304 lines
35 KiB
XML
304 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="AA8115DA3E2B61123A905B2C7A25F2AF" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFBEB112CEEC97A72706F815" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gretna cylinda Hewitson 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="234" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="231" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F9AF5508B1A29237E7ABA37E75A22002">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79E03AEDDFE870261A2450179A526C9F">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="03C8675E086DDAFFF12420E82410C07F">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57280AB831C8DA742E2127024680F277">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2AE81CF3C85FE825EC951AC3CC5016BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="210CA513217E91B1A83FEE401A5BC382">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="523185B7DA101309BEB8B30C238A365F">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFBEB112CEEC97A72706F815" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614534" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614534" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFBEB112CEEC97A72706F815" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFBEB112CEEC97A72706F815" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="234" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFBEB12DCEEC97A722BFFA1B" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBEB12DCEEC97A72407F8DA" blockId="30.[151,529,1500,1526]" box="[151,529,1500,1526]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFBEB12DCEEC97A72407F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,529,1500,1526]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCEEC97A72407F8DA" ID-CoL="3HCHH" authority="Hewitson, 1876" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,529,1500,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCEEC97A72407F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,529,1500,1526]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCEEC97A7275DF8DA" bold="true" box="[151,331,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Gretna cylinda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBEB12DCF2997A72407F8DA" author="Hewitson" box="[338,529,1500,1526]" pageId="30" pageNumber="246" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1876) Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (108), 449 - 457. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608682077" type="journal article" year="1876">Hewitson, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBEB12DCEEC945922BFFA1B" blockId="30.[151,1436,1570,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">
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This species was described from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCC7494592472FB17" box="[527,612,1570,1595]" name="Angola" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, and is found in forests from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCDCF94592213FB17" box="[948,1029,1570,1595]" name="Liberia" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCA5194592297FB17" box="[1066,1153,1570,1595]" name="Uganda" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and southern
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCB599459237AFB17" box="[1314,1388,1570,1595]" name="Sudan" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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. We have not reared this species, but MJWC found and documented caterpillars on a species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCAF19433230FFB73" box="[1162,1305,1608,1631]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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at Entebbe,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCEEC941126E7FBAF" box="[151,241,1642,1667]" name="Uganda" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, which show clear similarities to those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCCB69410250DFBAE" box="[717,795,1643,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCCB69410250DFBAE" box="[717,795,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Gretna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp., particularly
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCD93941022B1FBAE" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1000,1191,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCD939410224DFBAF" box="[1000,1115,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">G. carmen</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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treated in Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCB1894172383FBAF" box="[1379,1429,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014), notably the long hair-like setae covering the head and body, extensive covering of waxy powder on the body and the shape and pale brown ground colour of the head. On the other hand, two emerged pupae found at the same time differ from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCFAF94AC2434FBC2" box="[468,546,1751,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCFAF94AC2434FBC2" box="[468,546,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Gretna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. Based on the collection locality, the only
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCA5494AC226BFBC2" box="[1071,1149,1751,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCA5494AC226BFBC2" box="[1071,1149,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Gretna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. likely to be found at Entebbe are
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCF57948027B5FA3F" box="[300,419,1786,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCF57948027B5FA3F" box="[300,419,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">G. cylinda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCF9894802534FA3E" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[483,802,1786,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="zaremba" subSpecies="jacksoni">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCF98948024D9FA3F" box="[483,719,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">G. zaremba jacksoni</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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, and the latter shows affinities with the palm-feeding species. Accordingly, we are rather confident, that the species documented here is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCA4A956422B4FA1B" box="[1073,1186,1822,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCA4A956422B4FA1B" box="[1073,1186,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">G. cylinda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFBEB113CEBC95392213FAC6" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBEB12DCEBC953926EDFAC0" blockId="30.[151,1436,1570,2028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCEBC9539274DFA77" bold="true" box="[199,347,1858,1883]" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Food plants.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBEB12DCF199538240CFA77" author="Vuattoux" box="[354,538,1859,1883]" pageId="30" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reports reared it (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCD7A95382587FA77" box="[769,913,1858,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCD7A95382587FA77" box="[769,913,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">G. cylindrica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) at Lamto,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBEB12DCA6F953822B8FA77" box="[1044,1198,1858,1883]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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: five times on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCB289539271BFA53" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geniculata">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCB289539271BFA53" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Thalia geniculata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCF40951327CEFA53" box="[315,472,1894,1919]" class="Thaliacea" family="Salpidae" genus="Thalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salpida" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="welwitschii">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCF40951327CEFA53" box="[315,472,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">T. welwitschii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and once each on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCCB1951D2201FA53" box="[714,1047,1894,1919]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Trachyphrynium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braunianum">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCCB1951D2201FA53" box="[714,1047,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Trachyphrynium braunianum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCA2F951D237AFA53" box="[1108,1388,1894,1919]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Marantochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCA2F951D237AFA53" box="[1108,1388,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Marantochloa cuspidata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(all
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCEEC95F0273AFA8F" box="[151,300,1931,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFBEB12DCF4595F027CAFA8F" author="Larsen" box="[318,476,1930,1955]" pageId="30" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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and Vande weghe (2010) repeat these food plant records. MJWC’s material (90/212) was collected on a
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCF0D95CB2413FAEB" box="[374,517,1968,1991]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
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(probably
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBEB12DCCFE95D52533FAEB" box="[645,805,1966,1991]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" genus="Marantochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="30" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBEB12DCCFE95D52533FAEB" box="[645,805,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="231">Marantochloa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.) in a propagation building at the Botanic Gardens, Entebbe.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFBFB12CCEBC92EC2517FC48" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCEBC92EC277DFD9C" bold="true" box="[199,363,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
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Small caterpillars make a shelter of a slight fold in the leaf in mid-lamina; they are clearly visible under several strands of silk which hold the fold in place. This shelter is reminiscent of that partially documented for the first instar of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBFB12CCC60929B251CFDD4" authority="(Holland)" baseAuthorityName="Holland" box="[539,778,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balenge">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCC60929B2482FDD4" box="[539,660,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">G. balenge</emphasis>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFBFB12CCCDF92A42514FDD4" box="[676,770,223,248]" name="Netherlands" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Holland</collectingCountry>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCD1B929A2585FDD4" box="[864,915,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">et al</emphasis>
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. 2014,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFBFB12CCD9192A4224BFDD4" box="[1002,1117,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="35.[151,250,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,951]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,195,951]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 39. Pupa of Moltena fiara, collected on Strelitzia nicolai, south coast of Durban, South Africa, photographed 23 Apr 2004 [SCC]. 1, dorsal view; 2, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264692/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Figure 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larger caterpillars make a larger fold from the edge of the portion of leaf where they have been feeding. Two emerged pupa were collected; they were found without a shelter on the leaf underside against the mid-rib, suspended by the cremaster and a multi-stranded silk girdle under the anterior part of A4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBFB12CCEBC93142218FF3B" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCEBC93142749FCA4" bold="true" box="[199,351,367,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Caterpillars.</emphasis>
|
||
A small caterpillar probably in instar n-3 was photographed but not described (Figure 35.1); it appears similar to the penultimate instar described below, except that the white waxy flocculence is much heavier on the head, the colour and markings of which cannot be seen. Preserved n-3 head capsules measured 1.55 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBFB12CCEEC93A726F3FCD8" box="[151,229,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2), while an n-2 measured 1.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBFB12CCD4793A72599FCD8" box="[828,911,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
. This young caterpillar is reminiscent of the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBFB12CCF43907B27A6FF34" box="[312,432,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balenge">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCF43907B27A6FF34" box="[312,432,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">G. balenge</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cock
