565 lines
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565 lines
70 KiB
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<mods:title id="995B474A895ECE0B00504002CA257B6D">Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FE68FD21FE58" authority="(Boettger, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,650,403,430]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
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<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FE68FE14FE5B" bold="true" box="[151,447,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
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(
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(
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<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF1FF8D1DE1FE4DFEBCFE39" box="[159,279,438,463]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1739,1761]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionStartId-2="20.[151,250,1221,1243]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,370,1895]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1199]" captionTargetId-0="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1718]" captionTargetId-1="figure@19.[151,1436,370,1895]" captionTargetId-2="figure@20.[151,1436,193,1199]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Lectotype male (SMF 7286) of Mannophryne herminae. Dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views; (d) label with catalog information of the lectotype. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Photos: S. Lotzkat." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of the type series of Mannophryne herminae. 1. Lectotype male SMF 7286; Paralectotypes SMF 7316 (2, female), SMF 7317 (3, male); SMF 7318 (4, male); SMF 7319 (5, female); SMF 54898 (6, female); SMF 54899 (7, female). (c) Label with catalog information of the paralectotypes. Photos: S. Lotzkat." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Live specimens of Mannophryne herminae from San Esteban River, Carabobo state, Venezuela (near the type locality). Adult female, dorsolateral (a) and ventral (b) views; adult male, dorsolateral (c) and ventral (d) views. Photos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1460235/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1460237/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1460239/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figs. 9–11</figureCitation>
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—
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—
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<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FDA1FEFAFD86" box="[151,337,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Hyloxalus collaris</emphasis>
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—
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: 113
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trinitatis—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CF0FD82FD9EFD79" author="" box="[398,565,633,655]" page="91" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CF0FD82FDA5FD79" box="[398,526,633,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16778" refString="Gines, H. (1959) Familias y generos de anfibios - Amphibia- de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 19, 84 - 146." type="journal article">Ginés, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 91
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1F3CFD82FD44FD79" author="" box="[578,751,633,655]" page="96" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1F3CFD82FD60FD79" box="[578,715,633,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18326" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1963) The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. II. The Venezuelan Andes. Caribbean Journal of Science, 3, 87 - 102." type="journal article">Rivero, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 96
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E25FD82FBB2FD79" author="" box="[859,1049,633,655]" page="108" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E25FD82FC4EFD79" box="[859,997,633,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18759" refString="Sexton, O. J. (1960) Some aspects of the behavior and of the territory of a Dendrobatid frog, Prostherapis trinitatis. Ecology, 41, 107 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931944" type="journal article">Sexton, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 108
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
-115;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D192DFD81FB5DFD79" author="" box="[1107,1270,633,655]" page="125" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D192DFD81FB6AFD79" box="[1107,1217,633,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref19019" refString="Test, F. H. (1963) A protective behavior pattern in a Venezuelan frog of mountain streams. Caribbean Journal of Science, 3, 125 - 128." type="journal article">Test, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 125
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D187CFD81FE3BFD58" author="" page="38" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D187CFD81FEC1FD58" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref19051" refString="Test, F. H., Sexton, O. J. & Heatwole, H. (1966) Reptiles of Rancho Grande and vicinity, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 128, 1 - 63. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2027.42 / 56372" type="journal article">Test, Sexton & Heatwole, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 38
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FD4DFBEAFD3A" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,1089,694,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FD4DFBEAFD3A" box="[151,1089,694,717]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FD4DFE39FD3B" box="[151,402,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FD4DFEB2FD3A" ID-CoL="63PFR" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,281,694,716]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Prostherapis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Prostherapis</taxonomicName>
|
||
trinitatus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CECFD4DFCABFD3A" author="" box="[402,768,694,716]" page="506" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CECFD4DFD66FD3A" box="[402,717,694,716]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18849" refString="Stebbins, R. C. & Hendrickson, J. R. (1959) Field studies of amphibians in Colombia, South America. University of California Publications in Zool ogy, 56, 497 - 540." type="journal article">Stebbins & Hendrickson, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 506
