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<mods:title id="379EA02F3448FA097E013832C9A98D3A">Revision of Gypogyna Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2A1F863F75BA9E4C9E3E749B60A1AAF7">Ruiz, Gustavo R. S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="437613CDFF9E0840FEBF4DC8E95AB0E0">Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, CEP 66075 - 110, Belém, PA, Brazil. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="07955CE4A080EDB4875BB2DB9AFE3A9C">Costa, Erika L. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="976D6AC1E35AB4E192AF22F4DA74A954">Bustamante, Abel A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03900C6CBF37FF9427F0FCBAFEBD2F63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5589423" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189159913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5589423" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03900C6CBF37FF9427F0FCBAFEBD2F63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03900C6CBF37FF9427F0FCBAFEBD2F63" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF37FF9727F0FCBAFE732D5A" blockId="1.[151,434,834,861]" box="[151,434,834,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<heading id="D0CE0A16BF37FF9727F0FCBAFE732D5A" bold="true" box="[151,434,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF9727F0FCBAFE732D5A" ID-CoL="4S2Q" ID-ENA="1766273" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,434,834,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727F0FCBAFE732D5A" bold="true" box="[151,434,834,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727F0FCBAFED02D5B" bold="true" box="[151,273,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF97267EFCBBFE732D5A" author="Simon, E." box="[281,434,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="381 - 407" refId="ref8120" refString="Simon, E. (1900) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 381 - 407." type="journal article" year="1900">Simon, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF37FF9727F0FC71FAEF2D99" blockId="1.[151,1326,903,927]" box="[151,1326,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB299A54BF37FF9727F0FC71FAEF2D99" box="[151,1326,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<treatmentCitation id="0A989B6BBF37FF9727F0FC71FE752D99" author="Simon, E." box="[151,436,903,927]" page="387" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" year="1900">
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF9727F0FC71FE752D99" ID-CoL="4S2Q" authority="Simon 1900: 387" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="387" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,436,903,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727F0FC71FF3E2D99" box="[151,255,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF972661FC7EFE752D99" author="Simon, E." box="[262,436,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="381 - 407" refId="ref8120" refString="Simon, E. (1900) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 381 - 407." type="journal article" year="1900">Simon 1900: 387</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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(
<typeStatus id="548203D8BF37FF9726A6FC7EFE2F2D99" box="[449,494,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97252CFC71FC4F2D99" ID-CoL="6L7BQ" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[587,910,903,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forceps">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97252CFC71FCC52D99" box="[587,772,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna forceps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF97246DFC7EFC4F2D99" author="Simon, E." box="[778,910,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="381 - 407" refId="ref8120" refString="Simon, E. (1900) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 381 - 407." type="journal article" year="1900">Simon, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, original designation);
<treatmentCitation id="0A989B6BBF37FF97231FFC7EFAE82D99" author="Simon, E." box="[1144,1321,903,927]" page="442" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF97231FFC7EFAE82D99" author="Simon, E." box="[1144,1321,903,927]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref8150" refString="Simon, E. (1901) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, pp. 381 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973" type="book" year="1901">Simon 1901: 442</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323EEF1BF37FF9727F0FC34FEA72B0E" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF37FF9727F0FC34FEA72B0E" blockId="1.[151,1437,973,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727F0FC34FED32DE1" bold="true" box="[151,274,973,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF9726D6FC34FD8F2DE1" author="Simon, E." box="[433,590,973,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref8150" refString="Simon, E. (1901) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, pp. 381 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973" type="book" year="1901">Simon (1901)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97253EFC37FD0D2DEE" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[601,716,974,1000]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97253EFC37FD0D2DEE" box="[601,716,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF972438FC37FC102DEE" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[863,977,974,1000]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF972438FC37FC102DEE" box="[863,977,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having an elongate and low carapace, almost vertical posteriorly, while
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF972569FC0BFD412A0A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[526,640,1010,1036]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF972569FC0BFD412A0A" box="[526,640,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a high carapace, with a smooth slope from the posterior eyes to the posterior border (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF9726EDFBECFD932A29" author="Simon, E." box="[394,594,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref8150" refString="Simon, E. (1901) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Vol. 2. Roret, Paris, pp. 381 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973" type="book" year="1901">Simon 1901: 442</bibRefCitation>
: figs 497, 500).
