329 lines
38 KiB
XML
329 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="0CE7C3FE5D6DAE1C9F6FACAA4BFC9DAF" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FF84B116CEEC930B2774FC81" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Hesperiinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="237" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="237" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BDF888D47C14CE6C53E0F161B1B19E38">
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<mods:title id="0767F0F4D89C9540DA6622D710DE7054">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E58CC6F989871F37A4CABE7DF4B39F47" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F4540EAC31BCD6BFD6B34503C24D317E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E13F7BCB294ADE74236C54354C21D604">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="58E0A3AFB8752E5BB913A5BD9FA0B24C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5516B1DFB23CA6402D133AAADA4C1D89">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="5DCAF28A492582AEA5F4D85E0637A45B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="949FC311C6E0D895D5C8A1787F5C785C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D05CE41CE18A30EF97D216F3C3D9A8B7">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FB04579E8BAA071B95D23F186D4960BA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8A02E41936CF88439EEC2FD5FFF23F73">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DF9E2D18F2FFDE8131E710B3E66360E0">
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<mods:date id="9F998FD41329C359EB65C8DBFEA17255">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="884291AA5774338B50E7F71D8D2B7908" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9F118DA0024A9C5324AC22D4BC361CBA">4066</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5D03E43D154375CC96EDE34BDB313094" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="93C343CC4A954E4EEF565B85CD30537A">3</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FF84B116CEEC930B2774FC81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614540" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FF84B116CEEC930B2774FC81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FF84B116CEEC930B2774FC81" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF84B117CEEC930B225CFCDF" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEEC930B2524FCA6" blockId="36.[151,818,367,394]" box="[151,818,367,394]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FF84B117CEEC930B2524FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,818,367,394]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEEC930B2524FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,818,367,394]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEEC930B273BFCA6" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[151,301,368,394]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF4F931427CEFCA5" bold="true" box="[308,472,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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genera of unknown biology
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEEC93CC225CFCDF" blockId="36.[151,1437,438,1075]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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Here we note 11 Afrotropical genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CC2093CD24F7FCE3" box="[603,737,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC9393CC2592FCE3" box="[744,900,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">incertae sedis</emphasis>
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, for which we have no information on the food plants or life history, and for which in most cases we would not even hazard a guess.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF84B116CEBC93842774FC81" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEBC93842212FFC3" blockId="36.[151,1437,438,1075]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEBC9384245BFF3B" ID-CoL="95KGZ" authority="Lindsey & Miller (1965)" authorityName="Lindsey & Miller" authorityYear="1965" box="[199,589,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gyrogra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEBC93842731FF3A" box="[199,295,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Gyrogra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CF4B9385245BFF3B" author="Lindsey" box="[304,589,510,535]" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Lindsey, A. W. Jr. & Miller, L. D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R. M., Lindsey, A. W., Jr., Clench, H. K. & Miller, L. D. (Eds.), The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, pp. 47 - 146." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindsey & Miller (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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was established for the single species
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CA749384230EFF3B" ID-CoL="972ZN" authority="(Holland)" baseAuthorityName="Holland" box="[1039,1304,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gyrogra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subnotata">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CA7493842288FF3B" box="[1039,1182,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">G. subnotata</emphasis>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CACB93852306FF3B" box="[1200,1296,510,535]" name="Netherlands" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Holland</collectingCountry>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, previously placed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF7490582778FF16" ID-CoL="929VK" box="[271,366,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF7490582778FF16" box="[271,366,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Gorgyra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CFF9905924BFFF17" author="Lindsey" box="[386,681,546,571]" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Lindsey, A. W. Jr. & Miller, L. D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R. M., Lindsey, A. W., Jr., Clench, H. K. & Miller, L. D. (Eds.), The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, pp. 47 - 146." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindsey & Miller (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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suggest that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD36905825BBFF16" ID-CoL="95KGZ" box="[845,941,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gyrogra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD36905825BBFF16" box="[845,941,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Gyrogra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is not closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CA9A90582356FF16" ID-CoL="929VK" box="[1249,1344,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CA9A90582356FF16" box="[1249,1344,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Gorgyra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose caterpillars feed mostly on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CFB4903C259FFF73" ID-CoL="8HN" authority="Cock & Congdon 2013" authorityName="Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2013" box="[463,905,582,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
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Connaraceae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CC0A903D2597FF73" author="Cock" box="[625,897,582,607]" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2013) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa, 3724 (1), 1 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3724.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Cock & Congdon 2013</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, but ‘probably nearer’