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCC79907A2425FF34" box="[514,563,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFBFB12CCCFC938424E0FF34" box="[647,758,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1613,1635]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1130,1589]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,1130,1589]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 40. Adults of Paracleros biguttulus. 1, male at rest, Kakamega Forest, 5 Apr 1990 (vouchered, 90.12.30); 2, female feeding at Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 19 Jul 1990 (vouchered, 90.17.33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264693/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Figure 40</figureCitation>
|
||
), but much less extreme.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBFB12CCEBC905F26E7FFE1" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
|
||
A
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBFB12CCE99905F273CFF10" box="[226,298,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
|
||
caterpillar (MJWC 90/212B) was thought to be in the penultimate instar (Figure 35.2–3). Head 2.3 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBFB12CCEEC903326F0FF4C" box="[151,230,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3); wider near base; brown with dark brown stripe down centre of face; covered with very long, erect, white setae up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBFB12CCFA69017243DFFA9" box="[477,555,620,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Body dull green, covered from T2 to A8 or A9 with white waxy powder; a pair of subdorsal spots on posterior margin of T3-A7 and weakly on A8 are due to the absence of white waxy powder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFBFB12CCEEC95F42497FAE8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264688/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" targetBox="[151,1436,772,1911]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBFB12CCEEC95F42497FAE8" blockId="31.[151,1436,1935,1988]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCEEC95F42736FA89" bold="true" box="[151,288,1935,1957]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
|
||
Early instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBFB12CCC4F95EB24DAFA89" box="[564,716,1935,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCC4F95EB24DAFA89" box="[564,716,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Gretna cylinda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCD2295F425FCFA89" box="[857,1002,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Marantachloa</emphasis>
|
||
sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; MJWC 90/212.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCE9195D526E1FAE8" bold="true" box="[234,247,1966,1988]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">1</emphasis>
|
||
, probably n-2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBFB12CCFE895D527AEFAE8" bold="true" box="[403,440,1966,1988]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">2–3</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF80B113CEBC92E327E9FC48" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">
|
||
A
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CE9F92E3273DFD9C" box="[228,299,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="21.0">21mm</quantity>
|
||
caterpillar (MJWC 90/212D) was considered to be in the final instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FF80B113CA3492EC22D5FD9C" box="[1103,1219,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,397,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[165,1425,397,1492]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 36. Final instar caterpillars of Gretna cylinda, collected on Marantachloa sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; 21 mm; MJWC 90 / 212. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterior view; 3, detail of head, anterolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264689/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Figure 36</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head large, 3.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CEEC92C726F0FDF8" box="[151,230,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=3); light brown, slightly darker ventrally; a dark triangle from vertex to posterior margin; an inverted V-shape on the upper adfrontals, sharp against the adfrontal suture, diffuse internally; apex of frons dark against frontal suture; frontal sutures very narrowly dark; covered in very long, white, erect setae, mostly about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CEEC935326F0FC6C" box="[151,230,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8mm</quantity>
|
||
but up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CF21935C27BBFC6C" box="[346,429,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
|
||
. Body white with a green tint; covered with setae as head; no markings, except a slightly darker subdorsal line on T1–T3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFF80B113CEEC979C22ABFB37" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264689/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" targetBox="[165,1424,397,1492]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF80B113CEEC979C22ABFB37" blockId="32.[151,1436,1511,1563]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CEEC979C2736F8D1" bold="true" box="[151,288,1511,1533]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">FIGURE 36.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF80B113CC49979324DCF8D1" box="[562,714,1511,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CC49979324DCF8D1" box="[562,714,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Gretna cylinda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CD22979C25FCF8D1" box="[857,1002,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Marantachloa</emphasis>
|
||
sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; 21mm; MJWC 90/212.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CF42947E2753FB37" bold="true" box="[313,325,1541,1563]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CC74947E240AFB37" bold="true" box="[527,540,1541,1563]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CD29947E2548FB37" bold="true" box="[850,862,1541,1563]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF80B113CEBC943E2213FAC6" blockId="32.[151,1436,1605,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF80B113CEBC943E271AFB72" bold="true" box="[199,268,1605,1630]" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
None of the caterpillars were reared through to the pupa, but two emerged pupae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FF80B113CA9B943E2345FB72" box="[1248,1363,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="33.[151,250,925,947]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,195,902]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[164,1424,195,902]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 37. Emerged pupa of Gretna cylinda, collected on Marantachloa sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; MJWC 90 / 212; 20 mm; frontal plate missing. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, lateral view; 3, dorsolateral view, A 1 – A 4, thorax to top, indicating the unusual structures of unknown origin and function (see text)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264690/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Figure 37</figureCitation>