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E75FD4DFC4AFD3A" author="" box="[779,993,694,716]" page="217" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E75FD4DFC1AFD3A" box="[779,945,694,716]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16266" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1966) Aggressive behavior in dendrobatid frogs. Herpetologica, 22, 217 - 221. Available from: http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3890687 (Accessed 22 Aug. 2018)" type="journal article">Duellman, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 217
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FD2EFBB4FD1D" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,1055,725,747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FD2EFBB4FD1D" box="[151,1055,725,747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FD2EFE40FD1D" box="[151,491,725,747]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FD2EFEDDFD1D" box="[151,374,725,747]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Prostherapis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatis">Prostherapis trinitatis</taxonomicName>
|
||
trinitatis—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1C94FD2EFD09FD1D" author="" box="[490,674,725,747]" page="158" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1C94FD2EFDD9FD1D" box="[490,626,725,747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18289" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 207. https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2811325" type="journal article">Rivero, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 158
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E76FD2EFC14FD1D" author="" box="[776,959,725,747]" page="310" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E76FD2EFC24FD1D" box="[776,911,725,747]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18358" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1964) The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. IV. The Coastal Range. Caribbean Journal of Science, 4, 307 - 319." type="journal article">Rivero, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 310
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FD0FFAA8FCFC" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,1283,756,778]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FD0FFAA8FCFC" box="[151,1283,756,778]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FD0FFE29FCFC" box="[151,386,756,778]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FD0FFEA4FCFC" ID-CoL="3SK6" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,271,756,778]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colostethus</taxonomicName>
|
||
trinitatis—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CFCFD0EFDF1FCFC" box="[386,602,756,778]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16363" refString="Durant, P. & Dole, J. W. (1975) Aggressive behavior in Colostethus (= Prostherapis) collaris (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Herpetologica, 31, 23 - 26. Available from: http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3891981 (Accessed 22 Aug. 2018)" type="journal article">Durant & Dole, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(in part): 23;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1F98FD0FFC39FCFC" author="" box="[742,914,756,778]" page="248" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1F98FD0FFCC9FCFC" box="[742,866,756,778]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref19277" refString="Wells, K. D. (1977) The courtship of frogs. In: Taylor, D. H. & Guttman, S. I. (Eds.), The Reproductive Biology of the Amphibians. Plenum Publishing Corp, New York, pp. 233 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 6781 - 0 _ 7" type="book chapter">Wells, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 248
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E86FD0FFB08FCFC" author="" box="[1016,1187,756,778]" page="189" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E86FD0FFBD8FCFC" box="[1016,1139,756,778]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref19351" refString="Wells, K. D. (1980) Social behavior and communication of a Dendrobatid frog (Colostethus trinitatis). Herpetologica, 36, 189 - 199. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3891485" type="journal article">Wells, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 189
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FCE9FB3EFCDE" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,1173,786,808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FCE9FB3EFCDE" box="[151,1173,786,808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FCE9FE23FCDE" box="[151,392,786,808]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FCE9FEA4FCDE" ID-CoL="3SK6" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,271,786,808]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colostethus</taxonomicName>
|
||
trinitatus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CF6FCE9FDFDFCDE" author="" box="[392,598,786,808]" page="148" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CF6FCE9FD88FCDE" box="[392,547,786,808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16422" refString="Edwards, S. R. (1971) Taxonomic notes on South American Colostethus with descriptions of two new species (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84, 147 - 162. Available from: http: // direct. biostor. org / reference / 65699 (Accessed 22 Aug. 2018)" type="journal article">Edwards, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 148
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1F1FFCE9FCB3FCDE" author="" box="[609,792,786,808]" page="330" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1F1FFCE9FD42FCDE" box="[609,745,786,808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18390" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1976) Notas sobre los anfibios de Venezuela II. Sobre los Colostethus de los Andes venezolanos. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 35, 327 - 344." type="journal article">Rivero, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 330
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E00FCE9FB9EFCDE" author="" box="[894,1077,786,808]" page="173" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E00FCE9FBADFCDE" box="[894,1030,786,808]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18431" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1979) Sobre el origen de la fauna paramera de anfibios venezolanos. In: Salgado-Labouriau, M. L. (Ed.), El Medio Ambiente Paramo. Ediciones Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Merida, pp. 165 - 179." type="book chapter">Rivero, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 173