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97246AFBEFFC412A36" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[781,896,1046,1072]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97246AFBEFFC412A36" box="[781,896,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97237EFBEFFB4A2A36" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[1049,1163,1046,1072]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97237EFBEFFB4A2A36" box="[1049,1163,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a round bulb with long looping embolus (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9726B7FBC0FD932A52" box="[464,594,1081,1108]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,200,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1435,181,1519]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588148/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 35–36</figureCitation>
), compared to an elliptical and twisted bulb in
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97233DFBC3FB0D2A52" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[1114,1228,1082,1108]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97233DFBC3FB0D2A52" box="[1114,1228,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF972262FBC0FF122A71" author="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S." pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="151 - 195" refId="ref7736" refString="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S. (2014) Taxonomic revision of Scopocira Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 3893 (2), 151 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3893.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Costa &amp; Ruiz 2014</bibRefCitation>
: figs 71–75) with much shorter, and often strangely shaped, embolus (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF97237BFBA4FB3B2A71" author="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S." box="[1052,1274,1117,1143]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="151 - 195" refId="ref7736" refString="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S. (2014) Taxonomic revision of Scopocira Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 3893 (2), 151 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3893.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Costa &amp; Ruiz 2014</bibRefCitation>
: figs 80–107).
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF9727F0FB7BFECB2A9A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,266,1154,1180]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727F0FB7BFECB2A9A" box="[151,266,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a reduced RTA in the male palp (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972593FB78FCB72A9D" box="[756,886,1153,1179]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1439,1463]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–25. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 21 left male palp, ventral; 22–24 same, detail of proximal cymbium and tibia (22 retrolateral view; 23 same, slightly moved towards dorsal; 24 same, further moved, showing hook-like retrolateral tibial apophysis); 25 epigyne, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588142/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 22–24</figureCitation>
) (longer in
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF972498FB7BFBB02A9A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[1023,1137,1154,1180]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF972498FB7BFBB02A9A" box="[1023,1137,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In females, the epigynal ducts are longer and more coiled than
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97255DFB5FFD6D2AC6" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[570,684,1190,1216]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97255DFB5FFD6D2AC6" box="[570,684,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(probably related to the longer embolus in males), and the Bennett’s gland in
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF97279DFB33FEAC2AE2" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[250,365,1226,1252]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF97279DFB33FEAC2AE2" box="[250,365,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Gypogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is everted, while in
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF972534FB33FD042AE2" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[595,709,1226,1252]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF972534FB33FD042AE2" box="[595,709,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Scopocira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is superficial (compare our
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97237EFB30FBA92AE5" box="[1049,1128,1225,1251]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,200,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1435,181,1519]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588148/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
with “np” in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF37FF972264FB30FF122B01" author="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S." pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="151 - 195" refId="ref7736" refString="Costa, E. L. S. &amp; Ruiz, G. R. S. (2014) Taxonomic revision of Scopocira Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 3893 (2), 151 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3893.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Costa &amp; Ruiz 2014</bibRefCitation>
: figs 58–59).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C323EEF1BF37FF9427A0FAE8FEBD2F63" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF37FF9727A0FAE8FBC529D1" blockId="1.[151,1437,973,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF9727A0FAE8FE982B2D" bold="true" box="[199,345,1297,1323]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Description.</emphasis>
The genus includes medium-sized, delicate jumping spiders with yellowish to orange bodies with a variable number of pairs of dark marks dorsally on abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972409FACCFC152B49" box="[878,980,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1865]" captionTargetId="figure-102@2.[151,1435,381,1865]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, live specimens. 1 male from Oberá (Argentina), dorsal view; 2 same, with chelicerae open wide; 3 female from Belém (Brazil), dorsal view. Photos 1–2: G.D. Rubio; 3: C.A.C. Favacho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588134/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972486FACCFBED2B56" box="[993,1068,1333,1360]" captionStart="FIGURES 53–56" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1422,1446]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1398]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[151,1435,181,1398]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 53–56. Gypogyna mexicana Ruiz &amp; Bustamante sp. nov., live specimens. 53–54 male holotype from Puerto Vallarta (Mexico) (53 dorsal; 54 frontal); 55–56 female from Estación de Biología Chamela (Mexico) (55 dorsal; 56 frontal) (W.P. Maddison 2015, under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International license)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588156/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">53–56</figureCitation>
). Carapace is granulated and the fovea is reduced (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97263CFAA0FE1D2B75" box="[347,476,1369,1395]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,181,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-21@4.[163,1423,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, female. 10 carapace, dorsal; 11 same, detail of cephalic region; 12 chelicerae, retrolateral; 13 detail of previous, showing retromarginal teeth of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588138/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 10–11</figureCitation>
). The male chelicerae are enlarged and projected forwards (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972316FAA0FB172B75" box="[1137,1238,1369,1395]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-18@3.[151,1435,181,1700]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4–9. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900. 4–6 male (4 dorsal; 5 ventral; 6 lateral); 7–9 female (7 dorsal; 8 ventral; 9 lateral)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588136/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 4–6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972387FAA0FAE62B75" box="[1248,1319,1369,1395]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–20" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,597,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[151,1435,597,1821]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 14–20. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male chelicerae. 14 right chelicera, dorsal (prolateral); 15 detail of previous, showing tip of fang with promarginal flap (white arrow); 16 same, showing opening of venom gland (white arrow); 17 left chelicera, ventral (retrolateral); 18 detail of previous, showing tip of fang; 19 detail of previous, showing teeth; 20 detail of previous, showing retrolateral distal apophysis.Abbreviations: DPT—distal prolateral tooth of chelicera; RDA—retrolateral distal apophysis of chelicera; RT—retrolateral tooth of chelicera; sPT—smaller prolateral tooth of chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588140/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">14–20</figureCitation>
) (for a descriptive comparison of the male chelicerae among the species, see discussion below). Females have small, vertical, plurident chelicerae (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9726E1FA58FE2D2BBD" box="[390,492,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURES 4–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-18@3.[151,1435,181,1700]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4–9. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900. 4–6 male (4 dorsal; 5 ventral; 6 lateral); 7–9 female (7 dorsal; 8 ventral; 9 lateral)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588136/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 7–9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97269EFA58FD812BBD" box="[505,576,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox="[163,1423,181,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-21@4.[163,1423,181,1653]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–13. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, female. 10 carapace, dorsal; 11 same, detail of cephalic region; 12 chelicerae, retrolateral; 13 detail of previous, showing retromarginal teeth of right chelicera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588138/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">12–13</figureCitation>
) (see also discussion below). Legs bear a reduced number of spines in both sexes: femur I–III d 0-1-1 (or d 1-1-1, or d 0-1-0), p 0-0-1 (or p 0), r 0 (or r 0-0-1), IV d 0-1-1; patella I–IV 0; tibia I v 2-0-2-2 (or v 2-2-0), II v 1r-1r-0, III–IV 0; metatarsus I v 2-2, II v 1r-1p (or v 1r-2), III–IV 0. The male palp is simple (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9727F8F9F4FEE12821" box="[159,288,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1439,1463]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–25. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 21 left male palp, ventral; 22–24 same, detail of proximal cymbium and tibia (22 retrolateral view; 23 same, slightly moved towards dorsal; 24 same, further moved, showing hook-like retrolateral tibial apophysis); 25 epigyne, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588142/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 21–24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97264CF9F4FEB22821" box="[299,371,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,200,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1435,181,1519]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588148/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">34–37</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972619F9F4FE092821" box="[382,456,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–44" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1823,1847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-21@10.[151,1435,181,1800]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–44. Copulatory structures in Gypogyna spp. 40–42 left male palp of G. forceps Simon, 1900 (40 ventral; 41 retrolateral; 42 dorsal); 43 epigyne of G. forceps, ventral; 44 epigyne of G. mexicana Ruiz &amp; Bustamante sp. nov., ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588150/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">40–42</figureCitation>
), with an unmodified, slightly curved femur, and short patella and tibia; tibia with a dorsally-placed, hooked, well-sclerotized RTA, and a wide, lobular, poorly-sclerotized RvTA (not grooved); cymbium spoon-shaped, with an elongated retrolateral cymbial groove (rCG) and a proximal retrolateral cymbial lobe (CL) near RTA; tegulum with granulations, roundish and reduced; the embolus is fixed to the tegulum and emerges prolaterally (at least in the three known species) and curls one-and-a-half times around tegulum; retrolaterally, embolus extends to the base of the cymbium, folds back and rests its tip at the apex of the cymbial groove on the retrolateral side. The epigyne externally is simple and poorly sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972429F91CFC652906" box="[846,932,1765,1792]" captionStart="FIGURES 21–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1439,1463]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[151,1435,181,1416]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 21–25. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 21 left male palp, ventral; 22–24 same, detail of proximal cymbium and tibia (22 retrolateral view; 23 same, slightly moved towards dorsal; 24 same, further moved, showing hook-like retrolateral tibial apophysis); 25 epigyne, ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588142/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9724D7F91CFC0F28F9" box="[944,974,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,200,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1435,181,1519]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588148/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9724BDF91CFC3B28F9" box="[986,1018,1765,1791]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–44" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1823,1847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-21@10.[151,1435,181,1800]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 40–44. Copulatory structures in Gypogyna spp. 40–42 left male palp of G. forceps Simon, 1900 (40 ventral; 41 retrolateral; 42 dorsal); 43 epigyne of G. forceps, ventral; 44 epigyne of G. mexicana Ruiz &amp; Bustamante sp. nov., ventral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588150/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">43</figureCitation>
); internally there are spiraled copulatory ducts and anteriorly-placed spermathecae (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9725D3F8F0FCF62925" box="[692,823,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–27" captionStartId="7.[151,264,846,870]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,822]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[151,1435,181,822]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 26–27. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, epyginal internal structures. 26 dorsal, showing unusual cleft on external walls of copulatory ducts (black arrows); 27 same, dorsal, slightly peeled off to show spermatheca and fertilization ducts. Abbreviations: cd—copulatory duct; FD—fertilization duct; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588144/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 26–27</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF972422F8F0FCA32925" box="[837,866,1801,1827]" captionStart="FIGURES 34–39" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1543,1567]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,200,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-18@9.[151,1435,181,1519]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588148/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">39</figureCitation>
) (see discussion on epigynal morphology below). Spinnerets (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97267BF8D4FE5F2941" box="[284,414,1837,1863]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-138@8.[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male, spinnerets. 28–29 anterior lateral spinnerets (28 right, 29 left); 30–31 posterior median spinnerets (30 right, 31 left); 32–33 posterior lateral spinnerets (32 right, 33 left). Abbreviations: ac—aciniform gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—minor ampullate gland spigot; n—nubbin; pi—piriform gland spigot. Asterisks in Figs 28–29 mark piriform gland spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588146/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 28–33</figureCitation>
; examined only in
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF37FF972515F8D7FD242941" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[626,741,1837,1864]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forceps">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF37FF972515F8D7FD242941" box="[626,741,1837,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">G. forceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male): the ALS has one major ampullate gland spigot (MAP) and one nubbin (n) surrounded by about twenty-one piriform (pi) gland spigots (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF97237CF8A8FB5F296D" box="[1051,1182,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-138@8.[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male, spinnerets. 28–29 anterior lateral spinnerets (28 right, 29 left); 30–31 posterior median spinnerets (30 right, 31 left); 32–33 posterior lateral spinnerets (32 right, 33 left). Abbreviations: ac—aciniform gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—minor ampullate gland spigot; n—nubbin; pi—piriform gland spigot. Asterisks in Figs 28–29 mark piriform gland spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588146/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 28–29</figureCitation>
); the PMS has a single minor ampullate gland spigot (mAP) and three aciniform (ac) gland spigots, one anterior to mAP and a posterior pair; these aciniform gland spigots have a long cylindrical base and a short fusule at the tip (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9723CDF860FAEF29B5" box="[1194,1326,1945,1971]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-138@8.[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male, spinnerets. 28–29 anterior lateral spinnerets (28 right, 29 left); 30–31 posterior median spinnerets (30 right, 31 left); 32–33 posterior lateral spinnerets (32 right, 33 left). Abbreviations: ac—aciniform gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—minor ampullate gland spigot; n—nubbin; pi—piriform gland spigot. Asterisks in Figs 28–29 mark piriform gland spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588146/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 30–31</figureCitation>
); the PLS has about nine or ten aciniform gland spigots (
<figureCitation id="1302A1FFBF37FF9725F8F844FCE029D1" box="[671,801,1981,2007]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-138@8.[151,1435,381,1827]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–33. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male, spinnerets. 28–29 anterior lateral spinnerets (28 right, 29 left); 30–31 posterior median spinnerets (30 right, 31 left); 32–33 posterior lateral spinnerets (32 right, 33 left). Abbreviations: ac—aciniform gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—minor ampullate gland spigot; n—nubbin; pi—piriform gland spigot. Asterisks in Figs 28–29 mark piriform gland spigots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588146/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Figs 32–33</figureCitation>
), shaped as in PMS.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF34FF9427A0FF6FFC752F1B" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF9427A0FF6FFDC82EB6" bold="true" box="[199,521,150,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
The close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF94241CFF6EFC2F2EB7" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[891,1006,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF94241CFF6EFC2F2EB7" box="[891,1006,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Gypogyna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF94234FFF6EFAF22EB7" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[1064,1331,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Scopocira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF94234FFF6EFB5B2EB7" box="[1064,1178,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Scopocira</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF34FF9423C5FF6EFAF22EB7" author="Simon, E." box="[1186,1331,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" pagination="381 - 407" refId="ref8120" refString="Simon, E. (1900) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 381 - 407." type="journal article" year="1900">Simon, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was corroborated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF34FF942657FF42FD932ED3" author="Ruiz, G. R. S. &amp; Maddison, W. P." box="[304,594,186,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" pagination="251 - 279" refId="ref8056" refString="Ruiz, G. R. S. &amp; Maddison, W. P. (2015) The new Andean jumping spider genus Urupuyu and its placement within a revised classification of the Amycoida (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 4040 (3), 251 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4040.3.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Ruiz &amp; Maddison (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. Presently the two genera are included in the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF9423FEFF42FF1D2EFF" authority="(Maddison 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Maddison" baseAuthorityYear="2015" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" rank="tribe" tribe="Scopocirini">
Scopocirini (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF34FF94224DFF42FF152EFF" author="Maddison, W. P." pageId="2" pageNumber="243" pagination="231 - 292" refId="ref7969" refString="Maddison, W. P. (2015) A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Journal of Arachnology, 43, 231 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / arac- 43 - 03 - 231 - 292" type="journal article" year="2015">Maddison 2015</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Males of both genera are typically stouter and larger than females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF34FF942487FF26FB302EFF" author="Ruiz, G. R. S. &amp; Maddison, W. P." box="[992,1265,222,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" pagination="251 - 279" refId="ref8056" refString="Ruiz, G. R. S. &amp; Maddison, W. P. (2015) The new Andean jumping spider genus Urupuyu and its placement within a revised classification of the Amycoida (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa, 4040 (3), 251 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4040.3.1" type="journal article" year="2015">Ruiz &amp; Maddison 2015</bibRefCitation>
), especially regarding cephalothorax, which can be related to the enlarged chelicerae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86BD7ABF34FF9427A0FEDFFEBD2F63" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF9427A0FEDFFEA62F46" bold="true" box="[199,359,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Composition.</emphasis>
Three species:
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF94257EFEDEFCE82F47" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" box="[537,809,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forceps">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF94257EFEDEFD4C2F47" box="[537,653,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">G. forceps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA8C08BBF34FF9425F2FEDEFCE82F47" author="Simon, E." box="[661,809,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" pagination="381 - 407" refId="ref8120" refString="Simon, E. (1900) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 44, 381 - 407." type="journal article" year="1900">Simon, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF942451FEDEFBCE2F47" authority="Ruiz" authorityName="Ruiz &amp; Costa &amp; Bustamante" authorityYear="2021" box="[822,1039,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF942451FEDEFC132F46" box="[822,978,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">G. amazonica</emphasis>
Ruiz
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF942370FEDEFBB32F47" bold="true" box="[1047,1138,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27EDC13BF34FF942370FEDEFBB32F47" box="[1047,1138,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4C39C6F9BF34FF9423D4FEDEFEDA2F63" authority="Ruiz &amp; Bustamante" authorityName="Ruiz &amp; Costa &amp; Bustamante" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Gypogyna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF9423D4FEDEFA802F46" box="[1203,1345,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">G. mexicana</emphasis>
Ruiz &amp; Bustamante
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B94D6168BF34FF942645FEB2FEBD2F63" bold="true" box="[290,380,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27EDC13BF34FF942645FEB2FEBD2F63" box="[290,380,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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