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<treatment id="038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5687276" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119390519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5687276" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887CDFF92777BFF2EBFA069778554" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection id="C33B6550FF927747FF2EBFA06DC5826D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF2EBFA06926858C" blockId="30.[151,1032,966,1025]" box="[151,1032,966,992]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<heading id="D0D681B7FF927747FF2EBFA06926858C" bold="true" box="[151,1032,966,992]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FF2EBFA06926858C" authority="Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester &amp; Del Papa, 1975" authorityName="Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester &amp; Del Papa" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,1032,966,992]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF2EBFA06926858C" bold="true" box="[151,1032,966,992]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF2EBFA06C90858C" bold="true" box="[151,446,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Schmidtea mediterranea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FE74BFA06ED1858C" author="Benazzi" box="[461,1023,966,992]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Benazzi, M., Baguna, J., Ballester, R., Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R. (1975) Further contribution to the taxonomy of the Dugesia lugubris - Dugesia polychroa group with description of Dugesia mediterranea n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola). Bollettino di Zoologia, 42, 81 - 89." type="journal article" year="1975">Benazzi, Baguñà, Ballester &amp; Del Papa, 1975</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF2EBF8F6DC5826D" blockId="30.[151,1032,966,1025]" box="[151,235,1001,1025]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
(
<figureCitation id="131A2A5EFF927747FF26BF8F6DCE826D" box="[159,224,1001,1025]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,882,905]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,198,847]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional records of the genera Schmidtea, Ph. sp. and Ph. cf. vitta in the Iberian Peninsula. Data from Arndt, 1926; Baguñà et al. 1980, 81; Ribas, 1990; Altaba et al. 1991; unpublished records, this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206799/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B6550FF927746FF2EB857691A853B" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF2EB8576942834D" blockId="30.[151,1436,1073,1313]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF2EB8576F738226" bold="true" box="[151,605,1073,1098]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Discussion of the Iberian populations.</emphasis>
The Mediterranean species
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FC25B85769818225" box="[924,1199,1073,1097]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FC25B85769818225" box="[924,1199,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Schmidtea mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported in Barcelona, Girona (
<figureCitation id="131A2A5EFF927747FECBB8336C9D8201" box="[370,435,1109,1133]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,882,905]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,198,847]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional records of the genera Schmidtea, Ph. sp. and Ph. cf. vitta in the Iberian Peninsula. Data from Arndt, 1926; Baguñà et al. 1980, 81; Ribas, 1990; Altaba et al. 1991; unpublished records, this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206799/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FE72B8306F1F8201" box="[459,561,1110,1133]" name="Spain" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Menorca</collectingCountry>
, Mallorca,
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FD17B8336E298201" box="[686,775,1109,1133]" name="France" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Corsica</collectingCountry>
, Sardinia, Sicily and
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FC4BB833696B8201" box="[1010,1093,1109,1133]" name="Tunisia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FBEAB83368018201" author="Benazzi" box="[1107,1327,1109,1133]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Benazzi, M., Baguna, J., Ballester, R., Puccinelli, I. &amp; Del Papa, R. (1975) Further contribution to the taxonomy of the Dugesia lugubris - Dugesia polychroa group with description of Dugesia mediterranea n. sp. (Tricladida, Paludicola). Bollettino di Zoologia, 42, 81 - 89." type="journal article" year="1975">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FBEAB83369818201" box="[1107,1199,1109,1133]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzi">Benazzi</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FB0FB83069C38201" box="[1206,1261,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
1975
</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FA83B83068758201" box="[1338,1371,1110,1133]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">De</collectingCountry>
Vries
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF2EB81C6DE182FD" box="[151,207,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
1984;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FEA2B81F6CDE82FD" author="Baguna" box="[283,496,1145,1169]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Baguna, J., Carranza, S., Pala, M., Ribera, C., Giribet, G., Arnedo, M. A., Ribas, M. &amp; Riutort, M. (1999) From morphology and karyology to molecules. New methods for taxonomical identification of asexual populations of freshwater planarians. A tribute to Professor Mario Benazzi. Italian Journal of Zoology, 66, 207 - 214." type="journal article" year="1999">
Baguñà
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FECEB81C6C8082FD" box="[375,430,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FE42B81F6FFC82FD" author="Harrath" box="[507,722,1145,1169]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Harrath, A. H., Charni, M., Sluys, R., Zghal, F. &amp; Tekaya, S. (2004) Ecology and distribution of the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea in Tunisia. Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, 233 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">
Harrath
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FDEEB81C6FA182FD" box="[599,655,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
). Spanish animals belong to an asexual strain that is only able to reproduce by means of fission, whereas members of other populations undergo sexual reproduction. In Barcelona,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FF2EB8A46C6282B5" box="[151,332,1217,1241]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF2EB8A46C6282B5" box="[151,332,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found only in the pond system of the Montjuïc Mountain, within the city’s perimeter. During recent sampling on Montjuïc, we only found the species in the “Viver dels Tres Pins”, a plant nursery with several ponds. We have not found specimens in Girona, although we searched on one occasion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF7EB9376C848071" blockId="30.[151,1436,1361,2033]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF7EB9376F1C8306" bold="true" box="[199,562,1361,1386]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">General remarks on diversity.</emphasis>
The triclad fauna of Europe is mainly formed by three ecological groups of species. The first includes hypogean and groundwater species that are particularly speciose in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FB7DB910683D83E1" box="[1220,1299,1398,1421]" name="France" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">France</collectingCountry>
, central and eastern Europe, e.g. several dendrocoelids,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FD36B9FF6FDF83DD" box="[655,753,1433,1457]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FD36B9FF6FDF83DD" box="[655,753,1433,1457]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FD36B9FF6F9F83DD" box="[655,689,1433,1457]" name="Philippines" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ph</collectingCountry>
. vitta
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(which are also present in streams),
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FB1CB9FF6CD383B9" authority="De Beauchamp &amp; Gourbault, 1964" authorityName="De Beauchamp &amp; Gourbault" authorityYear="1964" family="Planariidae" genus="Plagnolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vandeli">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FB1CB9FF685F83DD" box="[1189,1393,1433,1457]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Plagnolia vandeli</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FAC2B9FC68B283DD" box="[1403,1436,1434,1457]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">De</collectingCountry>
Beauchamp &amp; Gourbault, 1964
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FDB3B9DB6EE583B9" authority="De Beauchamp, 1955" authorityName="De Beauchamp" authorityYear="1955" box="[522,971,1469,1493]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="benazzi">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FDB3B9DB6FE383B9" box="[522,717,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Polycelis benazzi</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FD6CB9D86FD883B9" box="[725,758,1470,1493]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">De</collectingCountry>
Beauchamp, 1955
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FC60B9DB6DF68395" authority="Mrazek, 1907" authorityName="Mrazek" authorityYear="1907" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subSpecies" species="alpina" subSpecies="anophthalma">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FC60B9DB680083B9" box="[985,1326,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Crenobia alpina anophthalma</emphasis>
(Mrázek, 1907)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FEB7B9846FB48395" authority="Komarek, 1919" authorityName="Komarek" authorityYear="1919" box="[270,666,1505,1529]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="absoloni">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FEB7B9846CFD8395" box="[270,467,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dugesia absoloni</emphasis>
(Komárek, 1919)