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FCCAFD59FCB1" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,754,817,839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FCCAFE73FCB1" box="[151,472,817,839]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trinitatus" subSpecies="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FCCAFE73FCB1" box="[151,472,817,839]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Colostethus trinitatus herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Rivero, 1984 “1982”: 14.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FCABFAB8FC90" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,1299,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FCABFAB8FC90" box="[151,1299,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FCABFEDFFC90" box="[151,372,848,870]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FCABFEDFFC90" box="[151,372,848,870]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Colostethus herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CF1FCABFDF7FC90" author="" box="[399,604,848,870]" page="148" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CF1FCABFD82FC90" box="[399,553,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16422" refString="Edwards, S. R. (1971) Taxonomic notes on South American Colostethus with descriptions of two new species (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84, 147 - 162. Available from: http: // direct. biostor. org / reference / 65699 (Accessed 22 Aug. 2018)" type="journal article">Edwards, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 148
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1F18FCABFCB1FC90" author="" box="[614,794,848,870]" page="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1F18FCABFCA9FC90" box="[614,770,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref16485" refString="Edwards, S. R. (1974) Taxonomic notes on South American dendrobatid frogs of the genus Colostethus. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 30, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 22165" type="journal article">Edwards, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 2
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E5BFCABFC4AFC90" author="" box="[805,993,848,870]" page="80" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E5BFCABFC17FC90" box="[805,956,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17034" refString="Harding, K. A. (1983) Catalogue of New World Amphibians. Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York, 406 pp." type="book">Harding, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 80
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1E95FCAAFB18FC90" author="" box="[1003,1203,848,870]" page="26" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E95FCAAFB3BFC90" box="[1003,1168,848,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17372" refString="La Marca, E. (1992) Catalogo taxonomico, biogeografico y bibliografico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geograficos, 9, 1 - 297." type="journal article">La Marca, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FC95FCBBFC72" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,784,878,900]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FC95FCBBFC72" box="[151,784,878,900]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FC95FEC2FC72" box="[151,361,878,900]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FC95FEC2FC72" box="[151,361,878,900]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Colostethus hermani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sic)—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CCAFC95FDC3FC72" author="" box="[436,616,878,900]" page="214" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CCAFC95FD93FC72" box="[436,568,878,900]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17579" refString="Lynch, J. D. (1979) The amphibians of the lowland tropical forests. In: Duellman, W. E. (Ed), The South American Herpetofauna: its origin, evolution, and dispersal. Monograph 7. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 189 - 215." type="book chapter">Lynch, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 214
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1F08FC95FCA9FC72" box="[630,770,878,900]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">lapsus calami</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FC76FC73FC55" blockId="17.[151,1436,510,931]" box="[151,984,909,931]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F11FEFFF1FF8D1DE9FC76FC73FC55" box="[151,984,909,931]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1DE9FC76FE21FC55" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,394,909,931]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FC76FE21FC55" box="[151,394,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1CDAFC75FDC0FC55" author="" box="[420,619,909,931]" page="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CDAFC75FDE3FC55" box="[420,584,909,931]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17401" refString="La Marca, E. (1994) Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae). Publicaciones de la Asociacion Amigos de Donana, 4, 1 - 75." type="journal article">La Marca, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 21
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E10C1FFF1FF8D1FACFC76FCD2FC55" author="" box="[722,889,909,931]" page="21" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1FACFC76FCFEFC55" box="[722,853,909,931]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref15770" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1999 " 1998 ") Sistematica y biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18, 1 - 93." type="journal article">Barrio, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 21