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CAE9903D2308FF73" ID-CoL="92K5R" box="[1170,1310,582,607]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CAE9903D2308FF73" box="[1170,1310,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Platylesches</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CB23903C2382FF72" ID-CoL="92FLZ" box="[1368,1428,583,606]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Meza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CB23903C2382FF72" box="[1368,1428,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Meza</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEEC90112735FFAF" ID-CoL="92K5R" box="[151,291,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEEC90112735FFAF" box="[151,291,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Platylesches</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. feed on Chrysobalanceae but do not seem to be close to any other Afrotropical genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CB3A90112755FF8B" author="Cock" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2013) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa, 3724 (1), 1 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3724.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Cock & Congdon 2013</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF2D90F42785FF8A" ID-CoL="92FLZ" box="[342,403,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Meza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF2D90F42785FF8A" box="[342,403,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Meza</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is paraphyletic; the
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<typeStatus id="5494D7F7FF84B117CC0090F424BDFF8B" box="[635,683,655,679]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD6F90F42563FF8A" ID-CoL="42L49" box="[788,885,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Meza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meza">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD6F90F42563FF8A" box="[788,885,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">M. meza</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been reported to feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CAB390F42331FF8A" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[1224,1319,655,678]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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, while the remaining species belong in a separate genus and feed on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD2990C925ABFFE7" ID-CoL="623QT" box="[850,957,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CDB690C92224FFE7" ID-CoL="C3F" box="[973,1074,690,715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Linaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Linaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CA0890C9275FFFC3" ID-CoL="97H" authority="Cock & Congdon 2013" authorityName="Cock & Congdon" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
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Dichapetalaceae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CB4590C92757FFC3" author="Cock" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2013) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa, 3724 (1), 1 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3724.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Cock & Congdon 2013</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. On balance,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF9B90AC2456FFC2" ID-CoL="95KGZ" box="[480,576,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gyrogra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF9B90AC2456FFC2" box="[480,576,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Gyrogra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems likely to be a dicotyledon-feeder.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEBC908127A0F91F" blockId="36.[151,1437,438,1075]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEBC90812780FE3F" ID-CoL="92HWC" authority="Berger" authorityName="Berger" box="[199,406,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paracleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEBC90812755FE3F" box="[199,323,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Paracleros</emphasis>
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Berger
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CC5090812469FE3F" ID-CoL="8ZYMY" box="[555,639,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC5090812469FE3F" box="[555,639,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Acleros</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the form of the palpi, as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CDC090802247FE3F" author="Evans" box="[955,1105,763,787]" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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pointed out, and in details of the male and female genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CF8B91642497FE1B" author="Berger" box="[496,641,799,823]" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Berger, L. A. (1978) Description d'un genre nouveau et de deux especes nouvelles du complexe Acleros placidus Ploetz (Lep. Hesperiidae). Lambillionea, 78, 6 - 15." type="journal article" year="1978">Berger 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is primarily a West and central African genus, but two of the six recognised species occur as far east as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CC16913824A0FE77" box="[621,694,835,859]" name="Kenya" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CCB1913925F6FE77" author="Collins" box="[714,992,834,859]" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Collins, S. C. & Larsen, T. B. (2000) Eight new species and five new subspecies of African butterflies (Rhopalocera) - an ABRI research paper. Metamorphosis, 11 (2), 57 - 75." type="journal article" year="2000">Collins & Larsen 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CA6091382271FE77" box="[1051,1127,835,859]" name="Kenya" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CA0C913F236BFE77" ID-CoL="6TNKS" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[1143,1405,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paracleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CA0C913F2311FE77" box="[1143,1287,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">P. biguttulus</emphasis>
|
||
(Mabille)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the western forests and the coast. It is not rare in parts of western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CA67911C227EFE53" box="[1052,1128,871,895]" name="Kenya" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, for example in Kakamega Forest where MJWC would consider it one of the regular skippers likely to be seen on most visits. The adults rest on low vegetation and come readily to flowers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FF84B117CCC891D52530FEEB" box="[691,806,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1613,1635]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1130,1589]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,1130,1589]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 40. Adults of Paracleros biguttulus. 1, male at rest, Kakamega Forest, 5 Apr 1990 (vouchered, 90.12.30); 2, female feeding at Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 19 Jul 1990 (vouchered, 90.17.33)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264693/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Figure 40</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are conspicuous as one of the last species on the wing, as dusk sets in, or as rain in the afternoon starts to intensify. Nothing is known of the life history of members of this genus, but the adult similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CC15918D24D4F923" ID-CoL="8ZYMY" box="[622,706,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC15918D24D4F923" box="[622,706,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Acleros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests it may have similar biology, i.e. a dicotyledon feeder (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CEE5966127BCF91F" author="Cock" box="[158,426,1050,1075]" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2013) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa, 3724 (1), 1 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3724.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Cock & Congdon 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFF84B117CEEC943625AEFBAE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264693/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" targetBox="[151,1436,1130,1589]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEEC943625AEFBAE" blockId="36.[151,1436,1613,1666]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEEC94362736FB4F" bold="true" box="[151,288,1613,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CFF69436247FFB4F" ID-CoL="6TNKS" box="[397,617,1613,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paracleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CFF69436247FFB4F" box="[397,617,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Paracleros biguttulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC0D94362494FB4F" bold="true" box="[630,642,1613,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">1</emphasis>
|
||
, male at rest, Kakamega Forest, 5 Apr 1990 (vouchered, 90.12.30);
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CB469436235FFB4F" bold="true" box="[1341,1353,1613,1635]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">2</emphasis>
|
||
, female feeding at
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF799416279CFBAE" ID-CoL="3QWCK" box="[258,394,1644,1666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF799416279CFBAE" box="[258,394,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, 19 Jul 1990 (vouchered, 90.17.33).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B117CEBC94CB2514FAE8" blockId="36.[151,1436,1710,2024]" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CEBC94CB27CAFBEB" author="Larsen" box="[199,476,1710,1735]" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. & Collins, S. C. (2012) Herila - a new genus to receive the Afrotropical skipper Teniorhinus herilus (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Entomologia Africana, 17 (1), 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="2012">Larsen & Collins (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recently established the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD4594D52591FBEB" box="[830,903,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Herila</emphasis>
|
||
to accommodate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CA2B94D52373FBEB" authority="Hopffer" authorityName="Hopffer" box="[1104,1381,1710,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Herila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="herilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CA2B94D522F9FBEB" box="[1104,1263,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Herila herilus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hopffer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The food plants and life history are unknown. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CC8194AF257BFBC7" box="[762,877,1746,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Herila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="herilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC8194AF257BFBC7" box="[762,877,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">H. herilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CADF94A9233EFBC7" ID-CoL="92NZT" box="[1188,1320,1746,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Teniorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CADF94A9233EFBC7" box="[1188,1320,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Teniorhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is reported to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CFF9948D27FCFA23" ID-CoL="623QT" box="[386,490,1782,1807]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CF86948D24CBFA23" author="Pringle" box="[509,733,1782,1807]" pageId="36" pageNumber="247" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC2094832486FA23" box="[603,656,1782,1807]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CC979483258EFA23" author="Vuattoux" box="[748,920,1783,1807]" pageId="36" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CDDC948D22AAFA23" author="Cock" box="[935,1212,1782,1807]" pageId="36" pageNumber="245" refString="Cock, M. J. W. & Congdon, T. C. E. (2013) Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon feeders. Zootaxa, 3724 (1), 1 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3724.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Cock & Congdon 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CAA8948326F7FA1F" author="Larsen" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. & Collins, S. C. (2012) Herila - a new genus to receive the Afrotropical skipper Teniorhinus herilus (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Entomologia Africana, 17 (1), 55 - 64." type="journal article" year="2012">Larsen & Collins (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF19956127BDFA1F" box="[354,427,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Herila</emphasis>
|
||
does not seem to be closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD25956125F5FA1F" ID-CoL="92NZT" box="[862,995,1818,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Teniorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD25956125F5FA1F" box="[862,995,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Teniorhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or indeed any other genus, so although they suggest it may feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF9995452460FA7B" ID-CoL="9CK74" box="[482,630,1854,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF9995452460FA7B" box="[482,630,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Brachystegia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CCC49545253BFA7B" ID-CoL="623QT" box="[703,813,1854,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the question of likely food plants is open.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF84B117CB4B953B2728FA57" author="Larsen" pageId="36" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. & Collins, S. C. (2015) Hollandus, a new genus for the African skipper Pardaleodes xanthopeplus, with the description of a new subspecies (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae [incertae sedis]). Metamorphosis, 26, 4 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Larsen & Collins (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also established a new genus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CCCB95192532FA57" box="[688,804,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Hollandus</emphasis>
|
||
, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD18951F2299FA57" authority="(Holland)" baseAuthorityName="Holland" box="[867,1167,1890,1915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dichapetalaceae" genus="Herila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthopepla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD18951F2203FA57" box="[867,1045,1890,1915]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">H. xanthopepla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CA5C95192291FA57" box="[1063,1159,1890,1915]" name="Netherlands" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Holland</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was previously placed in the Poaceae-feeding genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CC4695FD24DFFAB3" ID-CoL="92J87" box="[573,713,1926,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CC4695FD24DFFAB3" box="[573,713,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they suggest that it may be a dicotyledon-feeder, based on the ‘habitat, relative rarity, patchy distribution, and habits’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF84B116CEBC95B52774FC81" blockId="36.[151,1436,1710,2024]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEBC95B527A1FACB" ID-CoL="44BQ8" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" box="[199,439,1998,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Mopala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEBC95B52777FACB" box="[199,353,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Mopala orma</emphasis>
|
||
(Plötz)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only species of the genus, is found from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CDC795B5221BFACB" box="[956,1037,1998,2023]" name="Liberia" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
east to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF84B117CA1D95B522ABFACB" box="[1126,1213,1998,2023]" name="Uganda" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
in wet rainforest in good condition, but is always scarce (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CC3C92E324CDFD9C" author="Larsen" box="[583,731,151,176]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CC9492EC2251FD9C" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[751,1095,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ogowena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CC9492EC25C2FD9C" box="[751,980,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Osphantes ogowena</emphasis>
|
||
(Mabille)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also the only species of its genus; it is a very rare species found in wetter forest in good condition from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF85B116CA6D92C72271FDF9" box="[1046,1127,188,213]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF85B116CAEB92C6231DFDF8" box="[1168,1291,188,212]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF85B116CB3C92C7238AFDF9" box="[1351,1436,188,213]" name="Zambia" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CEE5929B2724FDD4" author="Larsen" box="[158,306,223,248]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CF3E92A424B9FDD4" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[325,687,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Ceratricula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semilutea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CF3E92A4242BFDD4" box="[325,573,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Ceratricula semilutea</emphasis>
|
||
(Mabille)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unlike any other African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD8992A42334FDD4" ID-CoL="93MWY" authority="(Larsen 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Larsen" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1010,1314,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">
|
||
Hesperiinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CAFC929B230DFDD4" author="Larsen" box="[1159,1307,224,248]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2013) Ceratricula and Flandria - two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler. Zootaxa, 3666 (4), 476 - 488. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3666.4.4" type="journal article" year="2013">Larsen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly, the three species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CF0F937F27CEFC31" box="[372,472,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Flandria</emphasis>
|
||
are unrelated to other genera, except perhaps
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CDA2937F224AFC31" box="[985,1116,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Ceratricula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CA11937F22EAFC30" author="Larsen" box="[1130,1276,260,284]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2013) Ceratricula and Flandria - two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler. Zootaxa, 3666 (4), 476 - 488. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3666.4.4" type="journal article" year="2013">Larsen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CB75937F238DFC30" ID-CoL="929FF" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1294,1435,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CB75937F2347FC31" box="[1294,1361,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Fulda</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8 spp.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CE81935327BEFC13" ID-CoL="922Y7" authority="Watson" authorityName="Watson" box="[250,424,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Arnetta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CE8193532758FC13" box="[250,334,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Arnetta</emphasis>
|
||
Watson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CFB4935C243AFC6C" box="[463,556,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Galerga</emphasis>
|
||
Evans) (3 spp.), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD61935C25DAFC6C" ID-CoL="92DW2" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[794,972,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Malaza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CD61935C2578FC6C" box="[794,878,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">Malaza</emphasis>
|
||
Mabille
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3 spp.) are Madagascan endemic genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF85B116CEE593372740FC48" author="Lees" box="[158,342,332,357]" pageId="37" pageNumber="246" refString="Lees, D. C., Kremen, C. & Raharitsimba, T. (2003) Classification, diversity, and endemism of the butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): a revised species checklist. In: Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (Eds.), The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 762 - 793." type="book chapter" year="2003">
|
||
Lees
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CEA09336271AFC49" box="[219,268,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have no information on the early stages and food plants of any of these genera. There are still several interesting opportunities to add to our knowledge of the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF85B116CD899314226EFCA4" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[1010,1144,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="238" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF85B116CA05930A230EFCA4" box="[1150,1304,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="238">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
food plants at the genus level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |