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<document id="10B9B536A1267939BC8EB327E88D8AFF" ID-CLB-Dataset="24179" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2020.600" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89ad98bf-c070-4f7d-8b85-fa67a52f0996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3637773" ID-ZooBank="A0FAB2BB-5CEF-42CB-9014-41655BC12D79" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1580885958890" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Stöhr, Sabine, Weber, Alexandra Anh-Thu, Boissin, Emilie &amp; Chenuil, Anne" docDate="2020" docId="038FF87B8C4EFFCA817BA44FCCBB9184" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-600_stoehr_weber_boissin.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ophioderma Muller &amp; Troschel 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFB680038C4BFFCD8374A277CE10947B" masterDocTitle="Resolving the Ophioderma longicauda (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) cryptic species complex: five sisters, three of them new" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698780426651" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="371B1AD3E339C17199F9844C18BA47A1">Resolving the Ophioderma longicauda (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) cryptic species complex: five sisters, three of them new</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0686F45D186AB874366A0CAB2171A501">Stöhr, Sabine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E91388396C3BA8BF1C7BA2542733FF7">Weber, Alexandra Anh-Thu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDAE527752290906B472421CB1C76A90">Boissin, Emilie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="778031597C5FEAD8718C6313715D82A7">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="34DF7F83D1DA3972C7915C48543C919D">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038FF87B8C4EFFCA817BA44FCCBB9184" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3638045" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161944089" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3638045" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038FF87B8C4EFFCA817BA44FCCBB9184" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038FF87B8C4EFFCA817BA44FCCBB9184" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C4EFFC8817BA44FCA349229" box="[527,1060,1592,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC8817BA44FCA349229" blockId="5.[527,1060,1592,1619]" box="[527,1060,1592,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C4EFFC8817BA44FCA349229" box="[527,1060,1592,1619]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4EFFC88116A44FCA349229" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1840" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[610,1060,1592,1619]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4EFFC88116A44FCCEA9228" bold="true" box="[610,762,1592,1619]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ophioderma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4EFFC88074A44FCA349229" author="Muller &amp; Troschel" box="[768,1060,1592,1618]" firstAuthor="Muller" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="326 - 330" part="6" refId="ref19209" refString="Muller J. &amp; Troschel F. H. 1840. Uber die Gattungen der Ophiuren. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin 6: 326 - 330." title="Uber die Gattungen der Ophiuren" type="journal article" year="1840">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C4EFFC883C9A40DCCA992BF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC883C9A40DCF4892EF" blockId="5.[189,344,1658,1684]" box="[189,344,1658,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C4EFFC883C9A40DCF4892EF" bold="true" box="[189,344,1658,1684]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4EFFC883C9A40DCF4892EF" bold="true" box="[189,344,1658,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C4EFFC883C9A40DCEEA92EF" box="[189,250,1658,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC883C9A4DECCA992BF" blockId="5.[189,697,1705,1732]" box="[189,697,1705,1732]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4EFFC883C9A4DECCA592BF" authority="(Bruzelius, 1805)" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[189,693,1705,1732]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4EFFC883C9A4DECFCD92B8" box="[189,477,1705,1731]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ophioderma longicauda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4EFFC88298A4DECCBC92BF" author="Bruzelius" box="[492,684,1705,1732]" firstAuthor="Bruzelius" journalOrPublisher="Berlingianis, Lund" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref18680" refString="Bruzelius N. 1805. Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quamr. sub praesidio D. M. and J. Retzii, pro laurea modeste exhibet Nicolaus Bruzelius. Berlingianis, Lund." title="Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quamr. sub praesidio D. M. and J. Retzii, pro laurea modeste exhibet Nicolaus Bruzelius" type="book" year="1805">Bruzelius, 1805</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C4EFFC883C9A49CCFB19348" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC883C9A49CCF4D937F" blockId="5.[189,349,1770,1797]" box="[189,349,1770,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C4EFFC883C9A49CCF4D937F" bold="true" box="[189,349,1770,1797]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4EFFC883C9A49CCF4D937F" bold="true" box="[189,349,1770,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C4EFFC883C9A49CCEEA937E" box="[189,250,1771,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC883C9A56ECFB19348" blockId="5.[189,417,1817,1843]" box="[189,417,1817,1843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mediterranean Sea.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C4EFFCA83C9A52CCA7E9596" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFC883C9A52CCF26930E" blockId="5.[189,310,1883,1909]" box="[189,310,1883,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C4EFFC883C9A52CCF26930E" bold="true" box="[189,310,1883,1909]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4EFFC883C9A52CCF26930E" bold="true" box="[189,310,1883,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4EFFCA83C9A5FDCA7E9596" blockId="5.[189,1399,1930,2027]" lastBlockId="7.[189,1399,267,494]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Disc with dense granule cover dorsally and ventrally, including jaws; oral shields (and in some species adoral shields) naked. Arm spines numerous, up to half arm joint length. Multiple dorsal arm plates present in several species. Two short genital slits to each bursa. Single rows of numerous oral papillae. Lyman’s ossicle present. Oral plate ridge spines present. Dental plate in several pieces, with nonperforating sockets of two
<typeStatus id="549DF7CF8C4CFFCA8282A343CC279535" box="[502,567,308,334]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
, round and small for tooth papillae, wide slit-like for teeth. Dissociated radial shield triangular, with distal abradial process, large internal pore and several smaller external pores. Lateral arm plates with two short spurs on the outer proximal edge and corresponding spurs on the inner distal edge. Adradial genital plate elongated, curved, proximal end with depression and round knob. Abradial genital plate flat, trapezoidal, about half as long as adradial plate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" ID-Table-UUID="DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5919E58C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[182,251,686,714]" targetBox="[192,1907,832,1596]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CDE1976A" blockId="6.[182,1936,686,785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83C2A0D9CF0A96B1" bold="true" box="[182,282,686,714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1.</emphasis>
Key characters that distinguish the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB8033A0D9CB1E96B1" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1840" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[839,1294,686,714]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB8033A0D9CDCB96B1" box="[839,987,686,714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ophioderma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4DFFCB8091A0D9CB1E96B1" author="Muller &amp; Troschel" box="[997,1294,686,714]" firstAuthor="Muller" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="326 - 330" part="6" refId="ref19209" refString="Muller J. &amp; Troschel F. H. 1840. Uber die Gattungen der Ophiuren. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin 6: 326 - 330." title="Uber die Gattungen der Ophiuren" type="journal article" year="1840">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in the Mediterranean Sea, the Northeast and Tropical Atlantic Ocean, formerly included in a cryptic complex under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB877EA0A6CB9C9696" authority="(Bruzelius, 1805)" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[1034,1420,721,749]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB877EA0A6CA0F9696" box="[1034,1055,721,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB875AA0A6CAA29696" box="[1070,1202,721,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">longicauda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4DFFCB87B6A0A6CB939696" author="Bruzelius" box="[1218,1411,721,749]" firstAuthor="Bruzelius" journalOrPublisher="Berlingianis, Lund" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18680" refString="Bruzelius N. 1805. Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quamr. sub praesidio D. M. and J. Retzii, pro laurea modeste exhibet Nicolaus Bruzelius. Berlingianis, Lund." title="Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quamr. sub praesidio D. M. and J. Retzii, pro laurea modeste exhibet Nicolaus Bruzelius" type="book" year="1805">Bruzelius, 1805</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. For
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB86BCA0A6C9129696" authority="Greeff, 1882" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[1480,1794,721,749]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB86BCA0A6CBCD9696" box="[1480,1501,721,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB8698A0A6C8719696" box="[1516,1633,721,749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">guineense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4DFFCB851EA0A6C9129696" author="Greeff" box="[1642,1794,721,749]" firstAuthor="Greeff" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="156 - 159" part="107" refId="ref18939" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 107: 156 - 159." title="Echinodermen beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao-Thome" type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the highest numbers of arm spines are from the syntypes. DAP = dorsal arm plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4DFFCB82DFA137C8AF9262" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<table id="F926BBCD8C4D003283B4A137C9639247" box="[192,1907,832,1596]" gridcols="6" gridrows="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A137C9639727" box="[192,1907,832,860]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76C722538C4D003282DFA137CC949727" box="[427,644,832,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB82DFA137CC459727" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[427,597,832,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB82DFA137CC459727" bold="true" box="[427,597,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
O.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB82BAA137CC459727" bold="true" box="[462,597,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">longicauda</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76C722538C4D003281D4A137CDCA9727" box="[672,986,832,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB81D4A137CD2E9727" authorityName="Greeff" authorityYear="1882" box="[672,830,832,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="guineense">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB81D4A137CD2E9727" bold="true" box="[672,830,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB81D4A137CCA59727" bold="true" box="[672,693,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB81B0A137CD2E9727" bold="true" box="[708,830,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">guineense</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76C722538C4D0032808CA137CB059727" box="[1016,1301,832,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB808CA137CAF89727" bold="true" box="[1016,1256,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB808CA137CA939727" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[1016,1155,832,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB808CA137CA1D9727" bold="true" box="[1016,1037,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">O</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB8768A137CA939727" bold="true" box="[1052,1155,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C4DFFCB87FEA137CAF89727" box="[1162,1256,832,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C722538C4D0032865AA137C82B9727" box="[1326,1595,832,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB865AA137C8049727" bold="true" box="[1326,1556,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB865AA137CBBF9727" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[1326,1455,832,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hybrida" status="sp. nov.">
O.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB8626A137CBBF9727" bold="true" box="[1362,1455,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hybrida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C4DFFCB86C2A137C8049727" box="[1462,1556,832,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76C722538C4D00328510A137C9639727" box="[1636,1907,832,860]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB8510A137C95D9727" bold="true" box="[1636,1869,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4DFFCB8510A137C8F89727" authority="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil, 2020" authorityName="Stöhr &amp; Weber &amp; Boissin &amp; Chenuil" authorityYear="2020" box="[1636,1768,832,860]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="zibrowii" status="sp. nov.">
O.
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB85FCA137C8F89727" bold="true" box="[1672,1768,832,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">zibrowii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26128048C4DFFCB859BA137C95D9727" box="[1775,1869,832,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A104C96397C8" box="[192,1907,883,947]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A104CF6697C8" box="[192,374,883,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A104CF1997C9" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal arm plates</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA104CC9497C8" box="[427,644,883,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">multiple</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A104CDCA97C8" box="[672,986,883,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">mostly single</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA104CB0597C8" box="[1016,1301,883,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">mostly single, but two pieces common</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA104C82B97C8" box="[1326,1595,883,947]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">often ≥ 2 pieces, some- times single</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A104C96397C8" box="[1636,1907,883,947]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">single</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A1BEC963979E" box="[192,1907,969,997]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A1BECF66979E" box="[192,374,969,997]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A1BECF66979E" bold="true" box="[192,374,969,997]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">DAP thickness</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA1BECC94979E" box="[427,644,969,997]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">tumid</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A1BECDCA979E" box="[672,986,969,997]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">flat</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA1BECB05979E" box="[1016,1301,969,997]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">flat</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA1BEC82B979E" box="[1326,1595,969,997]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">flat to weakly tumid</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A1BEC963979E" box="[1636,1907,969,997]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">flat</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A18CC9639063" box="[192,1907,1019,1048]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A18CCF669063" box="[192,374,1019,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A18CCF5F906C" bold="true" box="[192,335,1019,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Arm spines</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA18CCC949063" box="[427,644,1019,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7–10</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A18CCDCA9063" box="[672,986,1019,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8–13</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA18CCB059063" box="[1016,1301,1019,1048]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA18CC82B9063" box="[1326,1595,1019,1048]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7–10</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A18CC9639063" box="[1636,1907,1019,1048]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A659C9639031" box="[192,1907,1070,1098]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A659CF669031" box="[192,374,1070,1098]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A659CF749031" bold="true" box="[192,356,1070,1098]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Radial shield</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA659CC949031" box="[427,644,1070,1098]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">covered</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A659CDCA9031" box="[672,986,1070,1098]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">covered</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA659CB059031" box="[1016,1301,1070,1098]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">covered</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA659C82B9031" box="[1326,1595,1070,1098]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">usually covered</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A659C9639031" box="[1636,1907,1070,1098]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">usually naked</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A617C9639171" box="[192,1907,1120,1290]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A617CF669171" box="[192,374,1120,1290]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A617CF7B9007" bold="true" box="[192,363,1120,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal colour</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA617CC949171" box="[427,644,1120,1290]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">reddish dark brown</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A617CDCA9171" box="[672,986,1120,1290]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">dark greyish or greenish brown, dark or white spots and dark rings on disc, DAP distal edge spotted white and dark</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA617CB059171" box="[1016,1301,1120,1290]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">dark brown, sometimes spotted disc, black spots along DAP distal edge</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA617C82B9171" box="[1326,1595,1120,1290]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">brown/olive, white pattern on disc, white spots along DAP distal edge</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A617C9639171" box="[1636,1907,1120,1290]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">greenish brown/olive, white spots along DAP distal edge</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A757C9639124" box="[192,1907,1312,1375]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A757CF669124" box="[192,374,1312,1375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A757CF009124" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ventral disc colour</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA757CC949124" box="[427,644,1312,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">as dorsal disc</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A757CDCA9124" box="[672,986,1312,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">light green or cream</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA757CB059124" box="[1016,1301,1312,1375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">as dorsal disc</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA757C82B9124" box="[1326,1595,1312,1375]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">as dorsal disc</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A757C9639124" box="[1636,1907,1312,1375]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">as dorsal disc</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A702C96391E9" box="[192,1907,1397,1426]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A702CF6691E9" box="[192,374,1397,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A702CF7591EA" bold="true" box="[192,357,1397,1425]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oral papillae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA702CC9491E9" box="[427,644,1397,1426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A702CDCA91E9" box="[672,986,1397,1426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA702CB0591E9" box="[1016,1301,1397,1426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA702C82B91E9" box="[1326,1595,1397,1426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7–10</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A702C96391E9" box="[1636,1907,1397,1426]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A7DFC963919C" box="[192,1907,1448,1511]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A7DFCF66919C" box="[192,374,1448,1511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A7DFCEE7919C" bold="true" box="[192,364,1448,1511]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reproduction time</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA7DFCC94919C" box="[427,644,1448,1511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">July/August</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A7DFCDCA919C" box="[672,986,1448,1511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">?</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA7DFCB05919C" box="[1016,1301,1448,1511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">August</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA7DFC82B919C" box="[1326,1595,1448,1511]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">?</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A7DFC963919C" box="[1636,1907,1448,1511]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">May/June</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35164B2F8C4D003283B4A78AC9639247" box="[192,1907,1533,1596]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<th id="76C722538C4D003283B4A78ACF669247" box="[192,374,1533,1596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4DFFCB83B4A78ACF149247" bold="true" box="[192,364,1533,1596]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Reproduction mode</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C722538C4D003282DFA78ACC949247" box="[427,644,1533,1596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">broadcast spawner</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D003281D4A78ACDCA9247" box="[672,986,1533,1596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">likely broadcast spawner</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032808CA78ACB059247" box="[1016,1301,1533,1596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">broadcast spawner</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D0032865AA78AC82B9247" box="[1326,1595,1533,1596]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">likely brooder</td>
<td id="76C722538C4D00328510A78AC9639247" box="[1636,1907,1533,1596]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">brooder</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C33C1AE68C4CFFCA83C9A06DCCBB9184" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4CFFCA83C9A06DCF3F964F" blockId="7.[189,303,538,564]" box="[189,303,538,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0D1FE018C4CFFCA83C9A06DCF3F964F" bold="true" box="[189,303,538,564]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4CFFCA83C9A06DCF3F964F" bold="true" box="[189,303,538,564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B99496D8C4CFFCA83C9A03ACCBB9184" blockId="7.[189,1399,589,1535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Multiple dorsal arm plates are known from several species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4CFFCA80D5A03ACA25961C" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[929,1077,589,615]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4CFFCA80D5A03ACA25961C" box="[929,1077,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ophioderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and previous authors have assumed that they developed by division or fragmentation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4CFFCA80F8A002CA7B96EB" author="Ziesenhenne" box="[908,1131,629,656]" firstAuthor="Ziesenhenne" journalOrPublisher="Los Angeles University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="185 - 201" refId="ref19705" refString="Ziesenhenne F. C. 1955. A review of the genus Ophioderma M. &amp; T. In: Allan Hancock Foundation staff (eds) Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honour of Captain Alan Hancock: 185 - 201. Los Angeles University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6088" title="A review of the genus Ophioderma M. &amp; T" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Allan Hancock Foundation staff (eds) Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honour of Captain Alan Hancock" year="1955">Ziesenhenne 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4CFFCA870EA002CB7A96EB" author="Hendler" box="[1146,1386,629,656]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hendler" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref18997" refString="Hendler G., Miller J. E., Pawson D. L. &amp; Kier P. M. 1995. Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London." title="Sea stars, sea urchins, and allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean" type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4CFFCA8797A001CB3096F4" box="[1251,1312,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4CFFCA83C9A0EACF6196CC" author="Hendler" box="[189,369,669,695]" firstAuthor="Hendler" journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="189 - 311" part="526" refId="ref18962" refString="Hendler G. 2018. Armed to the teeth: a new paradigm for the buccal skeleton of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Contributions in Science 526: 189 - 311." title="Armed to the teeth: a new paradigm for the buccal skeleton of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hendler (2018)</bibRefCitation>
questioned this assumption because the morphogenesis of these plates is not yet known and recommended microstructural analysis of the stereom. Although this question lies outside the scope of this study, we have made some observations that may help to understand the process. In young specimens of all studied species, all joints are covered by a single wide dorsal arm plate. In larger specimens, additional plates appear on the proximal (= oldest) joints and they align as if they were a single plate. Thin hair-like cracks were observed on some joints in smaller specimens with otherwise entire plates. The number of plates increases on the basal joints and distalwards with growth. There does not seem to be a pre-determined division plane and the split can occur along the mid-longitudinal of the first-formed plate or offset to left or right, seemingly at random. The separate plates appear to continue to grow, obtaining various shapes, and all their edges become rounded. When the number of plates increases, a mosaic pattern appears where plates are no longer aligned across the arm, and it may be difficult to decide to which arm joint a particular plate belongs. Fragmentation seems a plausible explanation for the formation of multiple plates that replace the first plate. The additional plates that are not in line with the original plate may form either independently or from additional divisions.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4CFFCA83C9A6BACFBC909C" author="Ziesenhenne" box="[189,428,1228,1255]" firstAuthor="Ziesenhenne" journalOrPublisher="Los Angeles University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="185 - 201" refId="ref19705" refString="Ziesenhenne F. C. 1955. A review of the genus Ophioderma M. &amp; T. In: Allan Hancock Foundation staff (eds) Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honour of Captain Alan Hancock: 185 - 201. Los Angeles University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6088" title="A review of the genus Ophioderma M. &amp; T" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Allan Hancock Foundation staff (eds) Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honour of Captain Alan Hancock" year="1955">Ziesenhenne (1955)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that broken arm plates may be the result of mechanical injury from falling stones, and this may be an alternative explanation for the existence of multiple arm plates or there may be two mechanisms at work. Possibly, only multiple plates on proximal arm joints should be considered as species-specific characters, whereas the occurrence of a few cracked plates further out on the arms is more likely the result of injury. Due to these open questions, we have refrained from using the terms fragmentation or division when describing the multiple dorsal arm plates. With regard to dental plates,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB7349C8C4CFFCA820FA7CBCC3E91AC" author="Hendler" box="[379,558,1468,1495]" firstAuthor="Hendler" journalOrPublisher="Contributions in Science" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="189 - 311" part="526" refId="ref18962" refString="Hendler G. 2018. Armed to the teeth: a new paradigm for the buccal skeleton of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Contributions in Science 526: 189 - 311." title="Armed to the teeth: a new paradigm for the buccal skeleton of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)" type="journal article" year="2018">Hendler (2018)</bibRefCitation>
found that fragmentation occurs in one species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2632EE8C4CFFCA870DA7CACB1D91AC" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1840" box="[1145,1293,1469,1495]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiodermatidae" genus="Ophioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B952957F8C4CFFCA870DA7CACB1D91AC" box="[1145,1293,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ophioderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is likely that this applies to the whole genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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