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FD6DB9876ED98395" author="Dahm" box="[724,1015,1505,1529]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Dahm, A. G. &amp; Gourbault, N. (1978) Tricladida et Temnocephalida (Turbellaria). In: Illies, J., Ed., Limnofauna Europaea. Eine Zusammenstellung aller die europaischen Binnengewasser bewohnenden mehrzelligen Tierarten mit Angaben uber ihre Verbreitung und Okologie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 16 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1978">Dahm &amp; Gourbault, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Cave-dwelling species of this group are very scarce in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FEDABA636C888071" box="[355,422,1541,1565]" name="Spain" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spain</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF7CBA4F6E2D80BD" blockId="30.[151,1436,1361,2033]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The second group is formed by spring- and cold stream-dwelling species. From that group, members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FF66BA2B6C768009" box="[223,344,1613,1637]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FF66BA2B6C768009" box="[223,344,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered to be typical inhabitants of springs (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FC07BA2869598009" author="Roca" box="[958,1143,1613,1637]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Roca, J. R., Ribas, M. &amp; Baguna, J. (1992) Distribution, ecology, mode of reproduction and karyology of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida) in the springs of the central Pyrenees. Ecography, 15, 373 - 384." type="journal article" year="1992">
Roca
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FC47BA2869188009" box="[1022,1078,1613,1637]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
) and widely distributed in southern Europe.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FEDDBA176FEC80E5" authority="Dana, 1766" authorityName="Dana" authorityYear="1766" box="[356,706,1649,1673]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FEDDBA176F0E80E5" box="[356,544,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Crenobia alpina</emphasis>
(Dana, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FD46BA176E9E80E5" box="[767,944,1649,1673]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="felina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FD46BA176E9E80E5" box="[767,944,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Polycelis felina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose distributions are restricted to cold streams and springs, are well represented in European and Iberian waters, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FBFFBAF06DF480BD" authority="Duges, 1830" authorityName="Duges" authorityYear="1830" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gonocephala">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FBFFBAF0681280C1" box="[1094,1340,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dugesia gonocephala</emphasis>
(Dugès, 1830)
</taxonomicName>
, a stream-dwelling species, is absent from
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FD02BADF6FD080BD" box="[699,766,1721,1745]" name="Spain" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spain</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF927747FF7CBABB6FD7819D" blockId="30.[151,1436,1361,2033]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The third group of species includes warm water species and is represented in central and northern Europe by lake-dwelling triclads that are also present in warm rivers. These central European species typically reproduce sexually and have been reported very rarely in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FD34BB436FE38151" box="[653,717,1829,1853]" name="Spain" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spain</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF927747FCBEBB436E488151" box="[775,870,1829,1853]" name="Portugal" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FC1DBB4369AE8151" author="Baguna" box="[932,1152,1829,1853]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Baguna, J., Salo, E. &amp; Romero, R. (1981) Biogeografia de las planarias de aguas dulces (Platelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida; Paludicola) en Espana. Datos preliminares. Actas del Primer Congreso de la Sociedad Espanola de Limnologia, 265 - 280." type="book chapter" year="1981">
Baguñà
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FBBABB4069138151" box="[1027,1085,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FB37BB436DFD810D" author="Garcia-Mas" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Garcia-Mas, I. &amp; Jimenez, J. M. (1984) Turbelarios de las aguas continentales de la Peninsula Iberica y Baleares. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Serie B, Notas, 2, 109 - 122." type="journal article" year="1984">García-Mas &amp; Jiménez, 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Here, as well as in the rest of the Mediterranean area, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FC07BB2C699D810D" authority="Girard, 1850" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1850" box="[958,1203,1865,1889]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FC07BB2C6935810D" box="[958,1051,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dugesia</emphasis>
Girard, 1850
</taxonomicName>
is very abundant. In this region, populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF927747FE71BB086F0B81E9" box="[456,549,1902,1925]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FE71BB086F0B81E9" box="[456,549,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a triploid karyotype that reproduce by fissiparity are exceptionally abundant (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF927747FF61BBF76C8081C5" author="Lazaro" box="[216,430,1937,1961]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845." type="journal article" year="2009">
Lázaro
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF927747FE88BBF46C4281C5" box="[305,364,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) and outnumber diploid sexual populations, and triploid parthenogenetic populations in certain areas, such as the Iberian Peninsula. In general terms, the number of species that are capable of reproduction by fission increases from northern to southern Europe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7CBCF168528753" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Nevertheless, this ecological classification is not absolute (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FCC0BCF1696686C3" author="Reynoldson" box="[889,1096,151,175]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Reynoldson, T. B. (1974) Ecological separation in British triclads (Turbellaria) with a comment on two American species. In: Riser, N. W. &amp; Morse, M. P. (Eds), Biology of the Turbellaria. 213 - 228." type="book chapter" year="1974">Reynoldson, 1974</bibRefCitation>
). In general terms, lake-dwelling species also inhabit quiet areas of rivers, while stream species may also be present in cold lakes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FAB4BCDD6DFD869B" author="Reynoldson" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Reynoldson, T. B. (1953) Habitat of Polycelis felina (= cornuta) and Crenobia alpina in the British Isles. Nature, 171, 660" type="journal article" year="1953">Reynoldson, 1953</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FF5CBCB96CC4869B" box="[229,490,223,247]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lacteum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FF5CBCB96CC4869B" box="[229,490,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrocoelum lacteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a lake-dwelling triclad, but it has been found in rapid streams in southern
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FA85BCB968B9869B" box="[1340,1431,223,247]" name="Sweden" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, where it has taken the spatial niche of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FDFDBD656EFE8777" authority="Herrmann, 1986" authorityName="Herrmann" authorityYear="1986" box="[580,976,259,283]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FDFDBD656FD58777" box="[580,763,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Crenobia alpina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FCB3BD656EE98777" author="Herrmann" box="[778,967,259,283]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Herrmann, J. (1986) Reproductive ecology of Dendrocoelum lacteum (Turbellaria) in a rapid stream in southern Sweden and comparisons with a lake population. Hydrobiologia, 132, 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Herrmann, 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In the Iberian Peninsula, the lake-dwelling species
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FEA0BD416F288753" box="[281,518,295,319]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FEA0BD416F288753" box="[281,518,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mainly occurs in rivers, as lowland natural lakes are rarely present in this area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7CBD2C6C0C8479" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Traditionally, the Iberian Peninsula was considered to be relatively poor in triclad species. However, the new data in this paper suggest that the low species richness of the Iberian Peninsula is due to a collector’s artefact, and that our knowledge of the number of species and of their distribution is far from complete. However, our samples confirm that lake-dwelling species are scarce in this area. These ecological trends are described in more detail below, albeit with the caveat that major areas of the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Central and Southern
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FB59BDBF680C879D" box="[1248,1314,473,497]" name="Spain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
) remain to be explored.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7EBE47691A853B" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FF7EBE476FC48455" bold="true" box="[199,746,544,569]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Hypogean and groundwater species in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FD27BE466FCB8455" box="[670,741,544,569]" name="Spain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Most of the dendrocoelids from central and western Europe occur in hypogean habitats and have a very small distribution range, as far as is known.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FBC5BE2368AC8431" box="[1148,1410,581,605]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lacteum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FBC5BE2368AC8431" box="[1148,1410,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dendrocoelum lacteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only epigean species that is widely distributed in Europe and is present in both lakes and rivers. We have only found two new populations of dendrocoelids, which are probably inhabitants of hypogean waters. Species of this group are rarely observed in surface waters and this could be why