|
||
) were collected with final instar head capsules identical to those documented (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FF80B113CDC494122226FBAE" box="[959,1072,1641,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[165,1424,397,1492]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[165,1425,397,1492]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 36. Final instar caterpillars of Gretna cylinda, collected on Marantachloa sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; 21 mm; MJWC 90 / 212. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterior view; 3, detail of head, anterolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264689/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="233">Figure 36</figureCitation>
|
||
), so we have no doubt about the association. Emerged pupa at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CC4894F5246DFB8A" box="[563,635,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
long; the proboscis does not extend significantly beyond the wings; cuticle pale brown almost transparent with the segmental junctions darker; a bump on the frons projects about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CEEC94AD26FFFBC2" box="[151,233,1750,1774]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
|
||
; two tufts of about ten
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CF9794AD242DFBC2" box="[492,571,1750,1774]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4mm</quantity>
|
||
long erect brown setae side by side on bump; similar tufts above with 10–15 setae; ventroanteriorly two more tufts of about 8–10 setae below the ones on the bump; lateral to the frontal bump a much larger clump of similar setae on the anterior part of the eye; long pale, erect setae on dorsum and in two dorsolateral tufts on T2; similar pale setae on dorsum and laterally on abdomen segments; subdorsally on the abdomen there are curious oval pale brown structures, 1.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF80B113CD3C951D2580FA52" box="[839,918,1894,1918]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="233" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8mm</quantity>
|
||
aligned transversely, which at first sight look like conspicuous spiracles; these are placed on A1 (1), A2–A3 (2), A4–A6(1); where two pairs occur on a segment, the anterior ones are placed nearer the dorsum; dorsolateral line of small spots near posterior margin on A2–A7; spiracles brown, inconspicuous; ventral half with layer of white waxy powder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFF81B112CEEC91E62517FEDA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264690/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" targetBox="[164,1423,195,902]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF81B112CEEC91E62517FEDA" blockId="33.[151,1436,925,1014]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC91E62736FE9F" bold="true" box="[151,288,925,947]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
|
||
Emerged pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CFA791E52462FE9F" box="[476,628,925,947]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CFA791E52462FE9F" box="[476,628,925,947]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Gretna cylinda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CD7891E62582FE9F" box="[771,916,925,947]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Marantachloa</emphasis>
|
||
sp., Entebbe, Uganda, 1 Oct 1990; MJWC 90/212; 20mm; frontal plate missing.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CFB191C527C0FEF8" bold="true" box="[458,470,958,980]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CCDE91C524A7FEF8" bold="true" box="[677,689,958,980]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CD3291C52540FEF8" bold="true" box="[841,854,958,980]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">3</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view, A1–A4, thorax to top, indicating the unusual structures of unknown origin and function (see text).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF81B112CEBC965E2706F815" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF81B112CEBC965E2706F815" blockId="33.[151,1436,1061,1337]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEBC965E275AF912" bold="true" box="[199,332,1061,1086]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The affinities in morphology of the caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CDF4965D2215F912" box="[911,1027,1061,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cylinda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CDF4965D2215F912" box="[911,1027,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">G. cylinda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with those known for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CB36965D238AF911" box="[1357,1436,1062,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CB36965D238AF911" box="[1357,1436,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Gretna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (Cock
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CF6796312759F94E" box="[284,335,1097,1122]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014) have been pointed out. The pupa shows no close affinities with the known Afrotropical species, and the origin and function of the unique subdorsal structures on the abdomen are unknown. The pupation site on the underside of the food plant leaf against the midrib without a shelter is very unusual; it may occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CEEC96CE276FF9E2" box="[151,377,1205,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC96CE276FF9E2" box="[151,377,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Hypoleucis ophiusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CC3D96CD24FEF9E2" author="Larsen" box="[582,744,1205,1230]" pageId="33" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but it has not been documented for any other Afrotropical species. These features, together with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CC0C96A12510F9DD" box="[631,774,1242,1265]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
food plant distinguish this species from the palm-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CEEC968526F3F839" box="[151,229,1278,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC968526F3F839" box="[151,229,1278,1301]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Gretna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., supporting the view that they are not congeneric in spite of the similarity of the caterpillars to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CEEC9759271FF815" box="[151,265,1314,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gretna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC9759271FF815" box="[151,265,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">G. carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |