amp; Xu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[572,1149,152,176]" class="Adenophorea" family="Xyalidae" genus="Paragnomoxyala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="macrostoma" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D135FF8618610BC156E61EB5" box="[572,908,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Paragnomoxyala macrostoma</emphasis>
(Huang &amp; Xu, 2013)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E57EED135FF861ED90BCE506E1EAA" box="[1156,1284,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<emphasis id="B94DEA95D135FF861ED90BCE51971EB5" bold="true" box="[1156,1277,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">comb. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B863687D135FF861AC20B9554E01A72" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<table id="F939C427D13500711ACA0B9550291A72" box="[151,1347,204,1143]" gridcols="3" gridrows="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0B9550291EE7" box="[151,1347,204,226]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0B9557321EE7" box="[151,600,204,226]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">CharaCters</th>
<th id="76D85DB9D135007118A90B9556BD1EE7" box="[756,983,204,226]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">5♂♂</th>
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0B9550291EE7" box="[1120,1347,204,226]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">3♀♀</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0BAC50291F0E" box="[151,1347,245,267]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0BAC57321F0E" box="[151,600,245,267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Total body length</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90BAC56BD1F0E" box="[756,983,245,267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">1104±58 (1045–1180)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0BAC50291F0E" box="[1120,1347,245,267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">1283±64 (1220–1348)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0A4750291F31" box="[151,1347,286,308]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0A4757321F31" box="[151,600,286,308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">MaXImum body dIameter</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90A4756BD1F31" box="[756,983,286,308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">49.6±3.8 (43–52)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0A4750291F31" box="[1120,1347,286,308]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">60.3±2.3 (59–63)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0A1150291F5B" box="[151,1347,328,350]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0A1157321F5B" box="[151,600,328,350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Head dIameter</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90A1156BD1F5B" box="[756,983,328,350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">17.5±0.5 (17–18)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0A1150291F5B" box="[1120,1347,328,350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">20±1 (19–21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0A2850291F82" box="[151,1347,369,391]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0A2857321F82" box="[151,600,369,391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">WIdth of buCCal CavIty</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90A2856BD1F82" box="[756,983,369,391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">13.4±1.1 (12–15)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0A2850291F82" box="[1120,1347,369,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">15.3±0.6 (15–16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0AC350291FB5" box="[151,1347,410,432]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0AC357321FB5" box="[151,600,410,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Length of CephalIC setae</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90AC356BD1FB5" box="[756,983,410,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">3.4±0.4 (3–4)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0AC350291FB5" box="[1120,1347,410,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">3.3±0.4 (3–3.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0A9D50291FDF" box="[151,1347,452,474]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0A9D57321FDF" box="[151,600,452,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">PosItIon of nerve rIng from the anterIor end</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90A9D56BD1FDF" box="[756,983,452,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">117.5±8.7 (110–125)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0A9D50291FDF" box="[1120,1347,452,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">135.7±1.2 (135–137)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0AB450291C06" box="[151,1347,493,515]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0AB457321C06" box="[151,600,493,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Body dIameter at nerve rIng level</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A90AB456BD1C06" box="[756,983,493,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">39±3.7 (35–44)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D0AB450291C06" box="[1120,1347,493,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">49.7±0.6 (49–50)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA094F50291C29" box="[151,1347,534,556]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA094F57321C29" box="[151,600,534,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">PharynX length</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9094F56BD1C29" box="[756,983,534,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">257.2±16.1 (240–273)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D094F50291C29" box="[1120,1347,534,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">301.7±9.5 (291–309)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA091950291C53" box="[151,1347,576,598]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA091957321C53" box="[151,600,576,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Body dIameter at base of pharynX</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9091956BD1C53" box="[756,983,576,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">45.4±3.8 (39–49)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D091950291C53" box="[1120,1347,576,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">58.3 ±4 (54–62)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA093050291C7A" box="[151,1347,617,639]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA093057321C7A" box="[151,600,617,639]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">SpICule length along arC</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9093056BD1C7A" box="[756,983,617,639]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">28±2.1 (25–30)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D093050291C7A" box="[1120,1347,617,639]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA09CB50291CAD" box="[151,1347,658,680]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA09CB57321CAD" box="[151,600,658,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Anal / CloaCal body dIameter</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A909CB56BD1CAD" box="[756,983,658,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">30.8±0.8 (30–32)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D09CB50291CAD" box="[1120,1347,658,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">36.7 ±0.6 (36–37)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA09E550291CD7" box="[151,1347,700,722]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA09E557321CD7" box="[151,600,700,722]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">TaIl length</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A909E556BD1CD7" box="[756,983,700,722]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">160.8±10.4 (149–176)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D09E550291CD7" box="[1120,1347,700,722]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">187.7±12 (176–200)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA09BC50291CFE" box="[151,1347,741,763]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA09BC57321CFE" box="[151,600,741,763]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">TaIl length / anal or CloaCal body dIameter</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A909BC56BD1CFE" box="[756,983,741,763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">5.2±0.2 (5–5.5)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D09BC50291CFE" box="[1120,1347,741,763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">5.1±0.3 (4.8–5.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA085750291D21" box="[151,1347,782,804]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA085757321D21" box="[151,600,782,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Vulva from anterIor end</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9085756BD1D21" box="[756,983,782,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">–</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D085750291D21" box="[1120,1347,782,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">865.7±48 (813–907)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA086150291D4B" box="[151,1347,824,846]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA086157321D4B" box="[151,600,824,846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Vulval body dIameter</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9086156BD1D4B" box="[756,983,824,846]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">–</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D086150291D4B" box="[1120,1347,824,846]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">57.7 ±1.5 (56–59)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA083850291D72" box="[151,1347,865,887]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA083857321D72" box="[151,600,865,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">V%</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9083856BD1D72" box="[756,983,865,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">–</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D083850291D72" box="[1120,1347,865,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">67.7±1.2 (67–69)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA08D350291DA5" box="[151,1347,906,928]" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA08D357321DA5" box="[151,600,906,928]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">a</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A908D356BD1DA5" box="[756,983,906,928]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">23±1.6(20.6–25)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D08D350291DA5" box="[1120,1347,906,928]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">21.3±0.5 (20.7–21.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA08ED50291DCF" box="[151,1347,948,970]" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA08ED57321DCF" box="[151,600,948,970]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">b</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A908ED56BD1DCF" box="[756,983,948,970]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">4.4±0.3(4.1–4.9)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D08ED50291DCF" box="[1120,1347,948,970]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">4.3±0.1 (4.2–4.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA088450291DF6" box="[151,1347,989,1011]" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA088457321DF6" box="[151,600,989,1011]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">C</th>
<td id="76D85DB9D135007118A9088456BD1DF6" box="[756,983,989,1011]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">7.1±0.4(6.7–7.7)</td>
<td id="76D85DB9D13500711E3D088450291DF6" box="[1120,1347,989,1011]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">6.8±0.4 (6.5–7.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350934C5D13500711ACA0F0450291A72" box="[151,1347,1117,1143]" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76D85DB9D13500711ACA0F0457321A72" box="[151,600,1117,1143]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Acknowledgements</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B863687D135FF861ACA0FFD54611B48" blockId="8.[151,1436,1188,1357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7617D135FF8619F90FFD568D1AB8" box="[932,999,1188,1213]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">China</collectingCountry>
(No: 41176107). We are very thankful to all crew members of R/V “Science 3” for their kind help in samples collection. We are sincerely grateful to Dr Zhang Yan (Agricultural University of Qingdao) for providing related references, Dr Liu Xiaoshou (Ocean University of 
<collectingCountry id="F32E7617D135FF861B690E5654131B2D" box="[308,377,1295,1320]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">China</collectingCountry>
) for linguistic assistance and two anonymous referees for providing valuable suggestions and criticisms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>