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335655BFFF1FF8E1DE9FC34FB90FBE3" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DE9FC34FDD8FA83" blockId="17.[151,1437,975,2009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DE9FC34FEA6FC1E" bold="true" box="[151,269,975,1000]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Previously considered a species widely distributed in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3387640FFF1FF8D1E8BFC34FBC3FC1E" box="[1013,1128,975,1000]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1905FC34FAB6FC1E" box="[1147,1309,975,1000]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref18527" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1984 b " 1982 ") Sobre el Colostethus mandelorum (Schmidt) y el Colostethus inflexus Rivero (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae). Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 188, 9 - 16." type="journal article">Rivero 1984b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1852FC2BFF79FBFA" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17372" refString="La Marca, E. (1992) Catalogo taxonomico, biogeografico y bibliografico de las ranas de Venezuela. Cuadernos Geograficos, 9, 1 - 297." type="journal article">La Marca 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1DA0FC0FFEB1FBFA" box="[222,282,1012,1036]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17401" refString="La Marca, E. (1994) Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae). Publicaciones de la Asociacion Amigos de Donana, 4, 1 - 75." type="journal article">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the last two decades it has been demonstrated that in fact as formerly defined geographically and morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1C25FBE3FDC3FBC6" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[347,616,1048,1072]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1C25FBE3FDC3FBC6" box="[347,616,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitutes a conglomerate of different species-level taxa, and until today five species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1C55FBC6FE1AFBA2" authorityName="Mijares-Urrutia & Arends" authorityYear="1999" box="[299,433,1085,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caquetio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1C55FBC6FE1AFBA2" box="[299,433,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. caquetio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1CC1FBC6FDE2FBA2" authorityName="Mijares-Urrutia & Arends" authorityYear="1999" box="[447,585,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamarcai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1CC1FBC6FDE2FBA2" box="[447,585,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. lamarcai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1F29FBC6FD43FBA2" box="[599,744,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leonardoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1F29FBC6FD43FBA2" box="[599,744,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. leonardoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1F89FBC6FC1FFBA2" box="[759,948,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezuelensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1F89FBC6FC1FFBA2" box="[759,948,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. venezuelensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1E92FBC6FBC1FBA2" box="[1004,1130,1084,1108]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulcano">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1E92FBC6FBC1FBA2" box="[1004,1130,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. vulcano</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been described from populations originally considered as corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1E47FB9AFC78FB8E" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[825,979,1120,1144]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1E47FB9AFC78FB8E" box="[825,979,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E92FBA4FA2FFB8E" box="[1004,1412,1119,1144]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17895" refString="Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, R. A. (1999 a) Un nuevo Mannophryne (Anura: Dendrobatidae) del Estado Falcon, con comentarios sobre la conservacion del genero en el noroeste de Venezuela. Caribbean Journal of Science, 35, 231 - 327." type="journal article">Mijares-Urrutia & Arends 1999a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D18F6FBA4FA3CFB8E" box="[1416,1431,1119,1144]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17946" refString="Mijares-Urrutia, A. & Arends, R. A. (1999 b) A new Mannophryne (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from western Venezuela, with comments on the generic allocation of Colostethus larandinus. Herpetologica, 55, 106 - 114. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3893069" type="journal article">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1DE9FB7FFE0FFB6B" box="[151,420,1156,1181]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17643" refString="Manzanilla, J., Jowers, M. J., La Marca, E. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2007 a) Taxonomic reassessment of Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae) with a description of a new species from Venezuela. Herpetological Journal, 17, 31 - 42." type="journal article">
|
||
Manzanilla
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1C62FB7EFEE7FB6A" box="[284,332,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CD6FB7FFE1CFB6B" box="[424,439,1156,1181]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17698" refString="Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E. Jowers, M., Sanchez, D. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2007 b " 2005 ") Un nuevo Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) del macizo del Turimiquire, noreste de Venezuela. Herpetotropicos, 2, 105 - 113." type="journal article">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1CBCFB7FFD57FB6A" box="[450,764,1156,1181]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref15915" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Santos, J. C. & Molina, C. R. (2010 a) An addition to the diversity of dendrobatid frogs in Venezuela: description of three new collared frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Mannophryne). Phyllomedusa, 9, 3 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 9 i 1 p 03 - 35" type="journal article">
|
||
Barrio-Amorós
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1F0AFB7EFD0FFB6A" box="[628,676,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, after the above mentioned species delimitations, the geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1C90FB52FDD4FB36" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[494,639,1192,1216]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1C90FB52FDD4FB36" box="[494,639,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is yet wide and probably there are still several different species under this name. In order to facilitate the future recognition of undescribed taxa related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D193EFB36FB64FB12" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1088,1231,1228,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D193EFB36FB64FB12" box="[1088,1231,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">M. herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we only consider as pertaining to this species the populations from the northern slope of Cordillera de la Costa that fit with the amended definition provided below, which is based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54948872FFF1FF8D1E3EFAEEFCDBFADB" box="[832,880,1301,1325]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF1FF8D1EB4FAEFFBEDFADA" box="[970,1094,1300,1325]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,1739,1761]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,370,1895]" captionTargetId-0="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1718]" captionTargetId-1="figure@19.[151,1436,370,1895]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Lectotype male (SMF 7286) of Mannophryne herminae. Dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views; (d) label with catalog information of the lectotype. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Photos: S. Lotzkat." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of the type series of Mannophryne herminae. 1. Lectotype male SMF 7286; Paralectotypes SMF 7316 (2, female), SMF 7317 (3, male); SMF 7318 (4, male); SMF 7319 (5, female); SMF 54898 (6, female); SMF 54899 (7, female). (c) Label with catalog information of the paralectotypes. Photos: S. Lotzkat." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1460235/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1460237/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figs. 9–10</figureCitation>
|
||
) and on additional specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF1FF8D1DE1FACCFF58FAA6" box="[159,243,1335,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1221,1243]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1199]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,193,1199]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live specimens of Mannophryne herminae from San Esteban River, Carabobo state, Venezuela (near the type locality). Adult female, dorsolateral (a) and ventral (b) views; adult male, dorsolateral (c) and ventral (d) views. Photos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1460239/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the lower basins of San Esteban (near Puerto Cabello, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54948872FFF1FF8D197FFAC3FB9AFAA6" box="[1025,1073,1336,1360]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality), Patanemo, Cata, and Cuyagua rivers, and from Rancho Grande.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8D1DB9FA84FC15F9D1" blockId="17.[151,1437,975,2009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
Regarding the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54948872FFF1FF8D1C10FA7BFE35FA6E" box="[366,414,1408,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, as previously commented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE4B21FFF1FF8D1E2DFA7BFBB8FA6E" box="[851,1043,1408,1432]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refId="ref17401" refString="La Marca, E. (1994) Taxonomy of the frogs of the genus Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae). Publicaciones de la Asociacion Amigos de Donana, 4, 1 - 75." type="journal article">La Marca (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Puerto Cabello probably only was the port of shipping of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54948872FFF1FF8D1CB9FA5EFE5CFA4B" box="[455,503,1445,1469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series and not the place where it was collected. Puerto Cabello is located within a Tropical dry forest area, an unlikely habitat for a collared frog. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54948872FFF1FF8D1EB3FA33FC56FA16" box="[973,1021,1480,1504]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series most likely comes from the vicinities of Puerto Cabello (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1C9FFA16FDA2F9F2" box="[481,521,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
San Esteban valley), where small rivers surrounded by Premontane very humid forests and inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF1FF8D1CD4F9EBFD13F9DE" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[426,696,1552,1576]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1CD4F9EBFD13F9DE" box="[426,696,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations still occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF1FF8E1DB9F9CFFB90FBE3" blockId="17.[151,1437,975,2009]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,1046]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DB9F9CFFE6BF9BB" bold="true" box="[199,448,1588,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Amended definition:</emphasis>
|
||
(1) Small body size, with adult males smaller than females (males:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD79B35FFF1FF8D19A8F9CFFAD7F9BA" box="[1238,1404,1588,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" metricValueMax="2.31" metricValueMin="2.05" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="21.8" valueMax="23.1" valueMin="20.5">20.5–23.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
of SVL
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF1FF8D1DADF9A2FF41F986" box="[211,234,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. females: 24.6–29.0 mm); (2) dorsal skin of body and hind limbs shagreen, moderately granular on flanks; small tubercles present on posterior third of dorsum, body flanks, and dorsal surface of thighs and shanks; ventrally smooth; (3) snout rounded to nearly truncate in dorsal view, rounded to protruding in profile; (4) nares visible ventrally; (5) tympanum small (~1/3–2/5 of ED), defined, about 1/4–1/3 concealed posterodorsally; (6) short teeth present on maxillary arch; (7) median lingual process absent; (8) vocal sac single subgular in males; (9) carpal pad absent; (10) metacarpal ridge low; (11) thenar tubercle conspicuous; (12) nuptial excrescences on thumb absent; (13) FIII not swollen; (14) tip of FIV surpassing distal subarticular tubercle of FIII; (15) FI and FII equal in size; (16) thin lateral fringes present on preaxial side of FII–FIII; (17) weak and poorly defined lateral keels on pre- and postaxial sides of FI and FIV, and postaxial side of FII–FIII; (18) tarsal keel well-defined in all its extension, nearly straight, extending from the base of TI where is continuous with the preaxial fringe, to the mid-tarsus, not merged with the inner metatarsal tubercle nor reduced at the level of this tubercle; (19) tarsal fringe absent; (20) middle metatarsal tubercle present, similar in size to the inner one, non-protuberant, weakly defined; (21) metatarsal fold present, strong, almost reaching the outer metatarsal tubercle; (22) wide lateral (pre- and postaxial) fringes in all toes; (23) toes basally webbed, webbing formula: I(1+–2–)–(2+–2¾)