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FC30BED7696384A4" box="[905,1101,689,712]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="inexspectatum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FC30BED7696384A4" box="[905,1101,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D. inexspectatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was only found on one occasion, even though we visited the same station several times. Hypogean species are hard to find. We suspect that they occur in many other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, but will only be found after intensive sampling efforts that include caves. The northern Pyrenees are rich in hypogean dendrocoelids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FBBEBF7D69E8855F" author="Gourbault" box="[1031,1222,795,819]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Gourbault, N. (1972) Recherches sur les Triclades paludicoles hypoges. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelle serie. Serie A, Zoologie, 73, 1 - 249." type="journal article" year="1972">Gourbault, 1972</bibRefCitation>
) and the southern slopes of these mountains will probably yield greater diversity after detailed study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B6550FF93777BFF7CBF0569778554" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7CBF056E5882D0" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FF7CBF056C568517" box="[197,376,867,891]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FF7CBF056C568517" box="[197,376,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata vitta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a white planarian that is widely distributed in Europe, occurs in springs, seasonal waters and brooks (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FF4ABFE06C9F85F2" author="Gourbault" box="[243,433,902,926]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Gourbault, N. (1972) Recherches sur les Triclades paludicoles hypoges. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelle serie. Serie A, Zoologie, 73, 1 - 249." type="journal article" year="1972">Gourbault, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FE07BFE06FCB85F2" author="Ball" box="[446,741,902,926]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Ball, I. R. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981) British planarians. Cambridge University Press, Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 19, 141 pp." type="book" year="1981">Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FCA3BFE06E7385F2" box="[794,861,902,926]" name="Spain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
, a white hypogean planarian similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FA99BFE068AE85F2" box="[1312,1408,902,926]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FA99BFE0681185F2" box="[1312,1343,902,926]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FA99BFE0681185F2" box="[1312,1343,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ph</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FAF7BFE168AE85F2" box="[1358,1408,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">vitta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is treated here as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FE87BFCC6C9985AE" box="[318,439,938,962]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FE87BFCC6C9985AE" box="[318,439,938,962]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and has been found at fifteen localities (about eleven during our sampling;
<figureCitation id="131A2A5EFF937746FA91BFCC684685AE" box="[1320,1384,938,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,882,905]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,198,847]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional records of the genera Schmidtea, Ph. sp. and Ph. cf. vitta in the Iberian Peninsula. Data from Arndt, 1926; Baguñà et al. 1980, 81; Ribas, 1990; Altaba et al. 1991; unpublished records, this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206799/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Its distribution seems to be discontinuous when only surface waters are considered, but the species may be widespread, as it mainly occurs in groundwater. At several localities, the species has only been observed after rainy periods when groundwater emerges on the surface. In addition, the hypogean habit means that traps frequently need to be used to catch specimens, which are only sporadically present in surface waters.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FBD8B85F6838823D" box="[1121,1302,1081,1105]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FBD8B85F6838823D" box="[1121,1302,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata vitta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only European member of the genus that has colonized the northernmost areas of the continent and the British Isles. However, the taxonomic status of this wide-ranging species is uncertain, due to the presence of different karyological races in Europe (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FE16B8C36F4982D0" author="Roca" box="[431,615,1188,1212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Roca, J. R., Ribas, M. &amp; Baguna, J. (1992) Distribution, ecology, mode of reproduction and karyology of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida) in the springs of the central Pyrenees. Ecography, 15, 373 - 384." type="journal article" year="1992">
Roca
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FE49B8C36F0682D0" box="[496,552,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
and references therein).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7CB8AE69E2834B" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Currently, it is not possible to determine whether the Iberian populations of this white
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FB26B8AE6836828C" box="[1183,1304,1224,1248]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FB26B8AE6836828C" box="[1183,1304,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represent a new species or one of the known species, as we have not collected sexually reproductive specimens. Therefore, we have followed a conservative approach to taxonomy and refer to these animals as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FB95B969698B834B" box="[1068,1189,1295,1319]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FB95B969698B834B" box="[1068,1189,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7EB954687A83B6" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FF7EB9546FE38327" bold="true" box="[199,717,1330,1356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Diversity of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FE65B9556F798320" box="[476,599,1331,1356]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FE65B9556F798320" bold="true" box="[476,599,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FD3BB9546FE68327" box="[642,712,1330,1355]" name="Spain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Balkan species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FB9DB95569B38327" box="[1060,1181,1331,1355]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FB9DB95569B38327" box="[1060,1181,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form an anatomically homogeneous group of planarians with characteristic histology of the copulatory apparatus (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FB71B93168618303" author="Kenk" box="[1224,1359,1367,1391]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Kenk, R. (1978) The planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida Paludicola) of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 280, 1 - 55." type="journal article" year="1978">Kenk, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). They form a spermatophore that is used in the transfer of sperm to the copulatory bursa of the partner. All members of this Balkan group are white, with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FD77B9F86E4D83DA" box="[718,867,1438,1462]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FD77B9F86E4D83DA" box="[718,867,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FD77B9F86FDE83DA" box="[718,752,1438,1462]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ph</collectingCountry>
. maculata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the pigmentation of the latter is usually reduced to some spots and its internal anatomy conforms closely to that of the rest of the Balkan
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FB6DB9A4686383B6" box="[1236,1357,1474,1498]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FB6DB9A4686383B6" box="[1236,1357,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF7CB98069F880E0" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The analysis of the anatomy and distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FD64B9806E788392" box="[733,854,1510,1534]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FD64B9806E788392" box="[733,854,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FC6BB980693C8392" box="[978,1042,1510,1534]" name="Spain" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spain</collectingCountry>
reveals the presence of a heterogeneous group whose only distinctive characteristic is its pigmentation. The species presents diverse histology of the copulatory apparatus from which no common morphological feature can be extracted, except for the presence of a weak penis bulb and the absence of a spermatophore. The histological organization of the ejaculatory duct is very diverse, in contrast with the homogeneous structure of the ejaculatory duct in the Balkan species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFF937746FF69BAFF692E819E" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Four out of the five Iberian epigean species are restricted to only a few freshwater springs and adjacent streams. This suggests that the morphological diversity may partly be the result of springs functioning as isolating barriers in speciation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FE2BBA866F1D8094" author="Nielsen" box="[402,563,1760,1784]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Nielsen, A. (1950) On the zoogeography of springs. Hydrobiologia, 2, 313 - 321." type="journal article" year="1950">Nielsen, 1950</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FD87BA866F578094" author="Nielsen" box="[574,633,1760,1784]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Nielsen, A. (1951) Spring Fauna and Speciation Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, 11, 261 - 263." type="journal article" year="1951">1951</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FD3CBA866E368094" author="Hubbs" box="[645,792,1760,1784]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Hubbs, C. L. (1961) Isolating mechanisms in the speciation of fishes. In: Vertebrate speciation. A University of Texas Symposium, 5 - 23." type="book chapter" year="1961">Hubbs, 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FC9DBA876EF18094" author="Roca" box="[804,991,1760,1784]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Roca, J. R., Ribas, M. &amp; Baguna, J. (1992) Distribution, ecology, mode of reproduction and karyology of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida) in the springs of the central Pyrenees. Ecography, 15, 373 - 384." type="journal article" year="1992">
Roca
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FCDCBA876EB08094" box="[869,926,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
1992
</bibRefCitation>
) and genetic differentiation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FA9FBA866DD78177" author="Brandle" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Brandle, M., Westermann, I. &amp; Brandl, R. (2005) Gene flow between populations of two invertebrates in springs. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2005">
Brändle
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FA31BA876D9A8170" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). For example, studies of spring populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FCA3BB626EFA8170" box="[794,980,1796,1820]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Crenobia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FCA3BB626EFA8170" box="[794,980,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Crenobia alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFF937746FC43BB65694C8177" box="[1018,1122,1795,1819]" name="Germany" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FBCBBB65687E8177" author="Brandle" box="[1138,1360,1795,1820]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Brandle, M., Westermann, I. &amp; Brandl, R. (2005) Gene flow between populations of two invertebrates in springs. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2005">
Brändle
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FB6CBB6368218170" box="[1237,1295,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
) show that this species forms rather isolated populations with little dispersal between springs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the genetic differentiation between populations does not reflect the present geography of drainage systems, but the geography of the ancestral drainage system of the area (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FC92BB09692981EB" author="Brandle" box="[811,1031,1903,1927]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Brandle, M., Westermann, I. &amp; Brandl, R. (2005) Gene flow between populations of two invertebrates in springs. Freshwater Biology, 50, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2005">
Brändle
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FC35BB166EEA81EB" box="[908,964,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, the geological history of the Iberian Peninsula, where the Mediterranean rivers have been isolated for long periods of time, may have led to species differentiation in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FF937746FD98BBD06FB481A2" box="[545,666,1974,1998]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FF937746FD98BBD06FB481A2" box="[545,666,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the same way as was suggested for other Iberian groups with poor dispersal ability, such as fish and hydrobid snails (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFF937746FD71BBBC6EDA819E" author="Arconada" box="[712,1012,2010,2034]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Arconada, B. &amp; Ramos, M. A. (2003) The Ibero-Balearic region: one of the areas of highest Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) diversity in Europe. Graellsia, 59, 91 - 104." type="journal article" year="2003">Arconada &amp; Ramos, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAC7779FF7CBCFE6E098770" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
We have never observed reproduction by fission in this group of epigean species. On one occasion, we collected only asexual specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FDB7BCDA6F9E86B8" box="[526,688,188,212]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallaeciae">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FDB7BCDA6F9E86B8" box="[526,688,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FDB7BCDA6F1E86B8" box="[526,560,188,212]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ph</collectingCountry>
. gallaeciae
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Ourense (river Miño, Galicia). The population was abundant at that time, but no sexual specimen could be found. This suggests that the species may become asexual for part of the year, although this needs to be analysed in more detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAC7779FF7CBD4E695B87C0" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FF7CBD4E6C94872C" box="[197,442,296,320]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gallaeciae">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF7CBD4E6C94872C" box="[197,442,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata gallaeciae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits the Miño, a river with a large effluence. This is a very unusual habitat, as members of this genus are usually restricted to springs and creeks associated with cold microhabitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FB76BD2A6CBB87EB" author="Reynoldson" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Reynoldson, T. B., Young, J. O. &amp; Taylor, M. C. (1965) The effect of temperature on the life-cycle of four species of lake-dwelling triclads. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 34, 23 - 43." type="journal article" year="1965">Reynoldson, 1965 and references therein</bibRefCitation>
). However, we have never found
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FCA9BD166EA487E4" box="[784,906,368,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FCA9BD166EA487E4" box="[784,906,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in springs in this area or on the Cantabrian coast, where wells are inhabited by
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FDD1BDF26E3B87C0" box="[616,789,404,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="felina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FDD1BDF26E3B87C0" box="[616,789,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Polycelis felina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or, more rarely, by
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FC48BDF3696087C0" box="[1009,1102,405,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FC48BDF3696087C0" box="[1009,1102,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAC7779FF7CBDDE69938554" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
In 1918 at the Quelle de la Figuereta spring (Lleida, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FC1BBDD16EC887A3" box="[930,998,439,463]" name="Spain" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spain</collectingCountry>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FC40BDD169A287A3" author="Arndt" box="[1017,1164,439,463]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Arndt, W. (1926) Spongilliden und Turbellarien, aus dem nordlichen und ostlichen Spanien, gesammelt von Dr. F. Haas in den Jahren 1914 - 1919. Senckenbergiana, 8, 22 - 30." type="journal article" year="1926">Arndt (1926)</bibRefCitation>
collected two immature or asexual specimens of an unidentified brown planarian. He suggested that these specimens, classified as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FA81BDBA68B28798" ID-CoL="84PTT" box="[1336,1436,476,500]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Planaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FA81BDBA68B28798" box="[1336,1436,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Planaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., could belong to the species
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE41BE666F918474" box="[504,703,512,536]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Planaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="lugubris">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE41BE666F918474" box="[504,703,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Planaria lugubris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FD76BE666949847B" authority="Schmidt, 1861" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1861" box="[719,1127,511,536]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lugubris">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FD76BE666E868474" box="[719,936,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Schmidtea lugubris</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1861)
</taxonomicName>
, but note that at that time
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FA3EBE666DDB8450" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lugubris">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FA3EBE666DDB8450" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. lugubris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE90BE436C9B8450" box="[297,437,548,572]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE90BE436C9B8450" box="[297,437,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">S. polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were frequently confused). We visited the site and observed brown individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FAF0BE426DE9840C" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FAF0BE426DE9840C" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were externally identical to
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FDF1BE2E6E14840C" box="[584,826,584,608]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FDF1BE2E6E14840C" box="[584,826,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata pyrenaica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two sexual specimens were sectioned (V.Pl.6877.1, V.Pl.6877.2). An examination of their copulatory apparatuses confirmed their identity as members of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FAAEBE0A6D9784C4" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FAAEBE0A6D9784C4" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FAAEBE0A681784E8" box="[1303,1337,620,644]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ph</collectingCountry>
. pyrenaica
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, this locality is only about
<quantity id="4CD99B3EFFAC7779FDC6BEE96FE984CB" box="[639,711,655,679]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
from the
<typeStatus id="549A8879FFAC7779FC83BEF66E4484C4" box="[826,874,656,680]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
locality of this species (populated by transparent specimens) and about
<quantity id="4CD99B3EFFAC7779FE36BED26CFB84A0" box="[399,469,692,716]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
from the other known locality (near Basturs, which is populated by brown specimens). Therefore, we believe that
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FE7ABEB16F7B8483" author="Arndt" box="[451,597,727,751]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Arndt, W. (1926) Spongilliden und Turbellarien, aus dem nordlichen und ostlichen Spanien, gesammelt von Dr. F. Haas in den Jahren 1914 - 1919. Senckenbergiana, 8, 22 - 30." type="journal article" year="1926">Arndt (1926)</bibRefCitation>
collected immature specimens of the brown form of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FB1FBEBE68BB849C" box="[1190,1429,728,752]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pyrenaica">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FB1FBEBE68BB849C" box="[1190,1429,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata pyrenaica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite the fact that he collected “
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FDA5BE9A6FCB8578" box="[540,741,764,788]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Planaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="lugubris">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FDA5BE9A6FCB8578" box="[540,741,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Planaria lugubris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” in the river nearby, springs are not a suitable habitat for this lake-dwelling species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FE21BF796F96855B" author="Ball" box="[408,696,799,823]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Ball, I. R. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981) British planarians. Cambridge University Press, Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 19, 141 pp." type="book" year="1981">Ball &amp; Reynoldson, 1981</bibRefCitation>
) or for its close relative
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FC73BF4669988554" box="[970,1206,800,824]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FC73BF4669988554" box="[970,1206,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAC7779FF7EBF2568768103" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF7EBF256ED38530" bold="true" box="[199,1021,835,860]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apparent scarcity of lake-dwelling species in the Iberian Peninsula.</emphasis>
Central European lake-dwelling triclads with sexual reproduction that also occur in warm rivers are very rare in the Iberian Peninsula. Three of these species,
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF4EBFEA6CF685C8" box="[247,472,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FF4EBFEA6CFA85C8" box="[247,468,908,932]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lugubris">Schmidtea lugubris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE59BFEA6E1A85C8" authority="(Muller, 1774)" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1774" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1774" box="[480,820,908,932]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Planaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="torva">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE59BFEA6FA985C8" box="[480,647,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Planaria torva</emphasis>
(Müller, 1774)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FCD4BFEA693185C8" box="[877,1055,908,932]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FCD4BFEA693185C8" box="[877,1055,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Polycelis tenuis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have been reported in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FA95BFEA684285C8" box="[1324,1388,908,932]" name="Spain" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spain</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FF2EBFC96DD885AB" box="[151,246,943,967]" name="Portugal" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Portugal</collectingCountry>
on several occasions, but their presence is very doubtful as the records are usually based on external morphology only.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE81BFB26CCC8580" box="[312,482,980,1004]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE81BFB26CCC8580" box="[312,482,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Polycelis nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FDA0BFB26E308580" box="[537,798,980,1004]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lacteum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FDA0BFB26E308580" box="[537,798,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dendrocoelum lacteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known in only a few localities.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FB09BFB268B28580" box="[1200,1436,980,1004]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FB09BFB268B28580" box="[1200,1436,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only member of this group that is widely distributed in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FCFCBF916EAB8263" box="[837,901,1015,1039]" name="Spain" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spain</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="131A2A5EFFAC7779FC2DBF916EFB8263" box="[916,981,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,882,905]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,198,847]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional records of the genera Schmidtea, Ph. sp. and Ph. cf. vitta in the Iberian Peninsula. Data from Arndt, 1926; Baguñà et al. 1980, 81; Ribas, 1990; Altaba et al. 1991; unpublished records, this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206799/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FC54BF9169FA8263" box="[1005,1236,1015,1040]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Baguna, J., Salo, E. &amp; Romero, R. (1981) Biogeografia de las planarias de aguas dulces (Platelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida; Paludicola) en Espana. Datos preliminares. Actas del Primer Congreso de la Sociedad Espanola de Limnologia, 265 - 280." type="book chapter">
Baguñà
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FBF3BF9F69AD827C" box="[1098,1155,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed that the significant absence of lake-dwelling species is partially due to the scarcity of natural lakes at low altitude. However, these species also occur in rivers. Therefore, shortage of lakes alone cannot explain their rarity. Historical factors apparently have not prevented the occurrence of some of the species of this group, as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FB29B80368228210" box="[1168,1292,1124,1148]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lacteum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FB29B80368228210" box="[1168,1292,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">D. lacteum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FAFAB80368B58210" box="[1347,1435,1125,1148]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FAFAB80368B58210" box="[1347,1435,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are present in the Iberian Peninsula. Regarding ecological factors, temperature and oxygen concentration in Iberian rivers most likely do not constrain their distribution. An alternative explanation is that the characteristic highly seasonal discharge pattern of the Mediterranean rivers, with periodical torrential floods and severe droughts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FAFCB8B66C3C8360" author="Bonada" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Bonada, N., Doledec, S. &amp; Statzner, B. (2007) Taxonomic and biological trait differences of stream macroinvertebrate communities between Mediterranean and temperate regions: implications for future climatic scenarios. Global Change Biology, 13, 1658 - 1671." type="journal article" year="2007">
Bonada
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF2EB8936DE18360" box="[151,207,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
), favours the predominance of species with asexual reproduction. In particular, it favours species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FF59B97F6C13835C" box="[224,317,1305,1328]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF59B97F6C13835C" box="[224,317,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is dominant in the Mediterranean sector of
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FC38B97E6EEB835C" box="[897,965,1304,1328]" name="Spain" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spain</collectingCountry>
. Four factors may promote the success of asexual species or populations. First, this reproductive trait allows rapid colonization of recently disturbed areas, even under conditions of very low population density (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FD42B9066EE08314" author="Lazaro" box="[763,974,1376,1400]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Lazaro, E. M., Sluys, R., Pala, M., Stocchino, G. A., Baguna, J. &amp; Riutort, M. (2009) Molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus Dugesia in the Western Mediterranean (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 835 - 845." type="journal article" year="2009">
Lázaro
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FCEBB9076EA48314" box="[850,906,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Second, the size of a
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FB77B90768058314" box="[1230,1323,1377,1400]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FB77B90768058314" box="[1230,1323,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen that originates from the tail of a fissiparous individual (the equivalent of a hatchling emerging from an egg capsule) is bigger than hatchlings of any of these European species (pers. obs.), which increases its chances of survival. Third, the embryonic development of the egg capsules lasts on average about 20 days at 20 ºC, while complete regeneration of a tail piece of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE54B9976F648064" box="[493,586,1521,1544]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE54B9976F648064" box="[493,586,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
takes only about five days under similar thermal conditions. This suggests that the fissiparous species can more rapidly adapt to changing environmental conditions. Fourth, egg-laying species are better competitors in areas with high levels of resources (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FCC4BA5169608023" author="Reynoldson" box="[893,1102,1591,1615]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Reynoldson, T. B. (1961) Environment and reproduction in freshwater triclads. Nature, 189, 329 - 330." type="journal article" year="1961">Reynoldson, 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FBE2BA5168068023" author="Calow" box="[1115,1320,1591,1616]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Calow, P., Beveridge, M. &amp; Sibly, R. (1979) Heads and tails: adaptational aspects of asexual reproduction in freshwater triclads. American Zoologist, 19, 715 - 727." type="journal article" year="1979">
Calow
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FB15BA5F69CB803C" box="[1196,1253,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
1979
</bibRefCitation>
), which is probably not the case in disturbed areas, such as Mediterranean rivers just after long periods of floods or drought. The fact that several Spanish freshwater planarians may encapsulate in a thin cocoon of mucus under unfavourable environmental conditions (Ribas, 1990) or in the laboratory (present work) suggests that this is an adaptation to the irregular water levels in Mediterranean rivers. Ribas (1990) found that
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FC55BAAE69F0808C" box="[1004,1246,1736,1760]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FC55BAAE69F0808C" box="[1004,1246,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Schmidtea polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
encysted inside mucous capsules in artificial canals that are frequently dry. Similarly, Ribas (1990) also observed specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FF2EBB776CF8814B" authority="Lepori, 1948" authorityName="Lepori" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,470,1807,1832]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sicula">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FF2EBB776C108144" box="[151,318,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dugesia sicula</emphasis>
Lepori, 1948
</taxonomicName>
enclosed in pieces of humid mud. Our finding that
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FBA3BB77695C8144" box="[1050,1138,1809,1832]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Polycelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FBA3BB77695C8144" box="[1050,1138,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also encysts when starved suggests that European species living at the borders of their distribution range, in presumably non-optimal habitats, are able to use a survival strategy that has not been observed in other areas with more suitable environments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAC7778FF7CBB1B6FEA8770" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Encystment in a mucous cyst has been reported in several other planarian species. It forms part of their asexual reproductive cycle in the following species:
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FD2DBBC66E7281D4" box="[660,860,1952,1976]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="velata">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FD2DBBC66E7281D4" box="[660,860,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phagocata velata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FC2FBBC6693381D4" box="[918,1053,1952,1976]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fawcetti">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FC2FBBC6693381D4" box="[918,1053,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FC2FBBC66E9681D4" box="[918,952,1952,1976]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ph</collectingCountry>
. fawcetti
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from North
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FB08BBC6683F81D4" box="[1201,1297,1952,1976]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">America</collectingCountry>
and several species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FE3ABBA26E3581B0" authority="De Beauchamp, 1932" authorityName="De Beauchamp" authorityYear="1932" box="[387,795,1988,2012]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FE3ABBA26F3381B0" box="[387,541,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Atrioplanaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAC7779FD9DBBA36E3581B0" author="De" box="[548,795,1988,2012]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="De Beauchamp, P. (1932) Turbellaires, Hirudinees, Branchiobdellides (Deuxieme Serie). Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 73, 113 - 380." type="journal article" year="1932">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FD9DBBA36F6B81B0" box="[548,581,1989,2012]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">De</collectingCountry>
Beauchamp, 1932
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FCFEBBA26E9781B0" box="[839,953,1988,2012]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="velata">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FCFEBBA26E9781B0" box="[839,953,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FCFEBBA26E4781B0" box="[839,873,1988,2012]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ph</collectingCountry>
. velata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAC7779FC4BBBA2695781B0" box="[1010,1145,1988,2012]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="fawcetti">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAC7779FC4BBBA2695781B0" box="[1010,1145,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAC7779FC4BBBA2693A81B0" box="[1010,1044,1988,2012]" name="Philippines" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ph</collectingCountry>
. fawcetti
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an animal may fragment into multiple pieces and each fragment is encased in mucous. In this condition, the fragment may survive dry periods in its vernal habitat (Ball
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FE5DBCDB6F3286B8" box="[484,540,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
1981). The European species
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FCC9BCDA695986B8" authority="Duges, 1830" authorityName="Duges" authorityYear="1830" box="[880,1143,188,212]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="vitta">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FCC9BCDA6EE186B8" box="[880,975,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAD7778FCC9BCDA6EBC86B8" box="[880,914,188,212]" name="Philippines" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Ph</collectingCountry>
. vitta
</emphasis>
(Dugès, 1830)
</taxonomicName>
may also reproduce asexually by fragmentation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FE08BCB96FF5869B" author="Ball" box="[433,731,223,247]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ball, I. R. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981) British planarians. Cambridge University Press, Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 19, 141 pp." type="book" year="1981">Ball &amp; Reynoldson 1981</bibRefCitation>
). In this species, specimens may encyst and thus survive in temporary springs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FEC9BD626F968770" author="Stankovic" box="[368,696,260,285]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Stankovic, S. &amp; Komarek, J. (1927) Die Sußwasser-Tricladen des Westbalkans und die zoogeographischen probleme dieser gegend. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 53, 591 - 674 + 9 pls." type="journal article" year="1927">Stankoviċ &amp; Komárek, 1927</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7CBD4168B987A3" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FEFCBD4E6CF1872C" box="[325,479,296,320]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FEFCBD4E6CF1872C" box="[325,479,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Atrioplanaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may also reproduce by fission or fragmentation. For several species of this genus, either entire animals or fragments may become enveloped in a mucous covering, viz.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FBD8BD2A68B98708" authority="Kenk, 1937" authorityName="Kenk" authorityYear="1937" box="[1121,1431,332,356]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="prosorchis">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FBD8BD2A69D98708" box="[1121,1271,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. prosorchis</emphasis>
(Kenk, 1937)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FF2EBD166F6F87EB" authority="De Beauchamp, 1937" authorityName="De Beauchamp" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,577,367,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="notadena">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF2EBD166C0D87E4" box="[151,291,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. notadena</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAD7778FE8EBD096C7787EB" box="[311,345,367,391]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">De</collectingCountry>
Beauchamp, 1937)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FDEBBD166E8087EB" authority="Bromley, 1983" authorityName="Bromley" authorityYear="1983" box="[594,942,367,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="aquabellae">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FDEBBD166FDA87E4" box="[594,756,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. aquabellae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FD46BD096E8087EB" author="Bromley" box="[767,942,367,391]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Bromley, H. J. (1983) The morphology and reproduction of a new species of Atrioplanaria De Beauchamp (Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 32, 171 - 184." type="journal article" year="1983">Bromley, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FC07BD166EF987E4" box="[958,983,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A.</emphasis>
sp. (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FBF8BD0969C687EB" author="Bromley" box="[1089,1256,367,391]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Bromley, H. J. (1983) The morphology and reproduction of a new species of Atrioplanaria De Beauchamp (Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 32, 171 - 184." type="journal article" year="1983">Bromley 1983</bibRefCitation>
and references therein). Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FE23BDF26F0E87C0" box="[410,544,404,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Atrioplanaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="notadena">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FE23BDF26F0E87C0" box="[410,544,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">A. notadena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may survive complete drying up of cave pools by being enclosed in clay whose hygroscopic properties provide a sufficient degree of humidity for the dormant individual (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FB36BDD168A587A3" author="Ginet" box="[1167,1419,439,463]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ginet, R. &amp; Puglisi, R. (1964) E cologie de Fonticola notadena de Beauchamp (Turbellarie, Triclade) dans la grotte de La Balme (Isere, France); survie en periode de secheresse. International Journal of Speleology, 1, 203 - 216 + 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1964">Ginet &amp; Puglisi, 1964</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7CBDBA6DFB85C8" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The marine triclad
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FE24BDBA6E1A8798" authority="Schmidt, 1861" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1861" box="[413,820,476,500]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Procerodidae" genus="Procerodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="lobatus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FE24BDBA6F588798" box="[413,630,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Procerodes lobatus</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1861)
</taxonomicName>
may also encapsulate in a thin, transparent and elastic capsule.
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAD7778FF42BE666C348474" box="[251,282,512,536]" name="American Samoa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">As</collectingCountry>
the animals may encapsulate under otherwise favourable environmental conditions and the capsules cannot totally prevent desiccation, researchers have been unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for this behaviour (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FE83BE216C918433" author="Sluys" box="[314,447,583,607]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Sluys, R. (1989) A monograph of the marine triclads. Rotterdam and Brookfield: A. A. Balkema." type="book" year="1989">Sluys, 1989</bibRefCitation>
and references therein). The same may apply to the egg capsules with a mucous layer in
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF2EBE0B6DC584E8" box="[151,235,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. n i g r a</emphasis>
or the encystment of adults, i.e. that these mucous capsules are probably not sufficient to prevent desiccation in case of total absence of water. However, these structures probably enhance the probability of survival if some water remains in the river. Similarly
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FD30BED26E3284A0" author="Child" box="[649,796,692,716]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Child, C. M. (1913) The asexual cycle of Planaria velata in relation to senescence and rejuvenescence. The Biological Bulletin, 25, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1913">Child (1913)</bibRefCitation>
observed that encapsulated pieces of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FB6DBED268B284A0" box="[1236,1436,692,716]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="velata">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FB6DBED268B284A0" box="[1236,1436,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phagocata velata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not able to resist total desiccation. However, the species was able to survive in “ditches and pools partly filled with dead leaves where even though the water disappears, the bottom under the thick layer of leaves is always more or less wet and the encysted pieces are not subjected to drying” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FCD6BF796969855B" author="Child" box="[879,1095,799,824]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Child, C. M. (1913) The asexual cycle of Planaria velata in relation to senescence and rejuvenescence. The Biological Bulletin, 25, 181 - 203." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="p">Child 1913, p. 182</bibRefCitation>
). Encysted adult specimens of
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF2EBF236DC28530" box="[151,236,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">P. n i g r a</emphasis>
are apparently totally inactive (no movement was observed), which may be a way to reduce energy consumption under starvation, a condition that promotes encystment of the animals, at least under laboratory conditions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7EBFD66C6783F0" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF7EBFD66F8B85A4" bold="true" box="[199,677,943,968]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Notes on the ecology of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FE5DBFC96FB085A4" box="[484,670,943,968]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FE5DBFC96FB085A4" bold="true" box="[484,670,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Girardia tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The great ability of
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FC36BFD66ED985A4" box="[911,1015,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. t i g r i n a</emphasis>
to colonize new environments is the result of several factors. First, it is able to use artificial channels for dispersal (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FB9DBFB269EE8580" author="Wright" box="[1060,1216,980,1004]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wright, J. F. (1987) Colonization of rivers and canals in Great Britain by Dugesia tigrina (Girard) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Freshwater Biology, 17, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1987">Wright, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Second, dispersal through human activity facilitates the colonization of new water bodies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FC06BF9E6977827C" author="Wright" box="[959,1113,1016,1040]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wright, J. F. (1987) Colonization of rivers and canals in Great Britain by Dugesia tigrina (Girard) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Freshwater Biology, 17, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1987">Wright, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Third, it is an opportunistic feeder that can exploit blooms of suitable prey (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FD00B87A6EAB8258" author="Pickavance" box="[697,901,1052,1076]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Pickavance, J. R. (1971) The diet of the immigrant planarian Dugesia tigrina. Part 2. Food in the wild and comparison with some British species. Journal of Animal Ecology, 40, 637 - 650." type="journal article" year="1971">Pickavance, 1971</bibRefCitation>
), and it can also prey on other triclads, at least under laboratory conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FE63B8266E378234" author="Young" box="[474,793,1088,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Young, J. O. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1999) Continuing dispersal of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria) in Britain with particular reference to lakes. Freshwater Biology, 42, 247 - 262." type="journal article" year="1999">Young &amp; Reynoldson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Fourth, one animal is potentially able to establish a new population due to its great capacity of asexual reproduction (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FCF2B80269A18210" author="Young" box="[843,1167,1124,1148]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Young, J. O. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1999) Continuing dispersal of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria) in Britain with particular reference to lakes. Freshwater Biology, 42, 247 - 262." type="journal article" year="1999">Young &amp; Reynoldson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Fifth, observations by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FF2EB8EF6FF082CC" author="Young" box="[151,734,1160,1185]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Young, J. O. &amp; Reynoldson, T. B. (1999) Continuing dispersal of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria) in Britain with particular reference to lakes. Freshwater Biology, 42, 247 - 262." type="journal article" year="1999">Young &amp; Reynoldson (1999 and references therein)</bibRefCitation>
and by the authors of the present work suggest that
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FA89B8EE68B682CC" box="[1328,1432,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. t i g r i n a</emphasis>
adheres to surfaces (e.g. stones and vegetation) better than any other triclad species found in British and Iberian freshwaters, which may have contributed to its great success. Finally,
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FC0CB8B669338284" box="[949,1053,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. t i g r i n a</emphasis>
can tolerate very eutrophic habitats, brackish environments (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FE6EB8926F408360" author="Wright" box="[471,622,1268,1292]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wright, J. F. (1987) Colonization of rivers and canals in Great Britain by Dugesia tigrina (Girard) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Freshwater Biology, 17, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1987">Wright, 1987</bibRefCitation>
) and warm waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FCF0B89269508360" author="Russier" box="[841,1150,1268,1292]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Russier, R. &amp; Lascombe, C. (1970) La planaire americaine Dugesia tigrina dans la region Lyonnaise: ecologie et tolerance thermique. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 39, 197 - 200." type="journal article" year="1970">Russier &amp; Lascombe, 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FB33B892680F8360" author="Wright" box="[1162,1313,1268,1292]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wright, J. F. (1987) Colonization of rivers and canals in Great Britain by Dugesia tigrina (Girard) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida). Freshwater Biology, 17, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1987">Wright, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The morphological variation observed between Iberian populations strongly suggests that independent introductions from its native area have recently occurred (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FDF1B95A6E258338" author="Ribas" box="[584,779,1340,1364]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ribas, M., Riutort, M. &amp; Baguna, J. (1989) Morphological and biochemical variation in populations of Dugesia (G.) tigrina (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Paludicola) from the western Mediterranean: biogeographical and taxonomical implications. Journal of Zoology (London), 218, 609 - 626." type="journal article" year="1989">
Ribas
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FD29B95B6FE78338" box="[656,713,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FCA6B95A6EC08338" box="[799,1006,1340,1364]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M. &amp; Ponce De Leon, R. (2005) Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40, 155 - 180." type="journal article">
Sluys
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FCDDB95B6EB38338" box="[868,925,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
extensively discussed the morphological variation observed in various populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FD06B9066E058314" box="[703,811,1376,1400]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FD06B9066E058314" box="[703,811,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its native area as well as from regions in which it was introduced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7CB9CE6FE48040" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The species has been able to colonize several locations in the Iberian Mediterranean area due to the large network of agricultural irrigation channels. Although it is scarcely recorded in artificial water reservoirs, it is the only triclad that is present in these habitats, with the exception of one record of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FC68B99769008064" box="[977,1070,1521,1544]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Dugesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FC68B99769008064" box="[977,1070,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Dugesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in the reservoir Pantà de Ulldecona (province of Castelló; northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAD7778FDC3BA726F908040" box="[634,702,1556,1580]" name="Spain" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Spain</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7CBA5E6F8A80D0" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FF7CBA5E6C54803C" box="[197,378,1592,1616]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF7CBA5E6C54803C" box="[197,378,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Girardia tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed to coexist with all other known Spanish freshwater planarians, except
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FADDBA5F6CA88018" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dendrocoelidae" genus="Dendrocoelum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="spatiosum">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FADDBA5F6CA88018" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Dendrocoelum spatiosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the members of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FD5EBA3A6E4E8018" box="[743,864,1628,1652]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Planariidae" genus="Phagocata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FD5EBA3A6E4E8018" box="[743,864,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phagocata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are restricted to springs. This suggests that its partly opportunistic diet allows the species to successfully establish new populations at localities previously only inhabited by autochthonous Iberian planarians.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7CBAAF6E4C8144" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FF7CBAAF6C01808C" box="[197,303,1737,1760]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Girardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tigrina">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF7CBAAF6C01808C" box="[197,303,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">G. tigrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to nine sites in the Cantabrian Mountains and along the Cantabrian coast, where the relatively low temperature and frequently high velocity of the rivers running from the slopes of the mountains are not suitable for the species, as it is better adapted to warmer waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAD7778FF7EBB556C9781B0" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2012]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF7EBB556E858120" bold="true" box="[199,939,1843,1868]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FF7EBB556CC88120" box="[199,486,1843,1868]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FF7EBB556CC88120" bold="true" box="[199,486,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Schmidtea mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in decline in the Iberian Peninsula.
</emphasis>
The species
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAD7778FBF5BB53682A8120" box="[1100,1284,1844,1868]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FBF5BB53682A8120" box="[1100,1284,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has recently acquired new scientific relevance due to its appropriate physiological characteristics in relation to its regeneration abilities (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FEBDBB1A6CB281F8" author="Kiefer" box="[260,412,1916,1940]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Kiefer, J. C. (2006) Emerging developmental model systems. Developmental Dynamics, 235, 2895 - 2899." type="journal article" year="2006">Kiefer, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore it is an important model organism in developmental studies, which has resulted in the sequencing of its genome (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAD7778FDD7BBC66E1C81D4" author="Robb" box="[622,818,1952,1976]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Robb, S., Ross, E. &amp; Sanchez-Alvarado, A. (2008) SmedGD: the Schmidtea mediterranea genome database. Nucleic Acids Research, 6, 599 - 606." type="journal article" year="2008">
Robb
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAD7778FD0DBBC76FC381D4" box="[692,749,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). This provides additional reasons for the conservation of this natural population.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAE777BFF7CBCF16C81847B" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The asexual strain of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFE0CBCFE6F4686DC" box="[437,616,152,176]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFE0CBCFE6F4686DC" box="[437,616,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which reproduces only by fission, is restricted in
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAE777BFB22BCF169F586C3" box="[1179,1243,151,175]" name="Spain" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Spain</collectingCountry>
to (1) a few sites on Montjuïc mountain, within Barcelona’s limits, (2) Girona and (3) the Balearic Islands. However, during recent sampling in Barcelona we observed a marked reduction in the number of populations.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFBE5BC8668218694" box="[1116,1295,224,248]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFBE5BC8668218694" box="[1116,1295,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
disappeared from two ponds after they were reformed or cleaned. A third pond system, a plant nursery known as “Viver dels Tres Pins”, was successfully invaded by
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFDD7BD4E6E7A872C" box="[622,852,296,320]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychoa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFDD7BD4E6E7A872C" box="[622,852,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Schmidtea polychoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose external morphology is almost identical to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFF54BD2B6C8D8708" box="[237,419,332,356]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFF54BD2B6C8D8708" box="[237,419,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We recorded
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFDE8BD2B6FCF8708" box="[593,737,332,356]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFDE8BD2B6FCF8708" box="[593,737,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Montjuïc in 2007 and have observed its presence and reproduction up to the present time.
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFD97BD166F9587E4" box="[558,699,368,392]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFD97BD166F9587E4" box="[558,699,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily transported with aquatic plants and it is therefore able to colonize new habitats, as we have observed in an artificial pond recently constructed in Girona. Despite the fact that the possible interaction between
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFD8DBDDE6FEF87BC" box="[564,705,440,464]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polychroa">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFD8DBDDE6FEF87BC" box="[564,705,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. polychroa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFD4FBDDE6E8787BC" box="[758,937,440,464]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFD4FBDDE6E8787BC" box="[758,937,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncertain, there is some cause for concern as it has been shown that the introduction of alien planarians may result in the drastic decline of autochthonous species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAE777BFF68BD996C8C847B" author="Reynoldson" box="[209,418,511,535]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Reynoldson, T. B. (1985) Take-over of an Anglesey lake by an American species of triclad-the potential threat to the native triclad fauna. Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, 16, 80 - 86." type="journal article" year="1985">Reynoldson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAE777BFF7CBE4369B384A0" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
In the fourth pond on Montjuïc Mountain in which
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFC98BE436EF98450" box="[801,983,548,572]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFC98BE436EF98450" box="[801,983,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found, “Pantà de la Fuxarda”, we observed an abundant population of the introduced crayfish
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFC81BE2E69E58433" ID-CoL="7WLRT" authority="Girard, 1852" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1852" box="[824,1227,583,608]" class="Malacostraca" family="Cambaridae" genus="Procambarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarkii">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFC81BE2E6931840C" box="[824,1055,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Procambarus clarkii</emphasis>
(Girard, 1852)
</taxonomicName>
. Its introduction is known to cause dramatic changes in native plant and animal communities (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B2AFFAE777BFC50BE0A685E84E8" author="Gutierrez-Yurrita" box="[1001,1392,620,644]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Gutierrez-Yurrita, P. J. &amp; Montes, C. (1999) Bioenergetics and phenology of reproduction of the introduced red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in Donana National Park, Spain, and implications for species management. Freshwater Biology, 42, 561 - 574." type="journal article" year="1999">Gutiérrez-Yurrita &amp; Montes, 1999</bibRefCitation>
). In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFEBABEF66C9784C4" box="[259,441,656,680]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFEBABEF66C9784C4" box="[259,441,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was usually observed under the leaves of water lilies, which have disappeared (Emili Saló, personal communication). Finally, the size of the pond has been substantially reduced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E36DBFFAE777BFF7CBEB169778554" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The second Iberian population of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D58FFAE777BFDF2BEBE6E2E849C" box="[587,768,728,752]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Dugesiidae" genus="Schmidtea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Seriata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis id="B955EAC9FFAE777BFDF2BEBE6E2E849C" box="[587,768,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is located in Girona, northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAE777BFB29BEB169FD8483" box="[1168,1235,727,751]" name="Spain" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Spain</collectingCountry>
. On a visit to the area we could not find any specimens.
<collectingCountry id="F336764BFFAE777BFDF0BE9A6F468578" box="[585,616,764,788]" name="American Samoa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">As</collectingCountry>
we visited only one of the several possible habitats in that region, a more intensive sampling effort is needed to evaluate the situation of the species in this area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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