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1EF5FF19FC0AFF0D" bold="true" box="[907,929,226,251]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">II</emphasis>
|
||
(1½–2–)–(3– –3⅓)
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E191CFF19FB28FF0D" bold="true" box="[1122,1155,226,251]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">III</emphasis>
|
||
(2⅓–3–)–(3¾–4
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E184AFF24FAC8FF0D" bold="true" box="[1332,1379,223,251]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">+)IV</emphasis>
|
||
(4+– 4½)–(2½–3–)
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1C54FEF2FE95FED4" bold="true" box="[298,318,265,290]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">V</emphasis>
|
||
; (24) disc weakly expanded on FI, moderately expanded on FIII–FIV; moderately expanded TI– TIV, and weakly to moderately expanded on TV; (25) paired dorsal digital scutes present on fingers and toes; (26) cloacal sheath short; (27) supracloacal dermal flap present, conspicuous; (28) cloacal tubercles present; (29) iridescent golden to cream spot at dorsal forelimb and hind limb insertions present, diffuse; (30) pale paracloacal mark present, diffuse; (31) diffuse yellowish spots on hidden parts of hind limbs absent; (32) thigh dorsally pale brown with three to four transverse dark brown bands; (33) pale dorsolateral stripe solid to diffuse, straight, reaching the level of the arm insertion or up to the level of the groin; (34) lateral dark band solid, wider at the middle of the flank; (35) oblique lateral stripe partial (not reaching the posterior border of the eye), solid, cream or subtly tinged with yellow at the groin; (36) ventrolateral stripe cream or yellowish, poorly defined, formed by a wavy series of spots; (37) dark dermal collar wide, diffuse to solid, non-speckled with small white dots and complete in males; broad (10.9–15.9% SVL), solid, with or without some small whitish dots, and complete in females; (38) dark lower labial stripe present, diffuse; throat color in life: extensively colored with yellow in females, gray in males; (39) abdomen color white to spotted with yellow (in life), and almost free to irregularly stippled with melanophores in females; pale gray, evenly stippled with melanophores in males; (40) iris bronze, finely reticulated of black, with a dark horizontal band, pupil ring bronze, complete; (41) tongue ocher yellow; (42) large intestine unpigmented; (43) adult testis unpigmented; (44) mature oocytes with the animal pole pigmented with dark brown; (45) skin blackening in males during call activity; (46) mercaptanlike odor present; (47) diurnal activity; (48) tadpole transport by males; (49) riparian habitat; (50) advertisement call composed of long trills of tonal notes arranged in duplets (51) peak frequency of calls: 3.79–4.24 (4.04 ± 0.09) kHz; (52) fundamental frequency: 1.98–2.15 (2.05 ± 0.04); (53) rate of note emission: 10.60–11.29 notes/s (11.02 ± 0.17); (54) note duration: 0.02–0.04 (0.03 ± 0.00) s; (55) duration of silent intervals between notes of a duplet: 0.14–0.57 (0.31 ± 0.10) s; (56) duration of silent intervals between duplets: 0.09–0.14 (0.10 ± 0.01) s.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF506658FFF2FF8E1DE9FBBEFBABFB6A" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF2FF8E1DE9FBBEFBABFB6A" blockId="18.[151,1436,1093,1180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1DE9FBBEFEA3FBAA" bold="true" box="[151,264,1093,1116]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Temporal and spectral parameter values for the first and second notes of each duplet of the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF2FF8E1DC8FB9EFE12FB8A" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[182,441,1125,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1DC8FB9EFE12FB8A" box="[182,441,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from San Esteban river, Carabobo state, Venezuela.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1E83FB9EFBDDFB8A" bold="true" box="[1021,1142,1125,1148]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Min–Max:</emphasis>
|
||
minimum–maximum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E180FFB9EFF69FB6A" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">X ± SD:</emphasis>
|
||
mean ± standard deviation;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1C8EFB7EFDA8FB6A" bold="true" box="[496,515,1157,1180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">s:</emphasis>
|
||
seconds;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1F12FB7EFD0EFB6A" bold="true" box="[620,677,1157,1180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">kHz:</emphasis>
|
||
Kilohertz;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1E60FB7EFC80FB6A" box="[798,811,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 50 pairs of notes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF2FF8E1DE1FB42FAF0F982" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<table id="F92FC470FFF200631DE1FB43FAF0F982" box="[159,1371,1208,1652]" gridcols="5" gridrows="11" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FB43FAF0FB38" box="[159,1371,1208,1230]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FB43FE7BFB38" box="[159,464,1208,1230]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Parameter</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFB43FD5FFB38" box="[642,756,1208,1230]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF2FF8E1FF5FB43FD7AFB38" box="[651,721,1208,1230]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="note">st note</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFB43FB2EFB38" box="[1043,1157,1208,1230]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">2nd note</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FB19FAF0FB0E" box="[159,1371,1250,1272]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFB19FD5FFB0E" box="[642,756,1250,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Min–Max</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FB19FC16FB0E" box="[842,957,1250,1272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">X ± SD</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFB19FB2EFB0E" box="[1043,1157,1250,1272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Min–Max</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FB19FAF0FB0E" box="[1244,1371,1250,1272]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">X ± SD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FAF5FAF0FAD2" box="[159,1371,1294,1316]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FAF5FE7BFAD2" box="[159,464,1294,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Note duration (s)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFAF5FD5FFAD2" box="[642,756,1294,1316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.02–0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FAF5FC16FAD2" box="[842,957,1294,1316]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.03 ± 0.00</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFAF5FB2EFAD2" box="[1043,1157,1294,1316]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.02–0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FAF5FAF0FAD2" box="[1244,1371,1294,1316]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.03 ± 0.00</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FAC3FAF0FAB8" box="[159,1371,1336,1358]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FAC3FE7BFAB8" box="[159,464,1336,1358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Fundamental frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFAC3FD5FFAB8" box="[642,756,1336,1358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">1.98–2.07</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FAC3FC16FAB8" box="[842,957,1336,1358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">2.03 ± 0.03</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFAC3FB2EFAB8" box="[1043,1157,1336,1358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">2.02–2.15</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FAC3FAF0FAB8" box="[1244,1371,1336,1358]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">2.07 ± 0.03</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FA99FAF0FA8E" box="[159,1371,1378,1400]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FA99FE7BFA8E" box="[159,464,1378,1400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Peak frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFA99FD5FFA8E" box="[642,756,1378,1400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.79–4.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FA99FC16FA8E" box="[842,957,1378,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.98 ± 0.07</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFA99FB2EFA8E" box="[1043,1157,1378,1400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.85–4.24</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FA99FAF0FA8E" box="[1244,1371,1378,1400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">4.09 ± 0.08</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FA77FAF0FA54" box="[159,1371,1420,1442]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FA77FE7BFA54" box="[159,464,1420,1442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Lower frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFA77FD5FFA54" box="[642,756,1420,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.65–4.03</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FA77FC16FA54" box="[842,957,1420,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.84 ± 0.08</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFA77FB2EFA54" box="[1043,1157,1420,1442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.71–4.11</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FA77FAF0FA54" box="[1244,1371,1420,1442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.94 ± 0.08</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FA4DFAF0FA3A" box="[159,1371,1462,1484]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FA4DFE7BFA3A" box="[159,464,1462,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Upper frequency (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFA4DFD5FFA3A" box="[642,756,1462,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3.94–4.28</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FA4DFC16FA3A" box="[842,957,1462,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">4.12 ± 0.08</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFA4DFB2EFA3A" box="[1043,1157,1462,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">4.01–4.39</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FA4DFAF0FA3A" box="[1244,1371,1462,1484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">4.22 ± 0.09</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1FA1BFAF0FA00" box="[159,1371,1504,1526]" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1FA1BFE7BFA00" box="[159,464,1504,1526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Bandwidth (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCFA1BFD5FFA00" box="[642,756,1504,1526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.21–0.39</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34FA1BFC16FA00" box="[842,957,1504,1526]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.29 ± 0.04</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DFA1BFB2EFA00" box="[1043,1157,1504,1526]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.22–0.42</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2FA1BFAF0FA00" box="[1244,1371,1504,1526]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">0.28 ± 0.05</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1F9F1FAF0F9D6" box="[159,1371,1546,1568]" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1F9F1FE7BF9D6" box="[159,464,1546,1568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">3rd harmonic (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCF9F1FD5FF9D6" box="[642,756,1546,1568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">5.69–6.27</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34F9F1FC16F9D6" box="[842,957,1546,1568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">5.97 ± 0.11</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DF9F1FB2EF9D6" box="[1043,1157,1546,1568]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">5.79–6.29</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2F9F1FAF0F9D6" box="[1244,1371,1546,1568]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">6.12 ± 0.11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1F9CFFAF0F9BC" box="[159,1371,1588,1610]" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1F9CFFE7BF9BC" box="[159,464,1588,1610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">4th harmonic (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCF9CFFD5FF9BC" box="[642,756,1588,1610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">7.60–8.27</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34F9CFFC16F9BC" box="[842,957,1588,1610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">7.94 ± 0.13</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DF9CFFB2EF9BC" box="[1043,1157,1588,1610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">7.67–8.44</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2F9CFFAF0F9BC" box="[1244,1371,1588,1610]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">8.15 ± 0.17</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351F3492FFF200631DE1F9A5FAF0F982" box="[159,1371,1630,1652]" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<th id="76CE5DEEFFF200631DE1F9A5FE7BF982" box="[159,464,1630,1652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">5th harmonic (kHz)</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631FFCF9A5FD5FF982" box="[642,756,1630,1652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">9.52–10.27</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF200631E34F9A5FC16F982" box="[842,957,1630,1652]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">9.96 ± 0.18</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF20063196DF9A5FB2EF982" box="[1043,1157,1630,1652]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">9.76–10.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE5DEEFFF2006319A2F9A5FAF0F982" box="[1244,1371,1630,1652]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">10.19 ± 0.18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335655BFFF2FF8F1DB9F942FD07FEB6" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9036D0FFF2FF8F1DB9F942FD07FEB6" blockId="18.[151,1436,1721,2034]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,320]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1DB9F942FE24F924" bold="true" box="[199,399,1721,1746]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Call description.</emphasis>
|
||
Advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F4D53FFF2FF8E1FD8F942FC1CF927" baseAuthorityName="Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[678,951,1721,1745]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Mannophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herminae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BEAC2FFF2FF8E1FD8F942FC1CF927" box="[678,951,1721,1745]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Mannophryne herminae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are composed of long trills of short tonal notes arranged in duplets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF2FF8E1CBDF926FD95F900" box="[451,574,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Advertisement call of Mannophryne herminae. Oscillogram (a) and spectrogram (b) of a 5 s fragment of the call. Detailed view of the oscillogram (c) and spectrogram (d) of a 1 s section of the same recording." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1460241/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Fig. 12a, c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The notes show amplitude modulation and the number of amplitude peaks typically varies between 2–3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF2FF8E1C93F8FAFDE3F8EC" box="[493,584,1793,1818]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Advertisement call of Mannophryne herminae. Oscillogram (a) and spectrogram (b) of a 5 s fragment of the call. Detailed view of the oscillogram (c) and spectrogram (d) of a 1 s section of the same recording." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1460241/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Fig 12c</figureCitation>
|
||
). The duration of calls between the two males recorded was 30.16 ± 15.27 (7.00–49.49) s. The rate of note emission was 11.02 ± 0.17 (10.60–11.29) notes/s, and each call contained 331.73 ± 166.98 (78–546) notes. Note duration was 0.03 ± 0.00 (0.02–0.04) s, and the duration of silent interval between notes of each duplet was 0.03 ± 0.00 (0.02–0.04) s; the duration of duplets was 0.08 ± 0.00 (0.08–0.10) s, and duration of silent intervals between duplets 0.10 ± 0.01 (0.09–0.14) s. Notes have a very slight ascending frequency modulation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF2FF8E1C59F84EFE18F838" box="[295,435,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Advertisement call of Mannophryne herminae. Oscillogram (a) and spectrogram (b) of a 5 s fragment of the call. Detailed view of the oscillogram (c) and spectrogram (d) of a 1 s section of the same recording." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1460241/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Figs. 12b, d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fundamental frequency was 2.05 ± 0.04 (1.98–2.15) kHz. Peak frequency was 4.04 ± 0.09 (3.79–4.24) kHz, and its lower and upper frequencies were 3.89 ± 0.10 (3.65–4.11) kHz and 4.17 ± 0.10 (3.93–4.39) kHz, respectively; the bandwidth was 0.28 ± 0.04 (0.21–0.42) kHz. Three additional harmonics (3rd– 5th;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13142A55FFF3FF8F1DB2FF47FE85FF23" box="[204,302,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1971,1993]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,628,1950]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 12. Advertisement call of Mannophryne herminae. Oscillogram (a) and spectrogram (b) of a 5 s fragment of the call. Detailed view of the oscillogram (c) and spectrogram (d) of a 1 s section of the same recording." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1460241/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig. 12d</figureCitation>
|
||
) were observed above peak frequency, at 5.68–6.29, 7.60–8.44, and 9.52–10.51 kHz. Some small differences were observed in the spectral parameter values between the first and second note of each duplet, being the second note the one that shows the higher values. Discriminated temporal and spectral values for the first and second note of each duplet are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AD036BFFF3FF8F1F2CFEDCFD03FEB6" box="[594,680,295,320]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="18.[151,239,1093,1116]" captionText="TABLE 2. Temporal and spectral parameter values for the first and second notes of each duplet of the advertisement call of Mannophryne herminae from San Esteban river, Carabobo state, Venezuela. Min–Max: minimum–maximum; X ± SD: mean ± standard deviation; s: seconds; kHz: Kilohertz; n = 50 pairs of notes." pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |